BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

© 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., This supplementary appendix contains: 1. Supplementary Methods.-- 2. Supplementary Figures.-- 3. Supplementary References, Peer reviewed

Winter mortality and weight loss. File name: ‘raw_data_weights’ CSV file providing pre-wintering weight, percent weight loss and emergence success of O. cornuta females exposed to three simulated wintering treatments. Variables cc_treatment = wintering treatments (C = Current; NF = Near-future; DF = Distant-future) pre_wint_weight_mg = pre-wintering weight in mg weight_loss_per = proportion of body weight loss emergence_succ = 1 (success) or 0 (failure), Phototaxis test. File name: ‘raw_data_phototaxis’ CSV file providing the results of the Phototaxis test for O. cornuta females exposed to three wintering treatments and three doses of the insecticide sulfoxaflor. Variables cc_treatment = wintering treatments (C = Current; NF = Near-future; DF = Distant-future) pest_treatment = pesticide treatments (CONTROL = 0 dose; LD = Low dose; HD = High dose) phototaxis = 1 (i.e. postive, the bee walked to the light source within 60 seconds) or 0 (i.e. negative, the bee walked but did not reach the light source)., Syrup consumption and survival. File name: ‘raw_data_longevity’ CSV files providing the daily syrup consumption and longevity of O. cornuta females exposed to three wintering treatments and three doses of the insecticide sulfoxaflor. Variables cc_treatment = wintering treatments (C = Current; NF = Near-future; DF = Distant-future) pest_treatment = pesticide treatments (CONTROL = 0 dose; LD = Low dose; HD = High dose) longevity = bee longevity (days) event = column required for synergism analysis daily_consumption_ul = daily consumption of the feeding solution (ul), Synergism analysis File name: 'synergism_analysis.R' (R file) Description: Full R script for the analysis of synergism between climate change and insecticide exposure on survival., Bee populations are exposed to multiple stressors, including land-use change, biological invasions, climate change and pesticide exposure, that may interact synergistically. We analyze the combined effects of climate warming and sublethal insecticide exposure in the solitary bee Osmia cornuta. Previous Osmia studies show that warm wintering temperatures cause body weight loss, lipid consumption and fat body depletion. Because the fat body plays a key role in xenobiotic detoxification, we expected that bees exposed to climate warming scenarios would be more sensitive to pesticides. We exposed O. cornuta females to three wintering treatments: current scenario (2007-2012 temperatures), near-future (2021-2050 projected temperatures), and distant-future (2051-2080). Upon emergence in spring, bees were orally exposed to three sublethal doses of an insecticide (Closer, a.i. sulfoxaflor; 0, 4.55 and 11.64 ng a.i./bee). We measured the combined effects of wintering and insecticide exposure on phototactic response, syrup consumption, and longevity. Wintering treatment by itself did not affect winter mortality, but body weight loss increased with increasing wintering temperatures. Similarly, wintering treatment by itself hardly influenced phototactic response or syrup consumption. However, bees wintered at the warmest temperatures had shorter longevity, a strong fecundity predictor in Osmia. Insecticide exposure, especially at the high dose, impaired the ability of bees to respond to light, and resulted in reduced syrup consumption and longevity. The combination of the warmest winter and the high insecticide dose resulted in a 70% longevity decrease. Smaller bees, resulting from smaller pollen-nectar provisions, had shorter longevity suggesting nutritional stress may further compromise fecundity in O. cornuta. Our results show a synergistic interaction between two major drivers of bee declines, and indicate that bees will become more sensitive to pesticides under the current global warming scenario. Our findings have important implications for pesticide regulation and underscore the need to consider multiple stressors to understand bee declines., Funding: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Ministerio de Universidades., Peer reviewed

List of Figures: S1 Graph of the half-period of the center (p. 2).-- S2 Time series for different diffusion values and distances to the bifurcation point (p. 3).-- S3 Transient times for initial populations with growing spatial regions below the ghost bottleneck (p. 4).-- S4 Effect of the different initial spatial distribution of cooperators on extinction times (p. 5).-- S5 Time to extinction from an initial spatial distribution with random gaps depending on gap frequency close to the bifurcation (p. 6).-- S6 Time to extinction from random gap distribution far from the bifurcation (p. 7).-- S7 Phase portraits for different values of diffusion before the bifurcation in the two-patch model (p. 8).-- S8 Phase portraits depending on diffusion after the bifurcation in the two-patch model (p. 9).-- S9 Times to extinction dependence on initial conditions in the two-patch model: homogeneous and heterogeneous extinctions (p. 10).-- S10 Comparison of ghost phenomena depending on diffusion in the two-patch model (p. 11)., No

Table A.1. Daily syrup consumption (µl day−1) in Osmia bicornis females orally exposed to various pesticide treatments. CTRL: chronic exposure to regular syrup; FUNG: chronic exposure to regular syrup with a pulse of tebuconazole (185 mg L-1) on day 3; INS: chronic exposure to syrup with imidacloprid (5 µg L-1); MIX: chronic exposure to syrup with imidacloprid (5 µg L-1) + a pulse of tebuconazole (185 mg L-1) on day 3. Pre-pulse: first 2 days of exposure; Pulse: day 3; Post-pulse: after the 3rd up to the date of 50% mortality within each treatment; TOTAL: Daily syrup consumption from the beginning of exposure until the 50% mortality within each treatment.-- Table A.2. Results of Mann-Whitney U Test (One-sided tests*) when syrup consumption is compared between pre- pulse and post pulse- time.-- Table A.3. Results of the Kernel regression analysis (dependent variable is daily syrup consumption).-- Table A.4. Results of Fleming-Harrington test for equality of survivor functions (middle differences).-- Table A.5. Results of Cox regression model., © The Author(s) 2022. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/., Peer reviewed

General information for the experimental section, structural analysis, computational details and energies of optimized structures, experimental and computed UV/vis spectra, cyclic voltammograms, frontier orbitals, normalized excitation and emission spectra, and NMR spectra. (PDF) Cartesian coordinates of the optimized structures. (XYZ), Peer reviewed

[EN] CoCrGO and CoCrGOHA surfaces were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Raman spectra were collected with a Raman spectrometer B&W TEK (BTC675N) using a 532 nm wavelength laser. Exposure time was set at 100 ms per scan. Spectral data were processed using BWSpec4 software with dark-frame substraction. Spectra were collected from 50 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 with integration times of 100 s for CoCrGO and CoCrGOH surfaces and 300 s for graphene oxide (GO) reference sample and 20 s for hyaluronic acid (HA) reference sample. EIS data for CoCrGOHA surfaces were recorded up to 23 days of immersion in 3 g/L HA aqueous electrolyte. A three-electrode electrochemical cell consisting of CoCrGO or CoCrGOHA surfaces as working electrodes, a Pt wire as counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) as reference electrode were used. The testing area of the working electrode for all electrochemical tests was 0.39 cm2. An Autolab32 potentiostat/galvanostat was used to generate a sinusoidal wave of 10 mV amplitude applied at the corrosion potential Ecorr in the 100 kHz- 1 mHz frequency range logarithmically spaced by 5 points/decade. Nova software was used for the data acquisition. All the tests were performed in duplicate. The dataset includes only the experimental data used in the paper. The following folders are included: RamanCoCrGO+CoCrGOHA and EISCoCrGO+CoCrGOHA. Inside Raman spectra folder, Raman files corresponding to CoCrGO and CoCrGOHA surfaces and GO and HA as reference are added. Each Raman file is composed of 8 columns, corresponding to pixel, wavelength, wavenumber, Ramanshift, Reference, Rawdata and Dark substracted. Each file of EIS data is composed of 5 columns: frequency, real impedance (Z’), imaginary impedance (imag Z), Impedance modulus (Z) and phase angle (Phase). All files are in open extension such as .txt and are protected by a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. [ES] Las superficies de CoCrGO y CoCrGOHA fueron caracterizadas mediante espectroscopía Raman y espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica (EIS). Los espectros Raman fueron recogidos con un espectrómetro Raman B&W TEK (BTC675N) utilizando un láser de longitud de onda de 532 nm. El tiempo de exposición se estableció en 100 ms para cada barrido. Los datos espectrales fueron procesados utilizando el software BWSpec4 con substracción de marco oscuro. Los espectros fueron registrados desde 50 cm-1 hasta 4000 cm-1 con tiempos de integración de 100 s para las superficies de CoCrGO y CoCrGOHA, y de 300 s para la muestra de referencia de GO y de 20 s para la muestra referencia de ácido hialurónico (HA). Los datos de EIS para las superficies CoCrGOHA fueron registrados hasta 23 días de inmersión en electrolito acuoso de 3 g/L HA. Se utilizó una celda electroquímica de tres electrodos consistente en las superficies CoCrGO o CoCrGOHA como electrodos de trabajo, un alambre de Pt como electrodo auxiliar y Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) como electrodo de referencia. El área de ensayo del electrodo de trabajo para todas las pruebas electroquímicas fue de 0.39 cm2. Se utilizó un potenciostato/galvanostato Autolab32 para generar una onda sinusoidal de amplitud de 10 mV aplicada sobre el potencial de corrosión Ecorr en el rango de frecuencia de 100 kHz a 1 mHz espaciado logarítmicamente 5 puntos/década. Se utilizó el software Nova para la adquisición de datos. Todas las pruebas se realizaron por duplicado. El conjunto de datos incluye únicamente los datos experimentales utilizados en el artículo. Las siguientes carpetas están incluidas: RamanCoCrGO+CoCrGOHA y EISCoCrGO+CoCrGOHA. Dentro de la carpeta de espectros Raman, se agregan archivos Raman correspondientes a las superficies CoCrGO y CoCrGOHA, y las referencias de GO y HA. Dentro de la carpeta de impedancia (EIS) se han añadido los archivos de las superficies de CoCrGO y CoCrGOHA. Cada archivo Raman está compuesto por 8 columnas, correspondientes a píxel, longitud de onda, número de onda, desplazamiento Raman, referencia, datos en crudo y sustracción de fondo. Cada archivo de EIS está compuesto por 5 columnas: frecuencia, impedancia real (Z’), impedancia imaginaria (imag Z), módulo de impedancia (Z) y ángulo de fase (Fase). Todos los archivos están en formato de texto (.txt) y están protegidos por una licencia Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)., [EN] This is the experimental dataset used in the paper “Macrophage Proteomic Analysis of Covalent Immobilization of Hyaluronic Acid and Graphene Oxide on CoCr Alloy in a Tribocorrosive Environment". The article includes the experimental procedure carried out for the deposition of graphene oxide and posterior immobilization of hyaluronic acid on CoCr surfaces. CoCr was hydroxylated through alkalization in NaOH 5 M for 2 h. Subsequently, silanization was carried out using APTES. APTES was pre-mixed at 2% vol in isopropanol-water (200:1 v/v) and stirred for 1 h. After this, CoCr-OH samples were immersed in the APTES solution at room temperature for 1 min. The silane-coated samples were kept under curing conditions at 45 °C for 24 h. Then, silanized CoCr surfaces were immersed in 4 g/L GO aqueous suspension at 60 °C for 24 h. Carboxylic groups of graphene oxide in GO/CoCr samples were activated by immersing in distilled water (50 mL) with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 250 mg) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 750 mg) during 24 h under mild orbital saking. After that, the GO/CoCr surfaces with activated carboxyl groups were immersed in distilled water (100 mL) with dissolved adipic dihydrazide (ADH, 1.04 g) and let to react for another 24 h under mild orbital shaking. Pre-activated HA-(EDC/NHS) solution was obtained by dissolving HA (100 mg), EDC (253 mg) and NHS (754 mg) in 100 mL phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and stirred for 24h to activate the carboxylic acids of HA. After that, ADH/GO/CoCr surfaces were immersed in pre-activated HA-(EDC/NHS) solution and let to react for 24h under mild orbital motion (samples named HA/GO/CoCr). This data set includes the results of the final surface by Raman Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Raman was obtained from CoCr/GO/HA surfaces in comparison with GO/CoCr surfaces and HA powder. Electrochemical impedance data of CoCr/GO/HA were obtained under immersion in 3 g/L Hyaluronic acid solution up to 23 days., [ES] Este es el conjunto de datos experimentales utilizado en el artículo " Macrophage Proteomic Analysis of Covalent Immobilization of Hyaluronic Acid and Graphene Oxide on CoCr Alloy in a Tribocorrosive Environment". El artículo incluye el procedimiento experimental realizado para la deposición de óxido de grafeno y la posterior inmovilización de ácido hialurónico sobre superficies de CoCr. Las superficies de CoCr fueron hidroxiladas mediante alcalinización en NaOH 5 M durante 2 h. Posteriormente, se realizó la silanización utilizando APTES premezclado al 2% en volumen en isopropanol-agua (200:1 v/v) agitada durante 1 h. Las muestras de CoCr hidroxiladas se sumergieron en la solución de APTES a temperatura ambiente durante 1 minuto. Posteriormente, se mantuvieron en condiciones de curado a 45 °C durante 24 h. Transcurrido este tiempo, las superficies de CoCr silanizadas se sumergieron en una suspensión acuosa de 4g/L GO a 60 °C durante 24 h. Los grupos carboxílicos del óxido de grafeno en las muestras GO/CoCr se activaron mediante inmersión en 50 mL agua destilada que contenía hidrocloruro de N-(3-dimetilaminopropil)-N-etilcarbodiimida (EDC, 250 mg) y N-hidroxisuccinimida (NHS, 750 mg), durante 24 h en agitación orbital suave. Las superficies de GO/CoCr con grupos carboxílicos activados se sumergieron en 100 mL de agua destilada con dihidracida adipídica disuelta (ADH, 1.04 g) y se dejaron reaccionar durante otras 24 h en agitación orbital suave. La solución de HA preactivada (EDC/NHS) se obtuvo disolviendo HA (100 mg), EDC (253 mg) y NHS (754 mg) en 100 mL de solución salina de fosfato (PBS) y agitando durante 24 h para activar los ácidos carboxílicos de la HA. Después, las superficies de ADH/GO/CoCr se sumergieron en la solución de HA preactivada (EDC/NHS) y se dejaron reaccionar durante 24 h en movimiento orbital suave (muestras denominadas HA/GO/CoCr). Este conjunto de datos incluye los resultados de la caracterización superficial final mediante espectroscopía Raman y espectroscopia de impedancia electroquímica. Se obtuvieron espectros Raman de superficies de HA/GO/CoCr, GO/CoCr, y se compararon con GO y ácido hialurónico, utilizados como referencia. Los datos de impedancia electroquímica de CoCr/GO/HA se obtuvieron en inmersión en solución de 3 g/L ácido hialurónico hasta 23 días., We acknowledge financial support from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIN), "ERDF A way of making Europe” and “ESF Investing in your future" through projects RTI2018-101506-B-C31 and RTI2018-101506-B-C31 and the predoctoral grant PRE2019-090122., Peer reviewed

The PDF file includes: Supplementary Text; Materials and Methods; Figs. S1 to S10; Tables S1 to S15; References.-- Other Supplementary Material for this manuscript includes the following: MDAR Reproducibility Checklist; Data S1 to S5; Model and Scripts, No

Datapoints for correlation functions in Figures 2,4,5 and 6., Peer reviewed

In this folder you can find the morphological dataset and the phylogenetic data necessary for the analyses described in the 'software' folder. # Morphological data These are the linear measurements in millimeters of Pristurus specimens (morpho_pristurus.csv) and the average for each species (morpho_sp_final.csv). The linear measurements are as follows: - SVL: Snout-Vent Length (Body size). - TrL: Trunk Length. - HL: Head Length. - HW: Head Width. - HH: Head Height. - Lhu: Length of the humerus. - Lun: Length of the ulna. - Lfe: Length of the femur. - Ltb: Length of the tibia. # Phylogenetic data Consensus tree in Nexus format (pristurus_tree_final.nex) and posterior phylogenetic trees in RDS format (posterior_pristurus_final.rds) of Pristurus, extracted from a published phylogeny of Afro-Arabian squamates (Tejero-Cicuéndez et al. 2021 Systematic Biology)., Species living in distinct habitats often experience unique ecological selective pressures, which can drive phenotypic divergence. However, how ecophenotypic patterns are affected by allometric trends and trait integration levels is less well understood. Here we evaluate the role of allometry in shaping body size and body form diversity in Pristurus geckos utilizing differing habitats. We found that patterns of allometry and integration in body form were distinct in species with different habitat preferences, with ground-dwelling Pristurus displaying the most divergent allometric trend and high levels of integration. There was also strong concordance between intraspecific allometry across individuals and evolutionary allometry among species, revealing that differences in body form among individuals were predictive of evolutionary changes across the phylogeny at macroevolutionary scales. This suggested that phenotypic evolution occurred along allometric lines of least resistance, with allometric trajectories imposing a strong influence on the magnitude and direction of size and shape changes across the phylogeny. When viewed in phylomorphospace, the largest rock-dwelling species were most similar to the smallest ground-dwelling species, and vice versa. Thus, in Pristurus, phenotypic evolution along the differing habitat-based allometric trajectories resulted in similar body forms at differing body sizes in distinct ecological habitats., MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, Award: PGC2018-098290-B-I00, European Commission, Award: PID2021-128901NB-I00, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Award: FJC2021-046832-I, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, The Neurosciences Foundation, Award: DBI-1902511, Peer reviewed

Appendix Expanded View Figures PDF Table EV1 Dataset EV1 Dataset EV2 Dataset EV3 Dataset EV4 Dataset EV5 Dataset EV6 Dataset EV7, Peer reviewed