Resultados de investigación

22 pages. -- PDF file includes: Structural characterization. -- Electrochemical Measurements. -- Faradaic efficiency (FE). -- Ionic strength compensation. -- Hypochlorite titration analysis. -- DFT Computational method. -- Figure S1 a-f) SEM images of the Mo-Co precursor. -- Figure S2 a-f) SEM images of MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S3. a-c) SEM images and d) EDS result of MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S4. a-f) TEM images of MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S5. a-c) TEM images and d-f) HAADF-STEM images of MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S6. TEM and HRTEM images of the MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S7. EELS chemical composition maps of MoN-Co2N obtained from the red squared area of the STEM micrograph. -- Figure S8. XRD patterns of MoN-Co2N, Mo-Co2N and CoxN compared with reference patterns of Co, Co4N, Co2N and MoN. -- Figure S9. a-c) SEM images and d) EDS result of Mo-Co2N. -- Figure S10. a-c) SEM images and d) EDS result of CoxN. -- Figure S11. Pore size distribution plot for MoN-Co2N and CoxN. -- Figure S12. Cyclic voltammograms for a) MoN-Co2N; b) Mo-Co2N; c) CoxN and d) Mo-Co precursors and e) IrO2 in the non-faradaic region of 1.12-1.22 V vs. RHE at various scan rates. -- Figure 13. a) N and b) Co partial and c) Total Density of states for Co2N and MoN-Co2N. -- Figure S14. The evolutions of local structural configurations for illustrating OER process of Co2N. (* represents the active site). -- Figure S15. Photograph of flasks containing seawater after adding KOH (left) and before adding KOH (right). -- Figure S16. Overall water/seawater splitting performance of MoN-Co2N ‖ MoN-Co2N and Pt/C ‖ IrO2 cells in 1 M KOH, 1 M KOH seawater, and untreated seawater. -- Figure S17. Overall water splitting performance of MoN-Co2N ‖ MoN-Co2N and Pt/C ‖ IrO2 cells in 1 M KOH seawater with and without ionic strength compensation. -- Figure S18. a) Digital photographs of the reaction and reference solutions for the iodometric titration, showing the absence of ClO− production in theº former case. b) Measured (dots) and theoretical (solid line) gaseous products by the two-electrode electrolyzer at a current of 50 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH seawater. -- Figure S19. High-resolution XPS spectra of a) N 1s, b) Co 2p, c) Mo 3d for MoN-Co2N and MoN-Co2N after long-term reaction. -- Figure S20. a-b) TEM images, c-d) HAADF-STEM images, e-f) HRTEM of MoN-Co2N after long time reaction. -- Figure S21. EELS chemical composition maps of MoN-Co2N after long time reaction obtained from the red squared area of the STEM micrograph. Individual C K-edge at 284 eV (orange), N K-edge at 401 eV (blue), Co L2,3-edges at 779 eV (red) and Mo M4,5-edges at 227 eV (green) and composites of Co-N and Mo-N. -- Table S1. Comparison of OER activity of MoN-Co2N with recently reported nitride electrocatalysts in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. -- Table S2. Cdl and ECSAs of various catalysts. -- Table S3. Comparison of HER performance of MoN-Co2N with recently reported nitride electrocatalysts in 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. -- Table S4 Comparison of the overall water splitting of MoN-Co2N with previously reported electrocatalysts., The development of cost-effective bifunctional catalysts for water electrolysis is both a crucial necessity and an exciting scientific challenge. Herein, a simple approach based on a metal–organic framework sacrificial template to preparing cobalt molybdenum nitride supported on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets is reported. The porous structure of produced composite enables fast reaction kinetics, enhanced stability, and high corrosion resistance in critical seawater conditions. The cobalt molybdenum nitride-based electrocatalyst is tested toward both oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction half-reactions using the seawater electrolyte, providing excellent performances that are rationalized using density functional theory. Subsequently, the nitride composite is tested as a bifunctional catalyst for the overall splitting of KOH-treated seawater from the Mediterranean Sea. The assembled system requires overpotentials of just 1.70 V to achieve a current density of 100 mA cm–2 in 1 M KOH seawater and continuously works for over 62 h. This work demonstrates the potential of transition-metal nitrides for seawater splitting and represents a step forward toward the cost-effective implementation of this technology., Peer reviewed

11 pages. -- Figure S1. SEM image and EDS spectrum of the as-synthesized NiS NPs. -- Figure S2. NiS NPs: (a) XPS survey spectrum. (b-c) Corresponding Ni 2p3/2, and S 2p high resolution XPS spectra. -- Figure S3. Ni NPs: (a) XRD pattern. (b) Representative TEM micrograph and the corresponding size distribution. -- Figure S4. CV curves for the monometallic Ni NPs based electrode in 1 M KOH with the presence of 1 M methanol or ethanol in alkaline media at a scan rate of 50 mV s 1. -- Table S1. Fitting parameters for the Nyquist curve at 1.5 V in 1.0 M KOH with and without 1.0 M m ethanol or ethanol. -- Figure S5. Electrochemical performance dependence on alcohol concentration for Ni-based electrode in 1 M KOH electrolyte. -- Figure S6. Electrochemical activity of Ni-based electrode in 1 M KOH. -- Figure S 7 . (a) CV curves in the potential range of 0.9 1. 6 V at different scan rates . (b) Linear fitting between the peak current and scan rates from 10 to 50 mV s 1 . (c) Linear fitting between the peak current and square root of scan rates from 60 to 100 mV s 1. -- Table S2. Comparison of the alcohols oxidation performance between this work and previously reported electrocatalysts with a similar system. -- Figure S8. (a) CA test towards MOR and EOR on NiS NPs electrode over 10,000 s testing period in 1 M KOH at 1.6 V. (b) IC curve of the solution at the end of CA testing. -- Figure S9. (a) Survey XPS spectrum of the NiS-based electrode after 10,000 s testing period in 1 M KOH and 1 M ethanol at 1.6 V. (b) High-resolution Ni 2p XPS spectrum. (c) High-resolution S 2pXPS spectrum. -- Figure S10. (a) Optimized structural model of NiOOH SO 4 (b) DOS of Ni OOH and Ni OOH SO 4 regarding the Ni 3d orbitals., The electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols is a potentially cost-effective strategy for the synthesis of valuable chemicals at the anode while simultaneously generating hydrogen at the cathode. For this approach to become commercially viable, high-activity, low-cost, and stable catalysts need to be developed. Herein, we demonstrate an electrocatalyst based on earth-abundant nickel and sulfur elements. Experimental investigations reveal the produced NiS displays excellent electrocatalytic performance associated with a higher electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and the presence of sulfate ions on the formed NiOOH surface in basic media. The current densities reached for the oxidation of ethanol and methanol at 1.6 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) are up to 175.5 and 145.1 mA cm–2, respectively. At these high current densities, the Faradaic efficiency of methanol to formate conversion is 98% and that of ethanol to acetate is 81%. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate the presence of the generated sulfate groups to modify the electronic properties of the NiOOH surface, improving electroconductivity and electron transfer. Besides, calculations are used to determine the reaction energy barriers, revealing the dehydrogenation of ethoxy groups to be more favorable than that of methoxy on the catalyst surface, which explains the highest current densities obtained for ethanol oxidation., Peer reviewed

Datos geoespaciales del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizado (NDVI) de alta resolución espacial (1.1 km) para la España peninsular y Baleares con una resolución temporal quincenal (1981-2015)., [ES] El dataset NDVISpainDatabase se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://spainndvi.csic.es/ [EN] The NDVISpainDatabase dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://spainndvi.csic.es/, [EN] NDVISpainDatabase is a high-resolution (1.1 km) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index dataset for the peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands. This dataset covers from 1981 to 2015 with a biweekly time resolution., [ES] NDVISpainDatabase es una base de datos del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizado de alta resolución espacial (1.1 km) para la España peninsular y Baleares. La base de datos cubre el periodo 1981-2015 con una resolución temporal quincenal., Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER ECOHIDRO (1550/2015, funded by the Natural Parks-Ministry of Agriculture and Environment) by the research projects PCIN-2015-220, PCIN-2017-020, CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and CGL2017-82216-R, Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission by the project IMDROFLOOD, Assessment of Cross(X) - sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation JPI Climate co-funded call of the European Commission by the project CROSSDRO, FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462) by the project INDECIS (which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate), Peer reviewed

Datos geoespaciales en rejilla., [ES] El dataset DroughtIndexDatabaseSpain se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://monitordesequia.csic.es/historico/ [EN] The DroughtIndexDatabaseSpain dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://monitordesequia.csic.es/historico/, [EN] This database provides information about drought conditions in Spain from 1961 from different drought indices (SPEI, SPI, SPDI, SCPDSI, SCPHDI, SCWPLM, SCZINDEX) with a 1.1km spatial resolution and a weekly time resolution. The database is updated annually., [ES] Esta base de datos ofrece información histórica sobre las condiciones de sequía desde 1961, de acuerdo a diferentes índices de sequía (SPEI, SPI, SPDI, SCPDSI, SCPHDI, SCWPLM, SCZINDEX), a una resolución espacial de 1.1 km y una resolución temporal semanal. Esta información se actualiza anualmente, Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER by research projects PCIN-2015-220, CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2014-52135-C03-02 and CGL2014-52135-C03-03, Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission by the project IMDROFLOOD, European ERA4CS Joint Call for Transnational Collaborative Research Projects by the project INDECIS, Peer reviewed

12 pages. -- PDF file includes: Experimental Section: Synthesis of QDs; Synthesis of GO/QDs composite; PSCs fabrication; PSMs fabrication. -- PSM encapsulation. -- Characterization. -- Table S1 Confirmed single-junction Perovskite Solar Modules and published journals in the past five years. -- Fig. S1 (a) The TEM and HRTEM images of QDs. (b) Histogram of the size distribution of QDs. (c) The TEM of GO. (d) AFM height image of GO on SiO2/Si. (e) The TEM of GO/QDs composite and the corresponding EDX mapping images. -- Fig. S2 Powder XRD patterns of QDS and GO/QDs composite. -- Fig. S3 FTIR spectra of the fabricated GO, QDS, and GO/QDS films. -- Fig. S4 Temporal evolution of PL intensities of (a) QDs and (b) GO/QDs film heated at 85 °C. -- Fig. S5 Surface SEM images of perovskite. -- Fig. S6 (a) The XRD spectral of the perovskite film with and without modification, (b) the enlarged XRD data at 25-35°. 30.2° is characteristic peaks of CsPbBr3 QDS, correspond to (200) plane. -- Fig. S7 AFM images of (a) pristine perovskite film and (b) perovskite film with GO/QDs interlayer. -- Fig. S8 AFM images of the corresponding Spiro-MeOTAD films deposited on various perovskite. -- Table S2. Fitted TRPL parameters of perovskite films using two exponential fitting. -- Fig. S9 The UPS data of the perovskite film, QDs film, and GO/QDs film. -- Fig. S10 Schematic energy level diagrams of perovskite layer, QDs interlayer, and GO/QDs interlayer. -- Table S3 Detailed parameters to calculate the carrier density. -- Fig. S11 (a) Capacitance−frequency plots; (b-d) dark current-voltage characteristics of the perovskite films measured using the space-charge-limited current (SCLC) method. -- Table S4 The fresh and aged photovoltaic parameters of representative PSMs measured under continuous simulated AM 1.5 light illumination for 500 h. -- Table S5 The detailed parameters for the 1 cm2 PSCs employing P3HT as HTL. -- Fig. S12 The performance of a perovskite solar module certified by a public test center (National Institute of Metrology, China). -- Fig. S13 The degradation images of the perovskite films with different interlayers by dropping a drop of water upon the surfaces. -- Fig. S14 X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra for perovskite films heated at 100 ℃ in ambient air (80% RH) for 5 days. -- Fig. S15 Illustrations of the encapsulation process of PSMS (not to scale)., Peer reviewed

[EN] It contains a netCDF file which needs specific data analysis software. [ES] Contiene un fichero netCDF que necesita software de análisis de datos específico., [ES] El dataset SPEIDroughtMonitor se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://spei.csic.es/map/ [EN] The SPEIDroughtMonitor dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://spei.csic.es/map/, [EN] The dataset offers near real-time information about drought conditions at the global scale, with a 1 degree spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months are provided from 1955. The dataset is updated during the first days of the following month based on the most reliable and updated sources of climatic data., [ES] El dataset proporciona información en tiempo cuasi real sobre las condiciones de sequía en el mundo a resolución temporal mensual y espacial de 1 grado. Proporcionan los valores del SPEI desde 1955 hasta la actualidad a las escalas temporales de 1 a 48 meses. El dataset se actualiza en los primeros días del mes siguiente en base a las fuentes de datos climáticos más fiables y actualizadas., Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER by the research projects CGL2011-24185, CGL2011-27574-CO2-02 and CGL2011-27536, LIFE programme of the European Commission by the proyect “Demonstration and validation of innovative methodology for regional climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean area (LIFE MEDACC)”, Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos by the project CTTP1/12 “Creación de un modelo de alta resolución espacial para cuantificar la esquiabilidad y la afluencia turística en el Pirineo bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático”., Peer reviewed

3 pages. -- Figure S1 – Optimization of the drop-casting procedure of the graphene acid solution: electrochemical characterization of the electrode surface. -- Figure S2 – FTIR spectra of the SPCE with and without the application of the linker EDC/NHS. -- Table S1 – Electrochemical data of the biosensor characterization steps (mean ± standard deviation, n=3). -- Table S2 – Surface parameters extracted from AFM microscopies. -- Table S3 – Electrochemical data of faradaic detections of targets (mean ± standard deviation, n = 3). -- Table S4 - Electrochemical data obtained from non-faradaic EIS detections (mean ± standard deviation, n = 3), Peer reviewed

Datos geoespaciales en rejilla de SPEI., [ES] El dataset SPEICropDroughtMonitor se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://global-drought-crops.csic.es/ [EN] The SPEICropDroughtMonitor dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://global-drought-crops.csic.es/, [EN] This dataset provides near real-time information about drought conditions in regions where corn, wheat, barley, soybeans and cotton are grown with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a weekly time resolution. SPEI time-scales between 0.5 and 48 months are provided from 1979., [ES] La dataset presenta información en tiempo cuasi real de las condiciones de sequía en las regiones del mundo donde se cultiva maíz, trigo, cebada, soja y algodón a resolución temporal semanal y espacial de 0.5 grado. Se proporcionan los valores de SPEI a escalas temporales de 0.5 a 48 meses desde 1979., Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain, Grant/Award Number: PCI2019-103631., Peer reviewed

[EN] The dataset is comprised of 48 NetCDF files, each representing a distinct temporal scale spanning from 1 to 48 months. It can be accessed and manipulated using various software tools, including GIS applications like QGIS and ArcMap, specialized applications like Panoply (https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/panoply/), and dedicated libraries such as ncdf4, raster, or terra in R, as well as netCDF4 or xarray in Python, among others. Each NetCDF file contains a 3-dimensional matrix with dimensions of 720x360x1476. Land pixels are marked with the value 1.0x10^30, and occasionally, calculation errors may lead to NaN values. The dataset has been generated in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI). [ES] El conjunto de datos se compone de 48 archivos NetCDF, cada uno representando una escala temporal distinta que abarca desde 1 hasta 48 meses. Se puede acceder y manipular estos archivos utilizando diversas herramientas de software, incluidas aplicaciones SIG como QGIS y ArcMap, aplicaciones especializadas como Panoply (https://www.giss.nasa.gov/tools/panoply/), y librerías específicas como ncdf4, raster o terra en R, así como netCDF4 o xarray en Python, entre otras. Cada archivo NetCDF contiene una matriz tridimensional con dimensiones de 720x360x1476. Los píxeles de tierra se identifican con el valor 1.0x10^30 y los errores de cálculo con valores NaN. El conjunto de datos se ha generado en R utilizando el paquete SPEI (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., [EN] The SPEI database (SPEIbase) provides a comprehensive global record of drought conditions. It offers a standardized measure of drought, the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), computed at multiple time scales ranging from monthly to 48 months. The SPEI index considers both precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET), estimated using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. This approach provides a robust and accurate assessment of drought conditions across various regions and timeframes. SPEIbase is freely accessible and can be used to support a wide range of applications, including drought monitoring, risk assessment, and climate change studies. This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.8 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/288226).-- What’s new in version 2.9: 1) Based on the CRU TS 4.07 dataset, spanning the period between January 1901 to December 2022. For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei For more details on the SPEI database visit https://spei.csic.es/, [ES] La base de datos SPEI (SPEIbase) ofrece un registro global completo de las condiciones de sequía. Proporciona una medida estandarizada de la sequía, el Índice Estandarizado de Precipitación-Evapotranspiración (SPEI), calculado a múltiples escalas temporales que van desde un mes hasta 48 meses. El índice SPEI considera tanto la precipitación como la evapotranspiración potencial (ETP), estimada utilizando el método FAO-56 Penman-Monteith. Este enfoque proporciona una evaluación sólida y precisa de las condiciones de sequía en diversas regiones y periodos de tiempo. SPEIbase es de libre acceso y se puede utilizar para respaldar una amplia gama de aplicaciones, incluido el monitoreo de sequías, la evaluación de riesgos y los estudios sobre el cambio climático. Esta es una actualización de la versión SPEIbase v2.8 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/288226) basada en el conjunto de datos CRU TS 4.07, que abarca el período comprendido entre enero de 1901 y diciembre de 2022. Para obtener más información sobre la base de datos SPEIbase, consulte: https://spei.csic.es/, This work was not supported by any external funding., No

Datos geoespaciales en rejilla de SPEI., [ES] El dataset SPEISemiaridDroughtMonitor se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://semiarid-drought-monitor.csic.es/ [EN] The SPEISemiaridDroughtMonitor dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://semiarid-drought-monitor.csic.es/, [EN] This dataset provides near real-time information about drought conditions in semi-arid regions of the world with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a weekly time resolution. SPEI time-scales between 0.5 and 48 months are provided from 1979., [ES] Esta dataset presenta información en tiempo cuasi real de las condiciones de sequía en las regiones semiáridas del mundo a resolución temporal semanal y espacial de 0.5 grado. Se proporcionan los valores de SPEI a escalas temporales de 0.5 a 48 meses desde 1979., Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain, Grant/Award Number: PCI2019-103631, No