BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[EN] Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) cause an incurable multiorganic disease widely spread in sheep and goats that disturbs animal welfare and production. In the absence of a vaccine, control measures have been traditionally based on early diagnosis and breeding with virus-inactivated colostrum with segregation of seropositive animals. However, antigenic heterogeneity, poor antibody production due to low viral load, and single strain design of most available ELISA, pose a threat to SRLV diagnosis. Genome-wide association studies have described TMEM154 E35K polymorphism as a good genetic marker for selection of resistant animals in some American and European breeds. In this study, a multitargeted serological and virological screening of more than 500 animals from four different breeds (latxa, raza Navarra, assaf, and churra) attending to SRLV infection status was performed. Then, animals were genotyped to characterize TMEM154 E35K polymorphism. ELISA procedures, individually considered, only identified a proportion of the seropositive animals, and PCR detected a fraction of seronegative animals, globally offering different animal classifications according to SRLV infection status. TMEM154 allele frequency differed substantially among breeds and a positive association between seroprevalence and TMEM154 genotype was found only in one breed. Selection based on TMEM154 may be suitable for specific ovine breeds or SRLV strains, however generalization to the whole SRLV genetic spectrum, ovine breeds, or epidemiological situation may need further validation, SI, This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities, grant number RTI2018-096172-B-C31. The APC was funded by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI). I.E. was funded by Universidad Pública de Navarra. Hugo Ramírez was financially supported by the “Programa de apoyos para la superación del personal académico (PASPA)” scholarship from DGAPA-UNAM

Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/)., [EN] A set of 207 Streptococcus suis isolates were collected from ten autonomous communities from Spain in 2019 to 2020 from pigs with meningitis, pneumonic lungs, arthritic joints or other swollen viscera, to a lesser extent. Thirteen capsular types were detected being the most prevalent serotype 2 (21.7%), followed by serotypes 1 (21.3%), 9 (19.3%) and 3 (6.3%). Serotypes 2 and 9 were recovered mainly from the central nervous system (CNS), while serotype 1 was isolated mostly from swollen joints and serotype 3 from the lungs. Twenty-five isolates (12.1%) could not be typed. The most prevalent pathotype was epf + mrp + sly + luxS (49 isolates, 23.8%), and it was related mainly to serotypes 1 and 2. Serotypes 1–3 and 9 were significantly associated with anatomical sites of isolation and virulence factors, serotype 9 (CNS) and serotypes 3 and 9 (lungs) being associated with virulence profiles without the epf gene. S. suis isolates showed globally high antimicrobial resistances, but ampicillin followed by spectinomycin and tiamulin resulted in the highest activities, while the greatest resistances were detected for sulphadimethoxine, tetracyclines, neomycin, clindamycin and macrolides. A total of 87.4% isolates were positive to the tetO gene, 62.4% to the ermB gene and 25.2% to the fexA gene, while 14.6% were positive to all three genes simultaneously. A significative association between isolate resistances to tetracyclines and macrolides and the resistance genes tested was established, except for phenicol resistance and the fexA gene. A set of 14 multiresistance patterns were obtained according to the number of antimicrobials to which the isolates were resistant, the resistances to 12 or more agents being the most prevalent ones. A remarkable amount of multiresistance profiles could be seen among the S. suis serotype 9 isolates., SI, We acknowledge Laboratorios SYVA for the assignment of the 207 S. suis isolates because they are property of this Spanish laboratory., This research was funded by the contract project called “Obtención y caracterización de aislados de Hameophilus parasuis y Streptococcus suis en gando porcino de Castilla y León para la realización de una autovacuna eficaz” (C-309), financed by Laboratorios SYVA S.A.U., León. M.P.R. was a recipient of a contract grant from this Spanish laboratory.

[EN] Betaine is an osmolyte with the potential to increase volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and hence improve intestinal health.The present study investigated how betaine affects portal and arterial concentrations and net portal absorption (NPA) of VFA in growing Iberian pigs. Eight 30 kg BW Iberian growing barrows with indwelling catheters in portal vein, ileal vein and carotid artery were randomly assigned to a control diet or a diet supplemented with 0.5% betaine. Para-aminohippuric acid was infused into the ileal vein as a marker to determine portal blood flow using the dilution method. Blood samples were simultaneously taken from the carotid artery and portal vein at −60, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min after feeding 1 200 g of the diet. The NPA of VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate, isobutyrate and caproate) was determined by multiplying the porto-arterial plasma concentration differences by portal plasma flow. Betaine increased NPA of acetate (1.44 fold; P < 0.001) and total VFA (0.55 fold; P < 0.001) while decreased NPA of propionate (−0.38 fold; P < 0.05) and valerate (−1.46 fold; P < 0.05) compared with control pigs. Estimated heat production potentially derived from NPA of VFA accounted for 0.20–0.27 of metabolizable energy for maintenance. Acetate and propionate accounted for most of the total VFA estimated heat production (0.83–0.89). Regarding bacterial communities, betaine apparently did not change the DNA abundance of fecal total bacteria, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides and the Clostridium clusters I, IV and XIV. In conclusion, betaine increased portal appearance and NPA of VFA, contributing to cover maintenance energy requirements, SI, This research was supported by grant AGL2016-80231-R from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Spain. M. Gómez-García was supported by grant LE131-18 from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund

Palabras clave extraídas de la publicación, [EN] Sperm chromatin in mammals is packaged in different blocks associated to protamines (PDNA), histones (HDNA), or nuclear matrix proteins. Differential packaging has been related to early or late transcription and also to differential susceptibility to genotoxic damage. Genes located in the more accessible HDNA could be more susceptible to injuries than those located in PDNA, being potential biomarkers of paternal DNA damage. Fish sperm chromatin organization is much diversified, some species lacking protamines and some others totally depleted of histones. Analyzing genotoxic damage in a species homogeneously compacted with some sperm nuclear basic protein type, could help in deciphering the clues of differential susceptibility to damage. In the present study we analyzed in rainbow trout the differential susceptibility of nine genes to UV irradiation and H2O2 treatment. The absence of histones in the sperm nuclei was confirmed by Western blot. The chromatin fractionation in sensitive and resistant regions to PvuII (presumably HDNA-like and PDNA-like, respectively) revealed that the nine genes locate in the same resistant region. The number of lesions promoted was quantified using a qPCR approach. Location of 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. UV irradiation promoted similar number of lesions in all the analyzed genes and a homogenous distribution of 8- OHdG within the nuclei. 8-OHdG was located in the peripheral area of the nucleus after H2O2 treatment, which promoted a significantly higher number of lesions in developmental-related genes (8.76-10.95 lesions/10 kb) than in rDNA genes (1.05-1.67 lesions/10 kb). We showed for the first time, that differential susceptibility to damage is dependent on the genotoxic mechanism and relies on positional differences between genes. Sensitive genes were also analyzed in cryopreserved sperm showing a lower number of lesions than the previous treatments and a predominant peripheral distribution of oxidative damage (8-OHdG), SI, This work was supported by the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) (project LE365A11-2 and EDU/828/2014), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project AGL2011-27787) and Fondo Social Europeo. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

[EN] In the present study we have employed FISH in different units of a low-cost wastewater treatment system, formed by a stabilization pond followed by in-series free-water surface and sub-surface constructed wetlands. The aim of this study was to describe the winter microbial community composition in each of these units and their relation with the wastewater characteristics, SI, This study was partially funded by the FEDER project 1FD97-2175, granted to the Universidad de Valladolid, and by the Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Universidad de León

[EN] Purpose The main aim of our study was to explore the utility of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study primarily focused on using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to detect ASD potential cases by analyzing text inputs, especially from social media platforms like Twitter. This is to overcome the ongoing challenges in ASD diagnosis, such as the requirement for specialized professionals and extensive resources. Timely identification, particularly in children, is essential to provide immediate intervention and support, thereby improving the quality of life for affected individuals. Methods We employed natural language processing (NLP) techniques along with ML models like decision trees, extreme gradient boosting (XGB), k-nearest neighbors algorithm (KNN), and DL models such as recurrent neural networks (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM), bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT and BERTweet). We extracted a dataset of 404,627 tweets from Twitter users using the platform’s API and classified them based on whether they were written by individuals claiming to have ASD (ASD users) or by those without ASD (non-ASD users). From this dataset, we used a subset of 90,000 tweets (45,000 from each classification group) for the training and testing of these models. Results The application of our AI models yielded promising results, with the predictive model reaching an accuracy of almost 88% when classifying texts that potentially originated from individuals with ASD. Conclusion Our research demonstrated the potential of using AI, particularly DL models, in enhancing the accuracy of ASD detection and diagnosis. This innovative approach signifies the critical role AI can play in advancing early diagnostic techniques, enabling better patient outcomes and underlining the importance of early identification of ASD, especially in children., SI, Universidad de León

[ES] El objetivo fue comparar estilos de ataque de los equipos en el fútbol de élite de Europa y Sudamérica en las dos ligas nacionales más valoradas de ambos continentes (Europa: Liga española y Premier League inglesa; Sudamérica: Superliga argentina y Serie A brasileña). Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 84 equipos y 3780 casos en 1214 partidos. Mediante una herramienta de observación, se analizaron indicadores de rendimiento (goles, tiros, regates y pases) y situaciones posicionales de ataque. Para evaluar la incertidumbre, se calculó el tamaño del efecto (ES) y la inferencia basada en la magnitud no clínica (MBI). Los resultados revelaron que los equipos europeos lograron más goles por partido mediante transición rápida (ES = 0,35; “probable” MBI) y ataque posicional (ES = 0,36; “probable” MBI). Además, los europeos pasaron más tiempo jugando en el último tercio del campo rival, realizaron más asistencias (ES = 0,38; “probable” MBI) y asistencias con pase entre defensores rivales (ES = 0,46; “probable” MBI) que los sudamericanos. Finalmente, los equipos sudamericanos realizaron más tiros desde fuera del área (ES = 1,52; “casi seguro” MBI) y tiros fuera de la portería (ES = 1,08; “casi seguro” MBI), y también pasaron más tiempo jugando en el tercio medio del campo (ES = 1,65; “casi seguro” MBI). No se identificaron diferencias en goles mediante jugadas a balón parado, pases largos y duelos aéreos. Estos hallazgos informan sobre estilos de ataque de cada liga continental y podrían ayudar a diseñar situaciones de entrenamiento del proceso ofensivo., [EN] We aimed to compare teams’ attack styles in Europe and South America elite football in the two most valued domestic leagues in both continents (Spanish La Liga & English Premier League in Europe, and Argentinian Superliga & Brazilian Série A in South America). For this purpose, we used a sample of 84 teams and 3,780 cases in 1,214 games. Using an observational tool, we analyzed performance indicators (goals, shots, dribbles, and passes) and attack situations. Effect size (ES) and non-clinical magnitude-based inference (MBI) were used to evaluate uncertainty. Results revealed that European teams scored more goals per game related to fast (ES = 0.35; likely MBI) and positional attack (ES = 0.36; likely MBI). In addition, teams from the European leagues spent more time playing in the opposition third zone of the pitch, performed a higher number of assists (ES = 0.38; likely MBI) and through- ball assists (ES = 0.46; likely MBI) than South American ones. Finally, South American teams made higher numbers of shots out of the box (ES = 1.52, almost certain MBI) and off-target shots (ES = 1.08; almost certain MBI), and they also spent more time playing in the middle third zone (ES = 1.65; almost certain MBI). No differences were identified in set-pieces goals, length passing, and aerial duels. ese findings may provide information regarding attack style profiles from each continent league. Also, it could be highly beneficial for coaches to be able to continuously design the specific training situations of the offensive process. Keywords: game, analysis, football, performance, attack style., SI

[ES] La presencia de público en los estadios es reconocida como un factor determinante que afecta al rendimiento de los futbolistas locales y visitantes. El propósito de esta investigación fue analizar si se produce el efecto llamado “home advantage” (HA), cuantificar los goles anotados o recibidos por los equipos locales o visitantes, y determinar si la actuación arbitral se ve influenciada por la presencia del público afectando a las variables tarjetas y faltas. La muestra estaba conformada por 2505 partidos jugados durante las temporadas 18-19 (821 partidos, pre- pandemia: aforo normal), 20-21 (842 partidos, pandemia COVID-19: sin aforo) y 21-22 (842 partidos, post-pandemia: aforo normal) de LaLiga Santander y LaLiga Smartbank. Los resultados revelaron HA independientemente de la presencia de público, existiendo diferencias significativas entre la temporada 21-22 y las temporadas 18-19 (p < ,0) y 20-21 (p < ,0). Los goles anotados mostraron diferencias significativas entre las temporadas 20-21 y la 21-22 (p < ,05). Por último, la actuación arbitral se vio condicionada por el público, aunque muestra una tendencia a la baja con el paso de las temporadas. Estos hallazgos nos hacen pensar que la presencia o no de público afecta al rendimiento de los jugadores y, por tanto, al resultado final., [EN] Public presence in stadiums is recognized as a determining factor affecting the performance of home and away football players. The purpose of this research was to analyze if there are differences in home advantage effect (HA), quantify goals scored or conceded depending on crowd’s presence, as well as to determine if refereeing performance is influenced by the presence of the crowd affecting cards and fouls variables. Sample consists of 2505 matches played during the 18-19 (821 matches, pre-pandemic: without attendance restrictions), 20-21 (842 matches, COVID-19 pandemic: without attendance) and 21-22 (842 matches, post-pandemic: without attendance restrictions) LaLiga Santander and LaLiga Smartbank seasons. Results showed HA between 21-22 and 18-19 (p < ,0) and 20-21 (p < ,0) seasons. Goals scored showed significant differences between 20-21 and 21-22 (p < ,05) seasons. Also, the refereeing performance was conditioned by the crowd, although it shows a downward trend over the seasons. These findings suggest that spectators’ presence or absence affects the performance of the players and, of course, the results of the matches., SI

[EN] We examine the differences in running performance demands and tactical individual actions for male amateur football wingers in four tactical formations: 4-2-3-1, 4-4-2, 3-5-2 and 3-4-2-1 during an entire season. Running demands were assessed in terms of: total distance run; distance traveled at 3 different speed ranges (Jogging, Running, and Sprinting); and number of accelerations registered in two different magnitude bands (Medium and High) while tactical individual actions were assessed through 3269 team match observations. 3-5-2 formation entails the highest running demands, exhibiting significant disparities in Jogging when compared to 4-2-3-1 and 3-5-2, in Sprinting when comparing 4-2-3-1 with both the 3-5-2 and the 3-4-2-1 formations. Moreover, the wingers in the 3-5-2 formation demonstrate the lowest scores in various tactical individual actions, including Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; Goal Area Shots: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1; and Dribbles: 3-5-2 vs. 3-4-2-1. Finally, wingers registered the highest levels of defensive tactical individual actions in 4-4-2 and 3-5-2. Findings suggest it would be of benefit for coaches to focus on formulating specific training plans to address the specific demands placed on wingers playing in these amateur matches and running performance demands and tactical individual actions should be considered together with tactical formation., SI

[EN] The aim of our study was to determine the predictors of physical performance evaluated by the mean of acceleration capacity (10-m and 20-m sprint) and jumping ability (CMJ) during three consecutive days’ semiprofessional basketball tournament. For this, 24 male players (24,3±3,4 years) were monitored during the tournament to assess the percentage of maximal actions (PMA) and T and C concentrations. Test were conducted 24 h before the first game started, after the end of each of the 3 games and 24 h after the last game. The results showed that the decrease in the physical variables through the tournament can be predicted by the mean of a panel data model including the level of exertion evaluated both by perceived exertion load and C, CMJ models were the most significant (Within-R2 = 0,60 and Within-R2 = 0,54 respectively). Therefore, it is recommended the use of cortisol monitoring on testing the demands of exercise in these competitive contexts. In addition, results allow us to enlarge knowledge of the internal and external demands in basketball matches, [ES] El objetivo fue determinar los predictores del rendimiento físico evaluando la capacidad de aceleración (sprint de 10 m y 20 m) y la habilidad de salto (CMJ) durante tres días consecutivos en un torneo de baloncesto semiprofesional. Para ello, 24 jugadores (24,3 ± 3,4 años) fueron monitoreados para cuantificar el porcentaje de acciones máximas (PMA) y las concentraciones de testosterona (T) y cortisol (C). Las pruebas se efectuaron 24 h antes del primer partido, después de cada uno de los 3 partidos y 24 h después de finalizar el torneo. Los resultados mostraron que la esperada disminución en el rendimiento de las variables físicas a lo largo del torneo se puede predecir mediante modelos de datos que incluyen tanto por la carga de esfuerzo percibida como C, siendo para ambos el CMJ el más significativo (Dentro-R2 = 0,60 y Entre-R2 = 0,54 respectivamente). Por tanto, se recomienda la monitorización del cortisol en la evaluación de las demandas del ejercicio para este tipo de torneos. Además, los resultados nos permiten ampliar el conocimiento de las demandas internas y externas en los partidos de baloncesto., SI