BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[ES] 111 ____________________________________________ Rivista scientifica trimestrale di diritto amministrativo – www.amministrativamente.com ISSN 2036-7821 La regulación de los agentes/intermediarios en el ámbito del fútbol y su problemática desde la perspectiva normativa comunitaria y española di Julian Espartero Casado (Profesor Titular de la Universidad de Leòn) Sumario 1. Introducción. -2. La función del agente/intermediario deportivo y la dificultad de su concreción conceptual. -3. La reglamentación de la FIFA: una constante evolución y adaptación de la normativa reguladora de los agentes/intermediarios: A) El Reglamento de 1996. B) El Reglamento de 2002. C) El Reglamento de 2008. D) El vigente Reglamento de 2015. E) Recapitulación. -4. La eficacia de la Reglamentación federativa frente a legislación comunitaria o estatal. -5. El interés de la Unión Europea en materia de regulación de los agentes deportivos: 5. 1. El Libro Blanco sobre del Deporte de la UE. 5. 2. La Resolución del Parlamento Europeo sobre el Libro Blanco sobre el deporte. 5. 3. La Resolución del Parlamento Europeo sobre los agentes de los jugadores en el deporte. 5. 4. La Conferencia de la Unión Europea sobre agentes deportivos de noviembre de 2010. 5. 5. El Informe del Parlamento Europeo sobre la dimensión europea del deporte. 5. 6. El Informe de la Comisión al Parlamento Europeo, al Consejo, al Comité Económico y Social Europeo y al Comité de las Regiones, sobre la aplicación del Plan de Trabajo Europeo para 2011-2014. 5. 7. Resolución del Parlamento Europeo sobre un enfoque integrado de la política del deporte: buena gobernanza, accesibilidad e integridad. -6. La permanente tensión entre las normativas federativas y la normativa de la competencia. -7. A modo de conclusión: ¿la regulación de los agentes/intermediarios resulta ser un problema sin solución?, [EN] The regulations about players agents developped by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) and the trasnposition that the national footbal federations have made of them, have started from the premise that a system of sports regulations was enough to supervise the profession of sports agent/intermediary, leaving out the social discussions between Nation, sports organizations and agents. In this way, sports associations have persevered in agreeing the establishing of procedures of regulation particularly restrictives, despite not having achieved ever a success acceptably effective with its application. This has generated, from the beginning, conflicts with the basic integrating principle of the Community Law. The last modification of the FIFA regulations brought along with not only the change of the agents name for intermediaries, but also the release- that many people have identify as deregulation- of the professional practice of the sport mediation. However, this reform has not achieved to correct the lack of adjustment of this sports regulations with the integrating basis of the Community and National Law of different nations members of the European Union, like Spain. This has caused a permanent friction with the indicated Community and, consequently, the state regulations and without having found a solution to this situation which allows a solution, in this case, the regulation of this activity, SI

[EN] In this study, 310 destructively sampled plots were used to develop two equation systems for the three main pine species in NW Spain (P. pinaster; P. radiata and P. sylvestris): one for estimating loads of understorey fuel components by size and condition (live and dead) and another one for forest floor fuels. Additive systems of equations were simultaneously fitted for estimating fuel loads using overstorey, understorey and forest floor variables as regressors. The systems of equations included both the effect of pine species and the effect of understorey compositions dominated by ferns-brambles or by woody species, due to their obvious structural and physiological differences. In general, the goodness-of-fit statistics indicated that the estimates were reasonably robust and accurate for all of the fuel fractions. The best results were obtained for total understorey vegetation, total forest floor and raw humus fuel loads, with more than 76% of the observed variability explained, whereas the poorest results were obtained for coarse fuel loads of understory vegetation with a 53% of observed variability explained. To reduce the overall costs associated with the field inventories necessary for operational use of the models, the additive systems were fitted again using only overstorey variables as potential regressors. Only relationships for fine (<6 ​mm) and total understorey vegetation and total forest floor fuel loads were obtained, indicating the complexity of the forest overstorey-understorey and overstorey-forest floor relationships. Nevertheless, these models explained around 52% of the observed variability. Finally, equations estimating the total understorey vegetation and the total forest floor fuel loads based only on canopy cover were fitted. These models explained only 26%–32% of the observed variability; however, their main advantage is that although understorey vegetation in forested landscapes is largely invisible to remote sensing, canopy cover can be estimated with moderate accuracy, allowing for landscape-scale estimates of total fuel loads. The equations represent an appreciable advance in understorey and forest floor fuel load assessment in the region and areas with similar characteristics and may be instrumental in generating fuel maps, fire management improvement and better C storage assessment by vegetation type, among many other uses, SI, This work was funded by following projects: INIA p5608, INIA p7613, INIA p8038, INIA 9130 and INIA SC96-034 of the Sectorial Research Program of the INIA (Spanish National Institute of Agrarian Research, Ministry of Agriculture), INIA-RTA 2009-00153-C03 (INFOCOPAS), INIA-RTA 2014-00011-C06 (GEPRIF) and INIA-RTA2017-00042-C05 (VIS4FIRE) of the Spanish National Program of Research, Development and Innovation co-funded by the ERDF Program of the European Union; also by project CTYO-0087 of the Science and Technology for Environmental Protection Program and projects ENV5V-CT94-0473, ENV4-CT98-0701 (SALTUS), ENV-CT97-0715 (FIRE TORCH), EVG1-CT2001-00041 (FIRESTAR), EVR1-CT-2002-4002 (EUFIRELAB) and CTFP6-018505 (FIRE PARADOX), funded by the Environment Program of the Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, of the European Commission of the European Union. Finally, also by project PGIDITOSRF-050202PR of the Xunta de Galicia

[EN] The restrictions based on the demand of possession of qualifications can constitute barriers to the free circulation and provision of professional services, preventing the achievement of the Community objective of the internal market. This circumstance thoroughly influences the reality of the profesional services of the sports experts in Spain, since the current Sport Law 10/1990, October 15, imposes requirements of qualification to the experts or trainers who expect to provide their services in official competitions. This has generated tensions regarding the Community regulations of the competency, without having take place no change of this noted regulation, despite the time passed. Therefore, the difficulties that can find the new normative draft expected are analysed here.

[ES] La contumaz inacción del Estado en la regulación de las profesiones del deporte, determinó la actuación legislativa de concretas Comunidades Autónomas en pro de configurar la misma en su ámbito territorial. Esto generó una problemática añadida a la ausencia de regulación estatal que incluso motivó que el legislador estatal reclamara la intervención del ejecutivo para corregir las disfunciones padecidas en este contexto. Sin embargo, ello ni ha traído la tan deseada intervención del Estado, ni tampoco ha frenado la iniciativa legislativa autonómica en este contexto, al que se han sumado cuatro nuevas leyes. Ello implica la progresiva consolidación de un modelo que, por las limitaciones competenciales autonómicas en materia de regulación profesional, no puede llevar a cabo una tarea crucial en el sistema, cual es la diferenciación en los niveles de intervención profesional a través de la necesaria coherencia entre la cualificación poseída y la actividad desempeñada. Asimismo, las normativas autonómicas existentes establecen regulaciones propias que difieren entre sí en la denominación y en los requisitos de acceso a las profesiones reguladas que ordenan, exacerban la configuración de un mercado fragmentado. Además, esta heterogeneidad regulatoria obstaculiza la vertebración de la negociación colectiva a nivel nacional en el sector, dado que formaciones exigidas por el vigente convenio colectivo para ejercer las funciones de sus categorías profesionales difieren con las que regulan estas diversas leyes autonómicas. Todo lo cual, como se justifica, solo puede solventarse con la intervención del Estado, vía del ejercicio de sus competencias exclusivas en la materia., [EN] The persistent inactivity of the State on the regulation of the sports professions, prompted the legislative action of some specific Autonomous Community for drafting this at their territorial scope, which created some added problems to this absence of the state regulation that even caused the state legislator demanded the intervention of the goverment for correcting the malfunctions endured in this context. Nevertheless, it neither has brought the much-desired intervention of the State, nor has stopped the legislative Autonomous initiative in this context, to which four new laws have been joined. This involves the progressive consolidation of a model that, because the Autonomous competency limitations with respect to professional regulation, cannot accomplish a crucial task in the system. That is the differentiation at the levels of professional intervention through the necessary coherence among the obtained qualification and the performed activity. Moreover, the existing Autonomous regulations establish some own regulations which are different each other about denomination and requisites of access to the regulated professions that order and exacerbate the configuration of a fragmented market. What is more, this regulatory heterogeneity obstructs the realization of the collective bargaining of national level in the sector, since required occupational trainings by the current collective agreement in order to practice the roles of their professions differ with those that regulate these various Autonomous laws. All this, as justified, can be overcome only with the intervention of the State, via the practice of its exclusive powers over this matter

[EN] Dating violence in the young adult population is reaching alarming levels. However, the instruments used to measure it and their results are still heterogeneous. The main aim of this study was to validate the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory questionnaire for a young adult Spanish university population aged between 19 and 25 years old, and to describe the types of violence perpetrated and suffered. Material and Methods. Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A validity analysis was carried out through a confirmatory factor analysis. The relative frequencies for each type of violence and the Chi2 test for two dichotomous variables were used to describe the different types of violence perpetrated and suffered. Results: The sample consisted of 976 young adults aged 19–25 years old (M = 21.7 years. SD = 1.8). The confirmatory factor analysis had an adequate structure and a good fit to the model. The types of violence perpetrated and suffered were described according to the sex of the participants, with significant differences found for verbal-emotional violence and physical violence exerted. Conclusions: The confirmatory factor analysis allowed us to consider the application of the questionnaire to be correct for the study population., SI

[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el significado de la conversión del judo en deporte olímpico con fines políticos e identitarios. Se examina la instrumentalización que realizó Japón de la inclusión olímpica del judo - tanto en los fallidos Juegos de Tokio de 1940, como en la celebración de Tokio 1964 - , para la enfática configuración de un espacio simbólico de afirmación nacional que presentara a la nación japonesa con unos rasgos que pregonaban la esencia de su identidad nacional. Y cómo esta politización acabó generando la paradoja de un proceso de transformación global deportiva del judo que terminó de soslayar su naturaleza original.

[EN] In this study, we used data from a thinning trial conducted on 34 different sites and 102 sample plots established in pure and even-aged Pinus radiata and Pinus pinaster stands, to test the potential use of low-density airborne laser scanning (ALS) metrics and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) metrics to provide accurate estimates of variables related to surface and canopy fires. An exhaustive field inventory was carried out in each plot to estimate the main stand variables and the main variables related to fire hazard: surface fuel loads by layers, fuel strata gap, surface fuel height, stand mean height, canopy base height, canopy fuel load and canopy bulk density. In addition, the point clouds from low-density ALS and single-scan TLS of each sample plot were used to calculate metrics related to the vertical and horizontal distribution of forest fuels. The comparative performance of the following three non-parametric machine learning techniques used to estimate the main stand-and fire-related variables from those metrics was evaluated: (i) multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), (ii) support vector machine (SVM), and (iii) random forest (RF). The selection of the best modeling approach was based on a comparison of the root mean square error (RMSE), obtained by optimizing the parameters of each technique and performing crossvalidation. Overall, the best results were obtained with the MARS techniques for data from both sensors. The TLS data provided the best results for variables associated with the internal characteristics of canopy structure and understory fuel but were less reliable for estimating variables associated with the upper canopy, due to occlusion by mid-canopy foliage. The combination of ALS and TLS metrics improved the accuracy of estimates for all variables analyzed, except the height and the biomass of the understory shrubs. The variability demonstrated by the combined use of both types of metrics ranged from 43.11% for the biomass of duff litter layers to 94.25% for dominant height. The results suggest that the combination of machine learning techniques and metrics derived from low-density ALS data, drawn from a single-scan TLS or a combination of both metrics, may represent a promising alternative to traditional field inventories for obtaining valuable information about surface and canopy fuel variables at large scales, SI, This research was funded by the projects GEPRIF (RTA2014-00011-C06-04) and VIS4FIRE (RTA2017-00042-C05-05) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness and a pre-doctoral grant of the first author funded by the “Consejería de Educación, Universidad y Formación Profesional” and the “Consejería de Economía, Empleo e Industria” of the Galician Government and the EU operational program “FSE Galicia 2014–2020”.

[EN] Global climate change affects the frequency of extreme weather events that can influence plant–insect interactions. We evaluated how the late-spring frost and severe drought that occurred in Spain in 2017 affected interactions between the invasive gall insect, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, and the native tree, Castanea sativa. We assessed effects on insect survival, fertility, population growth, and effects through changes in tree palatability and in other pests and pathogens. Late-spring frost reduced D. kuriphilus to 25–40% of previous abundance. Wasp populations recovered rapidly (>7-fold in 3 years), consistent with density-dependence in population dynamics. Larvae affected by freeze or drought were smaller. Female fecundity was affected by the freeze 1 year later. Late-spring frosts and severe drought affected leaf size and physiology. Water content was higher within galls, but nitrogen was higher within galls in non-freeze plots after weather conditions improved. Freezing also influenced the secondary chemistry of leaves. Phenol concentrations were lower, and terpenes higher, in frozen plots, while condensed tannins remained the same. Condensed tannins were reduced to half in the drought year. Freezing had limited effects on damage from other pests and pathogens. Our work expands understanding of how climate and weather affects forest pests, SI, This work was supported by FEDER/Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Research (Grant AGL2016-76262-R). Diana Blanco, Elva Rico, and Naidu Lombardero provided assistance in the field and in the lab. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper

[EN] Lightning is the prevailing ignition source in many remote or scarcely populated parts of the world, and those fires tend to be larger and more intense than human-caused fires [1]. “Dry” lightning storms can ignite many fires over short periods of time and relatively vast areas and in locations less predictable and accessible than those of human-caused fires. Additionally, and regardless of the ignition cause, thunderstorm wind flows can drastically change the behaviour of on-going fires, amplifying fire–atmosphere interactions and leading to erratic and destructive firestorms. Such was the case of the Pedrogão Grande wildfire in Portugal, where 66 people died on 17 June 2017 [2]. Fires themselves can generate lightning when pyrocumulonimbus form, as in the Black Saturday fires of February 2009 in Australia, where 173 people perished [3]. In 2019–2020, the unprecedented Black Summer mega-fires were mostly lightning-caused fires (LCFs) and burned one-fifth of the Australian temperate broadleaf forest and caused huge social disruption [4]; lightning started most fires in a region where “dry” thunderstorms are now more frequent than in the recent past [5]. Once rare in Tasmania, LCFs are now threatening World Heritage forests non-adapted to fire [6]. In California, the unusual 2020 lightning siege has burned ca. 1 million hectares, destroying at least 4390 structures and killing 22 people after 14,000 lightning strikes [7]. In human-dominated landscapes, such as in southern Europe, LCFs comprise a small fraction of the total number of fires, and so are commonly perceived as irrelevant. Such neglect and focus on human agency can happen even when fire statistics indicate a significant role of LCFs in the fire regime, e.g., in temperate Australia [8]. Consequently, by downplaying or ignoring LCFs, fire management planning will hardly be prepared to handle the particular difficulties posed by an LCF crisis. Here, we characterize the relevance of LCFs in a generically low LCF region, the Iberian Peninsula, and will then address current and future challenges posed by LCFs in relation to climate change, SI, This work is supported by National Funds by FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UIDB/04033/2020

[EN] This work aimed at integrating the anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW) with photosynthetic biogas upgrading at pilot scale in order to obtain a high quality biomethane and a nutrient-laden algal biomass as the main byproducts from FW treatment. The performance of a 100 L anaerobic digester treating food waste integrated via raw biogas and digestate injection with a 1.2 m2 outdoors high-rate algal pond (HRAP) was evaluated. Biogas production in the digester averaged 790 ± 89 mL g VSin-1 (68 ± 8 L d-1) (35 ◦C, 1 bar) at a loading rate of 0.86 g VS L-1 d-1 and a steady state chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency of 83 ± 7%. The biogas produced (60% CH4 / 39% CO2) was upgraded in a 2.5 L absorption column interconnected with the HRAP via culture broth recirculation at a liquid to biogas ratio of 2, resulting in a maximum CO2 removal efficiency of 90% and a maximum CH4 content of 93.9%. The HRAP, supplied with the centrifuged liquid digestate supplemented with synthetic wastewater (5.0 ± 1.1 L d-1, Total nitrogen (TN) = 793 ± 110 mg N L-1, P-PO43- = 39 ± 19 mg P L-1), supported TN and total phosphorus maximum removal efficiencies of 100% in both cases. Pseudoanabaena sp. and Chlorella vulgaris were identified as the dominant species, SI, Este trabajo contó con el apoyo de la Junta de Castilla y León y EU-FEDER (CLU 2017-09, CL-EI-2021-07, UIC 315). También se reconoce al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades de España (FJC 2018-038402-I) por la financiación del contrato de investigación Juan de la Cierva-Formación de Lara Méndez