BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[Usage Notes] Dataset S6_Cubas et al_PRSB All biotic and abiotic data used in Cubas et al. (2019) "Endemic plant species are more palatable to introduced herbivores than non-endemics" can be accessed in Dataset S6., Islands harbour a spectacular diversity and unique species composition. This uniqueness is mainly a result of endemic species that have evolved in-situ in the absence of mammal herbivores. However, island endemism is under severe threat by introduced herbivores. We test the assumption that endemic species are particularly vulnerable to generalist introduced herbivores (European rabbit) using an unprecedented dataset covering an entire island with enormous topographic, climatic and biological diversity (Tenerife, Canary Islands). With increasing endemism, plant species are more heavily browsed by rabbits than non-endemic species with up to 67% of endemics being negatively impacted by browsing, indicating a dramatic lack of adaptation to mammal herbivory in endemics. Ecosystems with high percent endemism are most heavily browsed, suggesting ecosystem-specific vulnerability to introduced herbivores, even within islands. It is of highest priority to protect global biodiversity caused by disproportionally high endemism on oceanic islands through ecosystem-specific herbivore control and eradication measures., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Genotype and diet datasets The excel file includes three spreadsheets: the first one includes with all the museum specimen of *Crotalus scutulatus* inspected for stomach content; the second one includes a count table of prey items identified in the preserved specimen; The third spreadsheet includes the samples used for population genetic analysis with geographic coordinates, population assignment and microsatellite genotype information. Zancolli et al.ProcB_dataset.xlsx, Understanding the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variation, particularly across a continuous spatial distribution, represents a key challenge in evolutionary biology. For this, animal venoms represent ideal study systems: they are complex, variable, yet easily quantifiable molecular phenotypes with a clear function. Rattlesnakes display tremendous variation in their venom composition, mostly through strongly dichotomous venom strategies, which may even coexist within single species. Here, through dense, widespread population-level sampling of the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus, we show that genomic structural variation at multiple loci underlies extreme geographic variation in venom composition, which is maintained despite extensive gene flow. Unexpectedly, neither diet composition nor neutral population structure explain venom variation. Instead, venom divergence is strongly correlated with environmental conditions. Individual toxin genes correlate with distinct environmental factors, suggesting that different selective pressures can act on individual loci independently of their co-expression patterns or genomic proximity. Our results challenge common assumptions about diet composition as the key selective driver of snake venom evolution and emphasise how the interplay between genomic architecture and local-scale spatial heterogeneity in selective pressures may facilitate the retention of adaptive functional polymorphisms across a continuous space., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] raw_data_thermal_experiment This data file contains information related to outcomes of the thermal experiments performed with different species of the Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages in 2012 and 2017., Climate change threatens coastal benthic communities on a global scale. However, the potential effects of ongoing warming on mesophotic temperate reefs at the community level remain poorly understood. Investigating how different members of these communities will respond to the future expected environmental conditions is, therefore, key to anticipating their future trajectories and developing specific management and conservation strategies. Here, we examined the responses of some of the main components of the highly diverse Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages to thermal stress. We performed thermotolerance experiments with different temperature treatments (from 26 to 29°C) with 10 species from different phyla (three anthozoans, six sponges and one ascidian) and different structural roles. Overall, we observed species‐specific contrasting responses to warming regardless of phyla or growth form. Moreover, the responses ranged from highly resistant species to sensitive species and were mostly in agreement with previous field observations from mass mortality events (MMEs) linked to Mediterranean marine heat waves. Our results unravel the diversity of responses to warming in coralligenous outcrops and suggest the presence of potential winners and losers in the face of climate change. Finally, this study highlights the importance of accounting for species‐specific vulnerabilities and response diversity when forecasting the future trajectories of temperate benthic communities in a warming ocean., Peer reviewed

1. How predation events experienced by preys can shape phenotypic traits through the ontogenetic development of the interacting species should be a key issue in Evolutionary and Conservation Biology. 2. Locomotor performance plays a fundamental role on the fitness of many animals, mainly because it enhances ability to fleeing from predators. Predators represent indeed a capital selective force on prey, mainly because they end prey life. However, predators may also damage prey by other means, such as injuries caused by failed attacks. This damage can severely affect locomotion, among several other aspects of prey fitness. In the case of anuran tadpoles, failed predator attacks often result in injured tails, which reduces swimming performance. However, little is known about lasting effects of those failed attacks on fleeing capabilities after metamorphosis. 3. In this work, we clipped 55% tail length of pre-tail-resorption stage anaesthetized larval Pelobates cultripes toads, and compared metamorph hindlimb length and jump distance with metamorphs resulting from anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized non-clipped controls. Previous findings showed that this treatment produced metamorphs with reduced body condition. 4. Results herein suggest that partial tail loss in tadpoles diminishes jumping performance of resultant metamorphs. This effect is likely a consequence of tail-clipped tadpoles developing shorter hindlimbs as metamorphs, which is parallel to their reduced body condition. 5. Therefore, predator attacks in the tail may be less potentially mortal than those in the head and body, but have costs in terms of an efficient antipredatory response that persist in post-metamorphic stage. This effect might compromise metamorph ability to survive subsequent predator attacks., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Table S1: The table includes data of juvenile whiteness (ventral and tail/wing whiteness), average clutch size, the species body mass, the number of broods and predation rate. trees: This file includes 100 trees downloaded from Birdtree.org for the 210 bird species used in the main analyses., The offspring of many animals are conspicuous during parental dependence, despite juveniles generally suffering from high predation risk. However, to date, it is unclear whether offspring structural ornaments play a role in intra-family communication. This is the case of conspicuous plumage in young birds, which is worn unchanged during a long period after fledging, when they still depend on their parents. If plumage color facilitates intra-family interactions, its role should be more important in large-brooded species, where the strength of intra-family conflict is potentially stronger. We therefore performed a comparative study in 210 passerine bird species to test whether an offspring structural trait, white plumage, evolves more frequently in lineages with larger clutches. We also explored the number of broods raised per year as another source of intra-family conflict. First, we found that juvenile whiteness was more frequent in open-nesting species. Moreover, in agreement with our prediction, the presence of juvenile white tail/wing patches was strongly and positively associated with clutch size. This relationship was not due to the strong resemblance between offspring and adult plumage, which was controlled for in the statistical analyses. Moreover, the association remained significant after taking into account predation risk, for which there was information for a subset of species. In contrast, juvenile whiteness was not associated with the number of broods raised per year. These results may suggest that the evolution of juvenile conspicuousness is favored in species with potentially stronger intra-brood sibling conflict., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Cochlear gene expression, MKPs and MAPK Figure1 - Source Data 1.xlsx Hearing measurements of wild type and Mkp1 deficient mice Figure2 - Source Data 1.xlsx Cochlear gene expression, cell markers Figure3 - Source Data 1.xlsx Cochlear gene expression, oxidative stress markers Figure5 - Source Data 1.xlsx Cochlear gene expression, inflammation markers Figure6 - Source Data 1.xlsx, Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are activated during the cellular response to stress signals. Their activity is regulated by the MAPK-phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), a key component of the anti-inflammatory response. Stress kinases are well-described elements of the response to otic injury and the otoprotective potential of JNK inhibitors is being tested in clinical trials. In contrast, there are no studies exploring the role of DUSP1 in hearing and hearing loss. Here we show that Dusp1 expression is age-regulated in the mouse cochlea. Dusp1 gene knock-out caused premature progressive hearing loss, as confirmed by auditory evoked responses in Dusp1-/- mice. Hearing loss correlated with cell death in hair cells, degeneration of spiral neurons and increased macrophage infiltration. Dusp1-/- mouse cochleae showed imbalanced redox status and deregulated expression of cytokines. These data suggest that DUSP1 is essential for cochlear homeostasis in the response to stress during ageing., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] dataset.fid.gregarious.2019 Dataset associated to the article "Contagious fear: Escape behaviour increases with flock size in European gregarious birds" by Morelli et al. 2019. Metadata: Variable Details Species Species latin name FID_mean Flight initiation distance measured in meters (mean value) n No. observations of FID initiation Starting distance species Scientific name diet.specific Type of diet gregariousness gregarious bdm.quant body mass quartile latitude Latitude in decimel degrees habitat Type of habitat: Rural or urban flock Flock size (individuals) bodymass body mass (g), Flight initiation distance (FID), the distance at which individuals take flight when approached by a potential (human) predator, is a tool for understanding predator-prey interactions. Among the factors affecting FID, tests of effects of group size (i.e. number of potential prey) on FID have yielded contrasting results. Group size or flock size could either affect FID negatively (i.e. the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e. increased vigilance due to more eyes scanning for predators). These effects may be associated with gregarious species, because such species should be better adapted to exploiting information from other individuals in the group than non-gregarious species. Sociality may explain why earlier findings on group size vs. FID have yielded different conclusions. Here, we analyzed how flock size affected bird FID in eight European countries. A phylogenetic generalized least square regression model was used to investigate changes in escape behavior of bird species in relation to number of individuals in the flock, starting distance, diet, latitude and type of habitat. Flock size of different bird species influenced how species responded to perceived threats. We found that gregarious birds reacted to a potential predator earlier (longer flight initiation distance) when aggregated in large flocks. These results support a higher vigilance arising from many eyes scanning in birds, suggesting that sociality may be a key factor in the evolution of anti-predator behavior both in urban and rural areas. Finally, future studies comparing FID must pay explicit attention to the number of individuals in flocks of gregarious species., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Data This folder contains 1.) the metadatabase of 22 data sources with 115,356 standardised demographic records for 14,529 taxonomically standardised species of 10 standardised demographic variables that were used in the article, 2.) the Demographic species knowledge index (DSKI), which indicates the amount of knowledge on mortality and fertility for a total of 32,144 species, which was calculated based on the amount of information present in the “DemographicDatabase.csv” used in the article. Additionally it includes the IUCN Red List Status and if the species is present in a zoo or aquarium in ZIMS, and the species taxonomic id for Catalog of Life and GBIF. MetaData The folder contains detailed documentation of the content of the data files in the folder “Data”: 1.) the documentation of column names, 2.) the references of the 22 demographic source databases, 3.) the original demographic variable names provided in the 22 source databases before demographic standardisation, their definition, and their demographic variable name after standardisation., Biodiversity loss is a major challenge. Over the past century, the average rate of vertebrate extinction has been about 100-fold higher than the estimated background rate and population declines continue to increase globally. Birth and death rates determine the pace of population increase or decline, thus driving the expansion or extinction of a species. Design of species conservation policies hence depends on demographic data (e.g., for extinction risk assessments or estimation of harvesting quotas). However, an overview of the accessible data, even for better known taxa, is lacking. Here, we present the Demographic Species Knowledge Index, which classifies the available information for 32,144 (97%) of extant described mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. We show that only 1.3% of the tetrapod species have comprehensive information on birth and death rates. We found no demographic measures, not even crude ones such as maximum life span or typical litter/clutch size, for 65% of threatened tetrapods. More field studies are needed; however, some progress can be made by digitalizing existing knowledge, by imputing data from related species with similar life histories, and by using information from captive populations. We show that data from zoos and aquariums in the Species360 network can significantly improve knowledge for an almost eightfold gain. Assessing the landscape of limited demographic knowledge is essential to prioritize ways to fill data gaps. Such information is urgently needed to implement management strategies to conserve at-risk taxa and to discover new unifying concepts and evolutionary relationships across thousands of tetrapod species., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Metabolic data Body mass and metabolic rate (MR) data of A. iberica ants from different elevations collected for this study. Units are as follows: elevation (m.a.s.l.), Temp TRT (15, 20, 25, 30, 32 C), Temperature (empirically measured temperature values C), Wet mass and Dry mass (mg), MR ((CO2 µL-1 hr-1), Mass-spec MR (mass-specific MR; CO2 µL-1 mg-1 hr-1, where mg is in dry mass). Dryad_JAE_data.xlsx, 1. As global temperatures rise, the mechanistic links between temperature, physiology and behavior will increasingly define predictions of ecological change. However, for many taxa, we currently lack consensus about how thermal performance traits vary within and across populations, and whether and how locally adaptive trait plasticity can buffer warming effects. 2. The metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis posits that cold environments (e.g. high elevations and latitudes) select for high metabolic rates (MR), even after controlling for body size differences, and that this enables high activity levels when an organism is near its cold lower thermal limits. Steep MR reaction norms are further predicted at cold temperatures to enable rapid behavioral activation with rising temperatures needed to exploit brief thermal windows suitable for performing eco-evolutionary tasks. 3. We tested these predictions by performing common garden experiments comparing thermal reaction norms of MR (from 15°C to 32°C) and behavior (from 10°C to 40°C) across populations of the ant Aphaenogaster iberica sampled from a 2 km elevation gradient in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of southern Spain. 4. As predicted, high-elevation ants had higher MR and steeper MR-temperature reaction norms. However, higher rates of energy use did not yield the predicted benefits of steeper activity-level reaction norms. 5. The evidence for locally adaptive metabolic physiology only became apparent at intermediate temperatures, highlighting the importance of testing thermal performance hypotheses across thermal gradients, rather than focusing only on performance at thermal limits (i.e. critical thermal values) 6. The partial support for the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis highlights that while organisms likely show a wealth of unexplored metabolic temperature plasticity, the physiological mechanisms and eco-evolutionary tradeoffs underlying such local adaptation remain obscure., Peer reviewed

[Usage Notes] Full molecular matrix Molecular matrix used for phylogenetic and dating inferences with partitioning and model selection for the BEAST analyses based on PartitionFinder results BAORINI.nex Chronogram used for biogeographic analyses Chrono.tre BEAST MCC chronogram BEAST MCC chronogram of the best analysis based on MLE comparison among all BEAST analyses (2 clocks and Yule Tree model) BAORINI_Yule_2C.tre Best IQ-TREE ML tree based on the full dataset Best ML tree based on likelihood comparison of 100 tree searches in IQ-TREE using the full dataset (AHE and available sequence data) BAO_72.treefile.tre Partitioning file for IQ-TREE analyses based on the full dataset File comprising the best partitioning scheme and models of nucleotide substitution estimated in IQ-TREE using ModelFinder across all available models for the full dataset (AHE and available sequence data) Partitions.txt.best_scheme.nex Partitioning file for IQ-TREE analyses based on the AHE dataset File comprising the best partitioning scheme and models of nucleotide substitution estimated in IQ-TREE using ModelFinder across all available models for the AHE dataset (no available sequence data) Partitions.txt.best_scheme.nex Best IQ-TREE ML tree based on the AHE dataset Best ML tree based on likelihood comparison of 100 tree searches in IQ-TREE using the full dataset (AHE and available sequence data) BAO_93.treefile.tre AHE molecular dataset Molecular matrix used for phylogenetic and dating inferences with partitioning and model selection for the BEAST analyses based on PartitionFinder results, The origin of taxa presenting a disjunct distribution between Africa and Asia has puzzled biogeographers for more than a century. This biogeographic pattern has been hypothesized to be the result of transoceanic long‐distance dispersal, Oligocene dispersal through forested corridors, Miocene dispersal through the Arabian Peninsula or passive dispersal on the rifting Indian plate. However, it has often been difficult to pinpoint the mechanisms at play. We investigate biotic exchange between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region during the Cenozoic, a period in which geological changes altered landmass connectivity. We use Baorini skippers (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) as a model, a widespread clade of butterflies in the Old World tropics with a disjunct distribution between the Afrotropics and the Oriental region. We use anchored phylogenomics to infer a robust evolutionary tree for Baorini skippers and estimate divergence times and ancestral ranges to test biogeographic hypotheses. Our phylogenomic tree recovers strongly supported relationships for Baorini skippers and clarifies the systematics of the tribe. Dating analyses suggest that these butterflies originated in the Oriental region, Greater Sunda Islands, and the Philippines in the early Miocene c. 23 Ma. Baorini skippers dispersed from the Oriental region towards Africa at least five times in the past 20 Ma. These butterflies colonized the Afrotropics primarily through trans‐Arabian geodispersal after the closure of the Tethyan seaway in the mid‐Miocene. Range expansion from the Oriental region towards the African continent probably occurred via the Gomphotherium land bridge through the Arabian Peninsula. Alternative scenarios invoking long‐distance dispersal and vicariance are not supported. The Miocene climate change and biome shift from forested areas to grasslands possibly facilitated geodispersal in this clade of butterflies., National Science Foundation, Award: DEB-1541500., Peer reviewed