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Supplemental material is available online only. Supplemental file 3 Tables S1-S3; Figures S1-S3. Download spectrum.00823-23-s0001.docx, DOCX file, 1.1 MB Supplemental file 1 Data Set S1. Download spectrum.00823-23-s0002.xlsx, XLSX file, 0.2 MB Supplemental file 2 Data Set S2. Download spectrum.00823-23-s0003.xlsx, XLSX file, 0.1 MB, Peer reviewed

Under a Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0 deed., Figure S1. Molecular structure of SY, SEM and AFM micrographs of the ZTO layer. Figure S2. HRTEM micrograph and SAED pattern of S-ZnO NWs. Figure S3. TEM micrographs of ZnO nanowires. Figure S4. Gate leakage current in control, S-NWs, and L-NWs LEEFTs. Figure S5. Output characteristics of control, S-NWs, and L-NWs LEEFTs. Figure S6. Variable channel HLET image. Figure S7. Transmittance from the top MoOx/Ag electrodes. Figure S8. AFM images of NWs. Figure S9. 3D reconstruction of AFM images in GPVDM. Figure S10. Ray tracing simulation example 300-700nm. Figure S11. Calculation efficiency as a function of layer height of the L-NWs layer. Table S1. Comparison with literature, M.U.C., A.G.-G., and R.J.B. thank the Northern Accelerator for feasibility funding Grant # NACCF231 and Durham University for Grant Seedcorn Funds WT#801498. M.U.C. further thank EPSRC (New Investigator Award # EP/V037862/1 and Capital Equipment Grant EC/RF080422) for financial support., Peer reviewed

Electrochemical characterization: Figure S3 shows the linear sweep voltammetries of the different catalysts subjected to several cycles of acid leaching/thermal treatments. Catalysts were named as Fe-N-CXG-X-Tn, where X represents the activation method (CO2, H2O and KOH) and Tn indicates the number of cycles of acid leaching/thermal treatment performed over each catalyst. The curve with the highest activity is plotted with a thicker line, to highlight the number of cycles giving rise to the most active catalyst.-- Under a Creative Commons license BY 4.0., Reaction for carbon activation with CO2: S1. Reactions for carbon activation with water vapour: S2, S3, S4, S5. Reactions that can take place during carbon activation with KOH [1]: S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S11, S12, S13, S14. Physicochemical characterization: Figure S1 XPS high resolution O1s spectra for (a) CXG, (b) CXG-CO2 (c) CXG-H2O and (d) CXG-KOH considering 30 % Gaussian and 70% Lorentzian peak shape and Shirley background; Figure S2: XPS high resolution C1s spectra for (a) CXG, (b) CXG-CO2 (c) CXG-H2O and (d) CXG-KOH considering 30 % Gaussian and 70% Lorentzian peak shape and Shirley background; Table S1: Chemical composition determined by ICP, elemental analysis and XPS for Fe-N-CXG catalysts; Electrochemical characterization: Figure S3 Polarization curves for the ORR, in RDE at 1600 rpm in O2-saturated 0.5M H2SO4 for a) Fe-N-CXG, b) Fe-N-CXG-CO2, c) Fe-N-CXG-H2O, d) Fe-N-CXG-KOH subjected to successive cycles of acid leaching/thermal treatments indicated as Tn (n is the number of cycles performed). Figure S4 Polarization curve and power density curve for commercial Pt/C catalyst at the cathode and anode (0.2 mgPt cm-2), Nafion® NR212 membrane. Operating conditions: 80 °C; H2/O2 at λ= 1.3/1.5, 100% RH, and back pressure of 1.5 bar-gauge. Figure S5: Detail pictures of a drop of water on the surface of electrodes. a) Fe-NCXG, b) Fe-N-CXG-CO2, c) Fe-N-CXG-H2O, d) Fe-N-CXG-KOH. Figure S6. (a) Polarization curves and (b) power density curves after at the end of test (EoT), consisting of 20h operation at 0.5 V. Fe-N-CXG catalysts (4 mg cm-2) at the cathode, Nafion® NR212 membrane, and Pt40%/C (0.2 mgPt cm-2) at the anode. Operating conditions: 80 °C; H2/O2 at λ= 1.3/1.5, 100% RH, and back pressure of 1.5 bar-gauge., The authors wish to acknowledge the grant PID2020-115848RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This research has received funding from the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) through project EIT RM – n. 18252. Authors also acknowledge Gobierno de Aragón (DGA) for the financial support to Grupo de Conversión de Combustibles (T06_23R). L. Álvarez acknowledges also DGA for her pre-doctoral contract., Peer reviewed

Under a Creative Common license CC BY 3.0 Deed., Figure S1: Pore size distributions of all PDC-T samples. Table S1: Atomic percentages (at.%) of carbon (C), oxygen (O) and phosphorus (P), obtained by XPS, and ratios of P-C bonds to total P (PT) content for all PDC-T materials. Figure S2: XPS spectra of (a) C 1s and (b) O 1s of the PDC-T series. Table S2: Literature comparison of the performance of materials similar to PDC-900 for the ORR shown in Fig. 4f., This study was partially supported by the French PIA project “Lorraine Université d’Excellence”, reference ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE, and the TALiSMAN and TALiSMAN2 projects funded by ERDF. SGD thanks the Ministerio de Universidades, the European Union, and the University of Oviedo for their financial support (MU-21-UP2021-030 3026715)., Peer reviewed

More details are in the experimental, materials and method sections; additional physical properties of the stationary phase and other comparative results., Peer reviewed

The PDF file includes: - Figs. S1 to S10 - Tables S1 to S3., Peer reviewed

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data] The purpose of the sampling was to obtain an index of montane water vole (Arvicola amphibius cantabriae) abundance. For this purpose, 278 fixed sampling points (locationID) were chosen in the study area, resampling them every year. The points are located in Meadows and grasslands. The selection was random, using QGIS, with two constraints: they had to be more than 100 m away from each other and that they were less than 500 m from the road. From the year 2023 onwards, 25 other points within forest habitats were selected with the same characteristics. At each points, a 100 m transect was made, parallel to the riverbeds, to maintain constant soil and moisture conditions. Each transect was divided into 20 segments, 5 m long by 5 m wide (2.5 m on each side of the line of advance), and the presence/absence of signs in each segment was noted. In this way, an abundance index was obtained, ranging from 0 (no signs found) to 20 (signs present in all segments). This value correlates with the abundance of the species (Giraudoux et al. 1995). Sampling was repeated annually in late September/early October. Although the target species to be counted was the montane water vole, the presence of Lusitanian pine vole (Microtus lusitanicus), Iberian mole (Talpa occidentalis), cattle and horse was also noted. The molehills of the wild species were differentiated by their characteristics of size, shape, entrance and disposition (Miñarro et al. 2012). For domestic species, the presence/absence of dung in each section was noted., [EN] This dataset provides the raw results of montane water vole (Arvicola amphibius cantabriae) surveys in 303 fixed points where molehills were counted annually between 2016 and 2023. The points are located in Meadows, grasslands and forests. The main objective of the survey was to obtain a relative abundance index of water vole, but presence of other species (Lusitanian pine vole, Microtus lusitanicus, Spanish mole, Talpa occidentalis, cattle and horse) was also sampled. This dataset will be actualized with new data obtained uring the following years., [ES] Este conjunto de datos proporciona los resultados brutos de los censos de rata topera (Arvicola amphibius cantabriae) en 303 puntos fijos donde se contaron toperas anualmente entre 2016 y 2023. Los puntos están ubicados en prados, pastizales y bosques. El principal objetivo del muestreo era obtener un índice de abundancia relativa de la rata topera, pero también se muestreó la presencia de otras especies (topillo lusitano, Microtus lusitanicus, topo ibérico, Talpa occidentalis, vacas y caballos). Este conjunto de datos se actualizará con nuevos datos obtenidos en los próximos años., This study was partially supported by a contract of collaboration between Fundación Reina Sofia and CSIC, M.Torres Diseños Industriales SAU and Jaguar Land Rover España., 1_location_table_TOPERAS.xlsx 2_event_table_TOPERAS.xlsx 3_molehills_count_table_TOPERAS.xlsx 4_cattle_horse_dung_count_table_TOPERAS.xlsx, Peer reviewed

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data] Ethnographic data collected through participant observation and semi-structured interviews.-- [Methods for processing the data] Anthropological analysis of information collected., This work was supported by the European Union under Grant Number 892863-TAHL; The Wenner- Gren Foundation under Grant Number 9945. This publication is part of the project “HabitPAT. Caring and Dwelling Intangible Heritage” (PID2020-118696RB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/ 501100011033., Peer reviewed