Resultados de investigación

We have submitted our raw data (pupa.csv,HC.csv,D_treatment_21744379.csv,E_treatment_21744382.csv,F_tratment_21744381.csv,Climate_chamber_control_21744378.csv, c_ox.csv), R project(hypoxia_temp.Rproj), R script (chiro_code1.R)., [Data Analysis] All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.2.3 (2023-03-15 ucrt) — "Shortstop Beagle". To assess within-group differences in body size across treatments, we applied one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test, as the size data met the assumptions of normality. To further explore pupal size variation, we developed two generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) using a log-link function, implemented in the glmmTMB package., It is crucial to understand impact of the globally rising temperatures on the functional traits of the insects. This is mostly due to the functional traits change, under temperature regime shift, can impact survivability of the individuals and population. Insects´ size is an important functional trait, affected by temperature. It was hypothesized, that many aquatic insects are getting smaller, with the temperature increase, probably due to the hypoxic-induced reduction of metabolic rate. This dataset contains data on the larvae and pupae size of non-biting midge (Chironomus riparius) and their change in the mesocosm setting, and their change under the impact of different combinations of temperature and hypoxia. We have compared the body size and survivability of C. riparius in six experimental treatments: three at 20°C, with high, medium and low oxygen concentration and three at 30°C, with the same three levels of oxygen concentrations. To achieve this comparison, we have collected and measured pupal exuviae and (at the very end of the experiment) larvae of the non-biting midge. This dataset contains digital measutments of the scaled images of larvae and pupal exuviae. All the exuviae photos are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14516968. Measurements were conducted on the digital images, using Fiji –ImageJ with calibrated scale (scales for the calibration are attached alongside the rest of the images at Zenodo) Our measurments https://zenodo.org/uploads/14516968 showed that C. riparius pupae were significantly smaller at 30°C treatments with medium and low oxygen levels than in the rest of the treatments. No significant reduction in pupal size was observed in the 30°C treatment with high oxygen content. We have found no significant differences in size of larvae between the treatments. However, we detected reduced larval survivability in the 30°C treatments with medium and low oxygen levels compared to the other treatments., Agencia Estatal de Investigación: PID2023-150179NA-I00, by MICIU/AEI/ /10.13039/501100011033, Peer reviewed

Files included, 1) " Scale for capsule x5.JPG" - Scale used for measurment of the larval hedcapsules in the Fiji software., 2) "larvae capsules.zip" - image sets of the larval headcapsules. Each folder within the zip file contains images of larval headcapsules from the same treatment and same date, i.e. "A1 08_01_24" - Mesocosm 1 from treatment A, collected on 8th of January 2024. (That being said -all larval samples were collected on the same day- end date of the experiment)., 3) "EXUVIAE.zip"--image sets of the pupa exuviae. Each folder within the zip file contains images of larval headcapsules from the same treatment and same date, i.e. "A1 08_01_24" - Mesocosm 1 from treatment A, collected on 8th of January 2024., 4) "scale minimum magnification x1_a.tif" -Scale used for measurment of the pupal exuviae in the Fiji software., Datasets used in the manuscript "Interactions between temperature and hypoxia and their impact on the size and survival of aquatic insects " for acessing morphometric traits of the Chironomus riparius., Agencia Estatal de Investigación: Desarrollo de un nuevo proxy biótico del paleoclima basado en clinas de tamaño y temperatura de quironómidos subfósiles (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae) PID2023-150179NA-I00, Peer reviewed

Data and code of article titled "Landscape and crop diversity contributes to greater yield stability" by Estefanía Tobajas, Ignasi Bartomeus and Ainhoa Magrach, Peer reviewed

communityINFO: Contains flower abundance data for each month, year, and transect, along with detailed geographical information (coordinates, elevation, and site identity). (See metadata file for variable descriptions.), data_all: Contains hummingbird–plant interaction data, including the identity of both species, number of visits, and trait information for each partner. Each record corresponds to a specific sampling event at a given site and time, with detailed geographical and observational metadata (e.g., coordinates, sampling duration, elevation). (See metadata file for variable descriptions.), genus_list: A list of bird genera and their corresponding taxonomic families. (See metadata file for variable descriptions.), Megatree: A megaphylogeny of birds provided by the U.phylomaker R package. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pld.2022.12.007, phylo_hb & phylo_plant: These datasets provide taxonomic classifications for all species included in the study. phylo_hb classifies each hummingbird species into its corresponding genus and family, while phylo_plant does the same for plant species., RData contains five data frames with the original data required to conduct the analyses. The data are a subset from the forthcoming data paper: "Plant-hummingbird interactions, floral abundance, and floral traits for three altitudinal gradients in the Americas.", Peer reviewed

Mountains contribute disproportionately to global biodiversity, yet the ecological and evolutionary processes that make them important centers of speciation remain poorly understood. Here, we use a complex of Gomphocerinae grasshoppers distributed across the Pyrenees as a model system to investigate the process of speciation in mountain regions. Clustering analyses revealed a marked genetic fragmentation of populations and divergence time estimates indicated that all lineages split during the Pleistocene (<0.9 Ma). Although all taxa currently exhibit allopatric distributions, fine-scale temporal distribution modeling suggested that their ranges likely overlapped across extensive areas during glacial periods. Despite ample opportunities for historical hybridization, introgression tests indicated that gene flow was restricted to peripheral populations and only one population exhibited a high degree of admixed ancestry. Accordingly, our analyses revealed abrupt genetic discontinuities corresponding to the distributional boundaries of each taxon. Although taxa have probably not achieved complete reproductive isolation, semi-permeable species boundaries do not appear to have compromised their evolutionary independence. These results emphasize the interplay between high rates of lineage formation and the rapid evolution of reproductive barriers in promoting microgeographic speciation in topographically complex landscapes, shedding light on the proximate processes underlying the high levels of neo-endemism observed across mountain ranges worldwide., TED2021-129328B-I00; PID2021-123298NB-I00; Viera y Clavijo postdoctoral fellowship, Peer reviewed

Implant experiment script_pub.R - analyses for the plumage manipulation experiment - testing whether the aggression received by testosterone and control-implanted males differed. Results appear in Table 1 and Figure 1., Natural vs T males script_pub.R - compares aggression received by naturally-molting males and testosterone-implanted males. Results appear in the text., Homerange and molt script_pub.R - compares home range sizes between 1-year-old males of different implant types to naturally ornamented one-year-old males. Results appear in Figure 2., Territory size reduction simulations_pub.R - simulations to test whether reductions in home range size may be a strategy to reduce interactions with neighboring males. Results appear in Figure 3., Sexually-selected ornaments typically confer reproductive benefits, but ornamented and unornamented male phenotypes often co-occur in the same population. Reduced social costs are one potential compensatory benefit of unornamented male phenotypes, but few studies have tested this hypothesis in a natural context. Here we present a field-based experiment testing whether ornamented plumage carries social costs in the red-backed fairywren (Malurus melanocephalus), a small Australian songbird that exhibits delayed but flexible plumage maturation. Only one-quarter of one-year-old male red-backed fairywrens acquire ornamented plumage, but young ornamented males obtain greater reproductive success than young males that retain brown, female-like plumage. We tested whether ornamented plumage is associated with social costs by implanting one-year-old males with testosterone to experimentally induce molt into ornamented plumage, then recorded the resulting social interactions. Testosterone-implanted males developed ornamentation and received more aggression than did control-implanted males without ornamentation, supporting the hypothesis that molt into ornamented plumage is socially costly. Moreover, one-year-old males who paired with a female and naturally acquired ornamented plumage exhibited smaller home ranges than implanted males, suggesting that paired one-year-old males who reduce their home ranges may experience fewer costly interactions with neighbors. Our results add to growing evidence that social costs can enforce the honesty of sexually-selected ornaments., Division of Integrative Organismal Systems: IOS-1353681; Division of Integrative Organismal Systems: IOS-1352885; Division of Integrative Organismal Systems: IRES-1460048; Division of Integrative Organismal Systems: IOS-1354133; Cornell Lab of Ornithology; American Philosophical Society; Sigma Xi, Peer reviewed

This dataset compiles the results of experiments carried out to explore the nature of putative interactions among bacteriocins and phages targeting lactococci in the context of milk fermentations. Bacteriocins, ribosomally-synthesized antimicrobial peptides involved in bacterial welfare and bacteriophages, viruses that exclusively infect bacteria, encounter frequently in the dairy environment. Previous studies performed in broth demonstrated the existence of positive bacteriocin-phage interactions (BaPI), suggesting that the presence of bacteriocins may increase the risk of a failed fermentation in the event of phage contamination. The dataset comprises measurements of the plaque size (diameter in mm) of different phages infecting distinct lactococcal strains in the presence of the bacteriocins nisin or Lcn972. The decrease of pH during fermentation of phage-contaminated milk driven by lactococci in the presence of nisin or Lcn972 is also reported. These values may be employed to calculate the percentage of inhibition (PI) compared to a control fermentation and define the nature of the interactions (positive, neutral or antagonistic)., grant PID2023-149852OB-I00 funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER/EU and Grant IDE/2024/000721 funded by AGENCIA SEKUENS (Gobierno de Asturias) and FEDER, EU awarded to B.M., File 01_plaque size_(nisin-phages) compiles plaque diameter measurements (mm) of different phages (c2, bIL170, P335, CHPC1183, p2 and sk1) infecting Lactococcus cremoris MG1363, L. cremoris MG1614, L. cremoris D1-20 or Lactococcus lactis IL1403 in the presence and absence of nisin. File 02_plaque size_(Lcn972-phage) presents plaque diameter measurements (mm) of phage sk1 infecting L. cremoris MG1614 or L. cremoris D1-20 in the presence and absence of Lcn972. File 03_pH_(Nisin-bIL170 milk fermentation) summarizes the pH evolution during milk fermentations by L. lactis IL1403 in the presence of nisin and phage bIL170, applied either individually or in combination. File 04_pH_(Lcn972_Sk1 milk fermentation) compiles pH data obtained during milk fermentations performed with several lactococcal strains, including the phage-sensitive strains L. cremoris MG1614 and L. cremoris D1-20; as well as the Lcn972-producing strain L. lactis IL1403/pBL1E and its non-producing counterpart, L. lactis IL1403. Fermentations were carried out using single strains or strain combinations, in the presence or absence of phage sk1. Each sheet corresponds to a specific experimental setup. Sheet 1 (Single strains) includes data from fermentations performed with individual strains. Sheet 2 (MG1614 combinations) contains data from the fermentation by L. cremoris MG1614 combined with L. lactis IL1403/pBL1E at different ratios. Sheet 3 (D1-20 combinations) presents data from the fermentation by L. cremoris D1-20 combined with L. lactis IL1403/pBL1E at different ratios. Sheets 4 (MG1614+phage) and 5 (D1-20+phage) compile data from fermentations carried out with L. cremoris MG1614 and L. cremoris D1-20, respectively, in the presence of different concentrations of phage sk1. Sheet 6 (MG1614 combinations + phage) includes data from the fermentation by L. cremoris MG1614 combined with L. lactis IL1403/pBL1E or L. lactis IL1403 at a 10:1 ratio in the presence of several phage sk1 concentrations. Sheet 7 (D1-20 combinations + phage) compiles analogous data or fermentations using L. cremoris D1-20 combined with L. lactis IL1403/pBL1E or L. lactis IL1403 at a 10:1 ratio, in the presence of different concentrations of phage sk1., Peer reviewed

- Computational details. - Additional band structure plots. - Calculation of the electrical polarization. - Effective masses. - Dielectric constant. - Equations for the shift and injection currents (as presented in Ref. 56). - Additional results for the injection photoconductivity tensor, particularly for components less relevant to the discussion in the Letter. - Results for the shift photoconductivity tensor (included for completeness but not central to the Letter, which focuses on injection photoconductivity)., Peer reviewed

The supplemental material contains additional data, that support the data presented in the main text, and details on the theoretical model., Peer reviewed

STM topographs and line profiles of molecules within islands and as isolated species, wide range dI/dV spectra of isolated molecules, dI/dV spectrum of the T-type molecules under a magnetic field, and STM topographs and dI/dV spectra of Ullmann-coupled arrays., Peer reviewed