BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[Methods] Data are compiled from published references, in all cases, the reference is provided., 1. Many internal (inherent) and environmental (imposed) factors control seed dormancy and germina-tion from which we can derive three basic dormancy-release pathways: Maternal structures and embryo physiology control inherent dormancy that is broken by various types of scarification and physiological changes, followed by imposed-dormancy release when replaced by certain ‘standard’ environmental conditions that stimulate germination (pathway 1); imposed dormancy prevails even if inherent dorman-cy is broken or not applicable that is released when replaced by certain ‘standard’ environmental condi-tions which stimulate germination (pathway 2); release from inherent dormancy by light/dark or cold stratification is contingent on existing presence of certain ‘standard’ environmental conditions that stim-ulate germination (pathway 3). 2. On-plant seed storage (serotiny) and frugivorous seeds are recognized here as representing special types of physical dormancy, as their properties are consistent with those of hard diaspores. Warm stratification does not require seeds to be moist as it is just a physical response. Heat may promote germination of non-hard, as well as hard, seeds as it may also increase their permeability. 3. Levels of germination gauge the net effect of inherent- and imposed-dormancy release so that it only possible to identify the extent of inherent-dormancy release when conditions for germination are optimal (imposed dormancy has been annulled). While imposed dormancy may be protracted after inherent dormancy is broken by heat or chilling during the dry or cold seasons, release from both states may effectively coincide if smoke chemicals or light are received during the (wet) growing sea-son. 4. We suggest reserving the term secondary dormancy for seeds that return to (inherent or imposed) dormancy due to changed environmental conditions. Under seasonal climates, fluctuations in envi-ronmental conditions can lead to secondary dormancy and even dormancy cycling. 5. We recognize four types of functional interactions between any two environmental factors that induce inherent-dormancy release: binary interactions are either ineffective, only one effective, non-additive or additive/synergistic. Two environmental stimuli that individually break dormancy but have no additive effect must be affecting the same process; this was demonstrated here for some interac-tions between heat and smoke. 6. The three dormancy-release pathways, together with internal, seasonal and stochastic interact ions, are coordinated by the non-dormant seed to ensure maximum germination under optimal conditions. To ignore any aspect outlined here leads to an impoverished understanding of the disparate seed ecol-ogy of species adapted to different stressful and disturbance-prone habitats., Generalitat Valenciana, Award: PROMETEO/2021/040 (FocScales)., Peer reviewed

[Methods] ABR DATA: obtained by ABR recording in a Tucker David Technology RZ6 Auditory Workstation using BioSigRZ software EVANS BLUE DATA: obtained by fluorimetry in a Glomax™ Luminometer and Microplate Reader (Promega) (620/680 nm excitation/emission wavelength). GENE EXPRESSION DATA: obtained by Real-Time PCR and analyzed by QuantStudio™ Real-Time PCR software 1.3. PCR array obtained using the PCR array RT² Profiler™ Rat Innate & Adaptive Immune Responses (Qiagen, #PARN-052Z) and analyzed with Geneglobe (Qiagen). MRI DATA: images obtained with a horizontal 7.0-Tesla Bruker BioSpec® system (Bruker Medical GmbH) running ParaVision 6.0.1 on a Linux environment. Data analysis was performed with Fiji software. OPTICAL IMAGING DATA: images obtained with a Zeiss AxioPhot microscope (Carl Zeiss). Data analysis was performed with Fiji software. FLUORESCENCE DATA: images obtained with an epifluorescence (Nikon 90i) and confocal laser-scanning (Zeiss LSM710) microscopes. Data analysis was performed with Fiji software. WB DATA: Immunoreactive bands revealed using the Clarity™ Western ECL Substrate (Bio-Rad), and images were captured with the ImageQuant LAS4000 mini digital camera using ImageQuant TL software 8.1 (GE Healthcare)., SPIRALTH-CIBERER ER17PE12., 1) ABR DATA ABR_DATA ANALYSIS ABRA_RAW DATA 2) EVANS BLUE DATA EVANS BLUE RAW DATA EVANS BLUE ANALYSIS 3) GENE EXPRESSION DATA 3.1) HEATMAP HEATMAPPER DATASET HEATMAP IN HOUSE ANALYSIS HEATMAP RT2 PROFILER PCR ARRAY DATA ANALYSIS_Placa3693-3694 3.2) QPCR PLS PLUS SPT-2101 QPCR SELECCION ARRAY 3.3) QPCR LPS TIME COURSE SPSS LPS TIME COURSE LPS TIME COURSE STATISTICS 3.4) QPCR STRIAL DAMAGE STRIAL GENES DATA ANALYSIS QPCR STRIAL GENES 4) MRI DATA MRI RAW DATA MRI LPS PLUS TREATMENTS_DATA ANALYSIS MRI_LPS TIME COURSE DATA ANALYSIS 5) OPTICAL AND FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY DATA 5.1) HAIR CELL-SYNAPSIS HC-SYNAPSIS RAW DATA STATISTICS HCs STATISTICS SYNAPSIS 5.2) IF STRIA SPSS DESMIN COVERAGE STATISTICS DESMIN COVERAGE DESMIN COVERAGE 5.3)STRIA AREA STRIA MORPHOLOGY RAW DATA STRIA AREA DATA ANALYSIS 5.4) IF SPIRAL GANGLION AND LIGAMENT IBA1 GANGL DATA IBA1 LIG DATA IBA1 GANGL ANALYSIS IBA1 LIG DATA ANALYSIS 6) WB DATA WB NLRP2 AND NRF2 DATA NLRP3 IMAGES NRF2 IMAGES VINCULIN IMAGES, Peer reviewed

[Methodology] We sampled the insect assemblage visiting flowers in the arborescent scrublands with Ziziphus lotus (Habitat 5520*, Habitat Directive EU) to characterize the plant-floral visitor networks of these threatened habitats in the semiarid southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in Almería province (Andalucia, Spain). We selected 6 localities with the presence of this Ziziphus lotus habitat: i) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Ziziphus lotus individuals (ZIZ); ii) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Maytenus senegalensis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZMAY); iii) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Chamaerops humilis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZCHA). To study the community of insect floral visitors and the flowering plant species community (floral resources) in these habitats, 6-7 transects of [50 m x 2 m] were defined in each population, which were sampled by 50 min-censuses from February-July at 3 different times (pre-spring + spring + summer; total transects sampled = 39 transects x 3 censuses = 117 transects). The sampled transects were randomly distributed, trying to cover the largest possible area within each population to avoid sampling bias. We recorded the insect community visiting flowers (plant-floral visitor interactions) in terms of richness and abundance per transect and population. We only recorded xenogamic plant-insect interactions (as a proxy for pollen movements between different plant individuals) since they are related to more effective pollination events than geitonogamic interactions. The censuses were carried out on sunny days with low winds (<12Km/h), between 9:00-17:00, during the period of maximum insect activity. The richness and abundance of plant-floral visitor interactions by transect were pooled by population ('Interaction_data_pop.csv' file). R software (R Core, 2021) was used to calculate the summaries showed in .csv files. References: - R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/, [Files] Interaction_data_pop.csv [reports the data of detected plant-insect interactions].-- Population_and_sampling_info.csv [has information of samplings per population according to the data of Interaction_data_pop.csv' file].-- Metada.csv [reports information about the meaning of columns in 'Interaction_data_pop.csv' and 'Population_and_sampling_info.csv' files], Our aim was to described the plant-floral visitor interactions to characterize the plant-floral visitor networks of arborescent scrublands with Ziziphus lotus (Habitat 5520*, Habitat Directive EU) in the semiarid southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in Almería province (Andalucia, Spain). We differentiated three habitat subtypes with Ziziphus lotus: i) habitat dominated by Ziziphus lotus individuals (ZIZ); ii) habitat dominated by Maytenus senegalensis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZMAY); iii) habitat dominated by Chamaerops humilis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZCHA), This study was funded by MICINN through European Regional Development Fund [SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-4, POPE 2014-2020] [Work Package 9. Task 9.3.2. Model impact of land use change], Junta de Andalucía Excelencia RNM-766 project, and by funds from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER- UJA 1261180 project, FEDER Andalucía operative programme). CSIC is acknowledged for supporting Open Access publication., Please, see Metadata.csv file., Peer reviewed

[Methodology] We selected 40 paired olive groves from 20 localities, covering a cultivated area circa 35 km2 and encompassing a distance of 310 km between the most distant ones, hence widely distributed across the Guadalquivir Valley (Andalucía, Spain). Localities were selected to cover a wide gradient in landscape complexity, from landscapes dominated by olive groves to landscapes including a large fraction of natural (forests, scrublands, streams and pastures with native plants) or semi-natural habitats (gullies, vegetated edges and field margins) or other woody and annual crops. At each locality, the pair of olive groves differed in the herb cover management (20 low-intensity and 20 intensive groves) in 2016 while some of them changed their management in 2019, while sharing the same landscape context. Farm size and climatic and edaphic condition varied between localities but were relatively similar between the pair of farms within locality. Low-intensity management involved the maintenance of the ground herb cover most of the year through agroecological practices, such as grazing (mainly with sheep), mowing or stand maintaining between olive trees. Some of these low-intensity managed olive farms where also organic when, in addition, there was no use of pesticides nor synthesis fertilizers. In contrast, intensive management persistently reduced herb cover by herbicides and/or recurrent tillage. The landscape of each locality was classified in simple (characterized by vast extensions of olive groves with very few natural habitat patches), intermediate (olive groves are intermingled with annual crops and with greater extension of natural habitats) or complex (olive groves are scarcer and the area covered by forests, shrublands, streams and grasslands with native plants is larger). The community of herb species was monthly sampled in each olive groves from April to June in 2016 and 2019, using 1-m2 quadrats. We surveyed 4-6 herbs quadrats per grove (in olive field habitats), depending on the orchard size (4 sampling points in small groves [<10 ha]; 6 sampling points in large groves [>10 ha]) and 2-4 herbs quadrats per olive grove in semi-natural habitats adjacent to olive field. Substantial work was done in the lab for the classification of the many species that we were not able to determine at species level in the field. BBDD_Herbs_sps_habitat_farm.csv ', [Files] BBDD_Farm_info.csv [shows the location and characteristics of sampled olive farms].-- BBDD_Herbs_sps_habitat_farm.csv [shows herb community detected per habitat within Olive_farm].-- Metada.csv [records information about the meaning of columns in ' Farm_info.csv, 'Plant_database_Habitats_ziziphus.csv', ', Our aim was to characterize the species composition of ground herb covers present in the olive groves and their semi-natural adjacent habitats of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Andalucia, Spain), according to herb cover management and landscape complexity of each grove. We selected 40 paired olive farms from 20 localities across Andalucía., This data set was compilated with funds by MICINN through European Regional Development Fund [SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-4, POPE 2014-2020] [Work Package 9. Task 9.3.2. Model impact of land use change]. Data comes mainly from LIFE project OLIVARES VIVOS (LIFE14 NAT/ ES/1001094) of the European Commission and complemented partially with additional surveys under LIFEWATCH SUMHAL. CSIC is acknowledged for supporting Open Access publication., Please, see Metadata.csv file., Peer reviewed

The temperature-size rule states that as the temperature increases, the body size of organisms decreases. This rule has been observed in a wide range of organisms, including marine phytoplankton and it is particularly important to model and predict the effects of global warming on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. This is so because the size of marine phytoplankton is a critical trait that determines their ecological and biogeochemical roles in marine ecosystems. The size of marine phytoplankton is also affected by resource availability, which relates to growth rates. Here, we compare the effects of a long-term exposure to several temperatures on the cell size of three marine microalgae during their growth curves. The species chosen were the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa niei, and the diatom Conticribra (previously Thalassiosira) weissflogii. All algae conformed the temperature-size rule during all the phases of the growth curve. However, the size variations of the microalgae in each of the phases were species-specific. R. salina and H. niei showed higher volumes in the exponential growth phase than during the decline of growth and early stationary phases. Contrarily, the diatom showed smaller volumes during the exponential phase of growth than during the other phases. Overall, the effects of growth rate on cell size exceeded those of temperature for the expected ocean warming by the end of the century. These results also partially support the higher relevance of resource supply than temperature in explaining the variability of phytoplankton size structure in marine ecosystems, This research was funded by Grant PID2020-118645RB-I00 by Ministerio de Ciencia e innovación (MCIN)/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Para las tres microalgas, Rhodomonas salina, Heterocapsa niei, Conticribra weissflogii, abundancias, y volumen a diferentes temperaturas, Peer reviewed

We have studied the response of the marine calanoid copepod Paracartia grani to dietary elemental imbalances, This research was supported by Grant [PID2020-118645RB-I00] funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Elemental content, C:N ratios, C:P ratios, N:P ratios, copepod ingestion rate, copepod egg production rate, hatching success, gross-growth efficiency of egg production, egg size, nauplius body size, threshold elemental ratios for C:N and C:P, Peer reviewed

Trait-based approaches that complement taxonomic-based studies have increased in popularity among the scientific community over the last decades. The collection of biological and ecological characteristics of species (i.e., traits) provides insight into species and ecosystem vulnerability to environmental and anthropogenic changes, as well as ecosystem functioning. While most of the available trait databases to date contain essential information to understand the functional diversity of a taxonomic group or functional group based on size, the FUN Azores trait database has an ecosystem-based approach that provides a comprehensive assessment of diverse fauna (meio-, macro-, and megafauna) from benthic and pelagic environments in the Azores Marine Park; including ridges, seamounts, and hydrothermal vents. We used a collaborative approach involving 30 researchers with different expertise to develop the trait database; which contains compiled data on 14 traits representing morphological, behavioral, and life history characteristics for 1210 species, across 10 phyla, Peer reviewed

[Methods] Data obtained from an acoustic telemetry experiment. The acoustic detection sequence was imported to R software to apply a Hidden Markov Model to separate the active and rest states and obtain the circadian-related traits., This dataset contains the necessary data to replicate the work entitled 'Circadian-related behavioural types in free-living marine fish revealed by high-throughput telemetry'. The data were obtained through a high-resolution acoustic telemetry experiment tracking a population of pearly razorfish between April and September 2019. The time series of detections were imported into the R computing environment. We discretized the detections generated by the individuals into bins of 5 minutes (time-steps). We fitted a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to probabilistically assign two behavioural states to each temporal bin: rest (R) or active (A). We used a zero-inflated Poisson HMM implemented in the ziphsmm package. During these months, two different periods in the reproduction of this species were included: the pre-spawning period and the spawning period. For this purpose, the data were separated into two different datasets: the pre-spawning period dataset, which contains all individuals tracked for at least seven days between April 30 and May 31, and the spawning period dataset, which includes all individuals tracked for at least seven days between June 15 and July 31. The data between June 1 and June 15 were discarded due to maintenance tasks on the acoustic receivers. The data from August and September were discarded due to low data yields. Finally, a third dataset was created, which includes individuals tracked for at least seven days in each period. The three datasets are configured in the same manner, with ID as the identifier for each individual, Day as the tracking date, Dayn as the day of the trial, Awakening Time as the activity onset time in minutes relative to sunrise, Rest Onset as the rest onset time in minutes relative to sunset, RelActivityDuration as the active hours (calculated as the difference between the awakening time and rest onset) relative to daylight hours (calculated as the difference between sunrise and sunset), RelRestDuration as the resting hours (calculated as the difference between the rest onset time and awakening time of the next day) relative to night hours (calculated as the difference between sunset and sunrise of the next day), RelRestMidpoint as the midpoint of the rest relative to the middle of the night, Sex, Size (cm), Period, CHL as the concentration of chlorophyll (Relative Fluorescence Units, RFU), CurrentDirection as the direction in degrees of the surface current, CurrentSpeed as the speed in m/s of the surface current, Light as the daily mean light (lux), O2 as the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water (mV), Salinity (PSU), Temperature as the daily mean temperature (ºC), WavesHeight as the daily mean wave height (m), and WindSpeed as the speed in m/s of the wind., The research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the "Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellence" accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). The CLOCKS I+D+I project funded this work (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE invierte en tu futuro. The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A)., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001198)., Pre-Spawning_Dataset, Spawning_Dataset, BothPeriods_Dataset., Peer reviewed

The Vendée Globe is the world’s most famous solo, non-stop, unassisted sailing race. The Institute of Marine Sciences and the Barcelona Ocean Sailing Foundation installed a MicroCAT on the One Ocean One Planet boat. The skipper, Dídac Costa, completed the round trip in 97 days, from 8 November 2020 to 13 February 2021, providing one measurement of temperature and conductivity every 30 s during navigation. More than half of the ship’s route was in the sub-Antarctic zone, between the tropical and polar fronts, and it passed through areas of oceanographic interest such as Southern Patagonia (affected by glacier melting), the Brazil–Malvinas confluence, the Southern Pacific Ocean, and the entire Southern Indian Ocean. This sailing race gave a rare opportunity to measure in-situ sea surface salinity in a region where satellite salinity measurements are not reliable. Due to the decreased sensitivity of brightness temperature to salinity in cold seas, retrieving sea surface salinity at high latitudes remains a major challenge. This paper describes how the data are processed and uses the data to validate satellite salinity products in the sub-Antarctic zone. The sailing race measurements represent surface information (60 cm depth) not available from drifters or Argo floats. Acquiring measurements using round-the-world sailing races would allow us to analyse the evolution of ocean salinity and the impact of changes in the ice extent around Antarctica, This work has been carried out thanks to European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 840374, Temperature and salinity of the ocean surface, Peer reviewed

The opening of the Scotia Arc resulted in the final breakup of the land bridge between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) constituted part of this former connection and it is now the largest continental block in the Southern Scotia Arc. We present the first 3D model of the SOM that, given its strategic position and characteristics, allows us to advance the knowledge of the tectonic processes involved in the development of the Scotia Arc. Due to the scarcity of reliable geological data, the initial approximation of the deep structure of the SOM was supported by the calculation of three main geological boundaries from geophysical data: the acoustic basement, the boundary of the magnetic anomaly source and the Moho depth. The 3D model was built, refined and validated by forward modeling and joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. We have accurately defined the geometry of the sedimentary cover, determined the geometry of the intrusive igneous body causing the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA) and mapped the heterogeneity of the crustal thickness. These structural features show a clear relationship to each other and are consistent with an important E-W extension to the east of the SOM during early stages of the Scotia Arc formation, prior to the opening of the Powell Basin., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the coordinated project TASDRACC (CTM2017-89711-C2-1P and CTM2017-89711-C2-2P), cofounded by the European Union through FEDER funds, Peer reviewed