BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Lockean theory of property in terms of irrestricted appropriation is as widely known as the criticism that has been addressed to it. The notions of abundance and slavery will be discussed here to claim that it is more accurate to talk about universal privatization (unilateral and unequal) than to talk about irrestricted appropriation. "Universal" has here three different meanings, which will be considered in different sections. The first meaning of "universality" within the theory of appropriation is related to its territorial scope. In this regard, the notion of abundance as defined in Chapter V of Locke's Two Treatises of Government identifies the global perspective of the Lockean theory of appropriation. The second and third meanings arise from an analysis of the notion of slavery, and more precisely from both uses of the term. The study of political slavery, considered as illegitimate, will allow us to explore the paradoxical relation between Lockean theory of property (as universal) and particular states. Lastly, the notion of legitimate slavery (the appropriation of human beings) will allow us to establish the universality of the theory of appropriation and its object, not just concerning earth and fruits but human life too., Es tan conocida la interpretación de la teoría de la propiedad lockeana en términos de apropiación irrestricta como las críticas que ha recibido. Se analizarán aquí las nociones de abundancia y esclavitud con el fin de sostener que resulta más exacto hablar de una privatización universal (unilateral y desigual) que de apropiación irrestricta. Universal tiene aquí tres sentidos diferentes, que serán considerados en apartados diferentes. La primera consideración de la universalidad de la teoría de la apropiación tiene que ver con su alcance territorial. En este sentido, la noción abundancia, tal como es definida en el capítulo V de Two Treatises of Government, permite identificar la perspectiva mundial de la teoría lockeana de la apropiación. La segunda y tercera consideración de la universalidad de la teoría de la apropiación surge del análisis de la noción de esclavitud y, más precisamente, de cada uno de los dos usos del término que pueden distinguirse. El estudio de la esclavitud política, considerada ilegítima, nos permitirá explorar la relación paradójica que mantiene la teoría de la propiedad lockeana, en tanto universal, frente a los Estados particulares. Por último, la figura de esclavitud legítima, en cuanto apropiación del hombre, nos permitirá establecer la universalidad de la teoría de la apropiación en relación a su objeto, en tanto no se limita a los frutos y la tierra sino también a la vida humana.

This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness project AGL2014-53970-C2-1-R. and AGL2017-84127-R. Gemma Clemente-Orta was funded by the grant BES-2015-072378 from the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities., Knowledge of the insect densities during crop development is necessary for adopting appropriate measures for the control of insect pests and minimizing yield losses. Within integrated pest management programs, crop rotation has been carried out in recent years, but this current trend delays the planting period for Bt maize. The small amount of available information regarding the influence of sowing Bt maize early or late on the seasonal abundance of herbivores prompted us to study these aspects in two current common planting periods in northeastern Spain in 52 maize fields over three consecutive years. We sampled the fields planted on different dates with sticky yellow traps. Our results show that only the abundances of herbivore thrips, other than Frankliniella occidentalis, and Syrphidae were significantly different between the two planting periods. Moreover, when we performed yearly analyses, we found significant effects of the planting period on Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae in 2015 and on Aeolothrips sp. in 2016 and 2017. In most of the taxa, the abundance peaks in earlier growth stages, which is related to pollination (before or during). Only the abundances of Stethorus punctillum and Syrphidae peak later in the season. In addition, F. occidentalis, aphids, Syrphidae, and Coccinellidae registered higher abundance in fields sown in the late planting period. These results highlight the effects of sowing in different planting periods on insect dynamics in Bt maize and can be used to identify the abundance of certain pests and natural enemies in specific phenological stages of maize, which may allow producers to adopt better-integrated management and thus avoid reaching the level of economic damage., Spanish Government AGL2014-53970-C2-1-R AGL2017-84127-R, Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities BES-2015-072378

We present new fluorine abundance measurements for a sample of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and two other metal-poor evolved stars of Ba/CH types. The abundances are derived from IR, K-band, high-resolution spectra obtained using GEMINI-S/Phoenix and TNG/Giano-b. Our sample includes an extragalactic AGB carbon star belonging to the Sagittarius dSph galaxy. The metallicity of our stars ranges from [Fe/H] = 0:0 down to -1:4 dex. The new measurements, together with those previously derived in similar stars, show that normal (N-type) and SC-type AGB carbon stars of near solar metallicity present similar F enhancements, discarding previous hints that suggested that SC-type stars have larger enhancements. These mild F enhancements are compatible with current chemical-evolution models pointing out that AGB stars, although relevant, are not the main sources of this element in the solar neighbourhood. Larger [F/Fe] ratios are found for lower-metallicity stars. This is confirmed by theory. We highlight a tight relation between the [F/hsi] ratio and the average s-element enhancement [hsi/Fe] for stars with [Fe/H] > -0:5, which can be explained by the current state-of-the-art low-mass AGB models assuming an extended 13C pocket. For stars with [Fe/H] < -0:5, discrepancies between observations and model predictions still exist. We conclude that the mechanism of F production in AGB stars needs further scrutiny and that simultaneous F and s-element measurements in a larger number of metal-poor AGB stars are needed to better constrain the models., This work was partially supported by the Spanish grant AYA2015-63588-P within the European Founds for Regional Development (FEDER).

Within ecology, what and where are the predators of herbivores, is a classic question. In nature ecosystems are inherently dynamic and interact across spatial scales. As trophic relationships are a product of evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between predators and prey, within ecosystems populations are naturally controlled by other organisms via trophic guilds across food chains. However, in human-managed ecosystems, such as agroecosystems, trophic interactions become highly simplified. As all ecosystems interact with each other, when there are managed ecosystems near to natural ecosystems organisms respond positively or negatively depending on resource availability or environmental conditions. Humans had exploited the properties of ecosystem, i.e., ecosystem-services, and the interaction between different ecosystems to provide human well-being, but the modern demand on food has led to agriculture intensification, which results in the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats and therefore biodiversity loss and extinction. Such a process alters the benefits provided by biodiversity, amongst other ecosystem-services, to control non-beneficial (detrimental) organisms to humans. Accordingly, conservation biological control aims to exploit the functions of natural enemies of a given ecosystem and landscape by restoring or maintaining natural and seminatural habitats near or within agroecosystems to provide places in which natural enemies can feed, overwinter, or complete their life cycles. In order to enhance conservation biological control, this thesis has focused on the ecological processes that underlie such an ecosystem-service, aiming to provide a detailed overview of the influence of natural and semi-natural habitats on natural enemy-pest interactions in organically managed crops, which in this case it was used an historic and economically important crop in the Mediterranean basin, the olive orchard Olea europaea L. Thus, the thesis tries to respond, what and where are the “natural enemies” of herbivores and how habitat structure and climate change will affect higher trophic levels within agroecosystems? So, the thesis was separated into three general parts. The first part comprise studies based on the relation of abundance and ecosystem function (biological control), with focus on the interaction amongst natural enemies, herbivores, agroecosystems, semi-natural habitats, and landscapes (Chapters 1 to 4). The second part focus on the trophic roles and trophic interactions amongst natural enemies and herbivores (Chapters 5 and 6). And the third part focus on the response of natural enemies to a scenario of global climate change (Chapter 7). The outcomes generated here suggested that (1) semi-natural habitats contribute to the establishment of different guilds of natural enemies (NE) positively affecting the abundance and movement of NE into the orchard; (2) abundance of key NE is affected by habitat complexity being influenced differently by plant richness and plant arrangement and scattering; (3) the establishment of ground covers positively affect key NE and promote the biological control of specialist herbivores (SH) by means of egg predation; (4) landscape composition and configuration affect key NE abundance and predation, and SH abundance and damage, so diversified landscapes with dense edges reduce the adult SH, and the proportion of sparse scrubland in the landscape may be the main factor driving biological control; (5) the maturity of the ground cover positively affects the structure and complexity of the olive canopy trophic network and promotes the establishment of key NE that are related to natural habitats; (6) the trophic role of omnivores ants expresses a predator isotopic profile rather than being a hyper-predator, so they can be considered as NE; and (7) under a global warming scenario, predators (larvae) individuals express phenotypic plasticity and a down-regulation in their metabolism, but endogamy reduces the potential of thermal plasticity, and therefore its evolvability, when predator individuals are subjected to thermal stress during ontogeny expressing trade-offs and constrains in order to improve survival., En ecología, ¿cuáles son y dónde se encuentran los depredadores de los herbívoros? es una pregunta clásica. En la naturaleza los ecosistemas son dinámicos e interaccionan en el espacio. Dado que las relaciones tróficas son producto de relaciones filogenéticas y evolutivas entre depredador y presa, dentro de los ecosistemas, las poblaciones son controladas naturalmente por otros organismos por medio de gremios tróficos a través de las cadenas alimentarias. Sin embargo, en ecosistemas manejados por el humano, como serían los agroecosistemas, las relaciones tróficas se vuelven altamente simplificadas. Dado a que todos los ecosistemas interaccionan, donde existen ecosistemas naturales cerca de ecosistemas manejados los organismos responden positiva o negativamente dependiendo de la disponibilidad de recursos o las condiciones ambientales. Los humanos han explotado las propiedades de los ecosistemas, es decir, los servicios ecosistémicos, y la interacción entre ecosistemas para proveerse de bienes, no obstante, la demanda moderna de alimentos ha llevado a la intensificación de la agricultura, lo que resulta en la perdida y fragmentación de los hábitats naturales y por consiguiente a la perdida y extinción de la biodiversidad. Dicho proceso altera los beneficios que la biodiversidad provee, entre otros servicios ecosistémicos, para controlar organismos perjudiciales que afectan a los humanos. Respectivamente, el control biológico por conservación tiene por objetivo explotar las funciones de los hábitats naturales que estén cerca o dentro de los agroecosistemas para proporcionar lugares en donde los enemigos naturales puedan alimentarse, protegerse en el invierno o completar su ciclo de vida. Con el fin de mejorar el control biológico por conservación, la presente tesis se centra en los procesos ecológicos que subyacen a dicho servicio ecosistémico, con el objetivo de proporcionar una descripción detallada de la influencia de los hábitats naturales y seminaturales en las interacciones entre enemigos naturales y plagas en cultivos manejados orgánicamente, por lo que en este caso se usó un cultivo histórico y de importancia económica en el Mediterráneo, el olivar Olea europaea L. Así, la tesis trata de responder ¿cuáles son y dónde se encuentran los “enemigos naturales” de los herbívoros y cómo la estructura del hábitat y el cambio climático afectarán a los niveles tróficos más altos dentro de los agroecosistemas? De manera que, la tesis se separó en tres partes generales. La primera parte incluye estudios basados en la relación de la abundancia con la función ecosistémica (control biológico), enfocándose en la interacción entre enemigos naturales, herbívoros, agroecosistemas, hábitats semi-naturales y paisajes (Capítulos 1 a 4). La segunda parte se enfoca en los roles e interacciones tróficas entre enemigos naturales y herbívoros (Capítulos 5 y 6). Y la tercera parte se enfoca en la respuesta de los enemigos naturales a un escenario de cambio climático global (Capítulo 7). Los resultados generados aquí sugieren que (1) los hábitats semi-naturales contribuyen al establecimiento de diferentes gremios de enemigos naturales (EN) afectando positivamente el movimiento y la abundancia de EN hacía el cultivo; (2) la abundancia de EN clave es afectada por la complejidad del hábitat siendo influenciados de manera diferente por la riqueza y el arreglo y esparcimiento de las plantas; (3) el establecimiento de cubiertas vegetales afecta positivamente a los EN clave y promueve el control biológico de los herbívoros especialistas (HE) por medio de la depredación de huevos; (4) la composición y configuración del paisaje afectan a la abundancia de EN clave y la depredación, así como a la abundancia de HE y el daño al cultivo, por lo que los paisajes diversos con bordes densos reducen a los HE adultos y la proporción de matorral disperso en el paisaje puede ser el factor principal que promueva el control biológico; (5) la madurez de la cubierta vegetal afecta positivamente la estructura y complejidad de la red trófica de la copa del olivo y promueve el establecimiento de EN clave relacionados con los hábitats naturales; (6) el rol trófico de las hormigas omnívoras muestra un perfil isotópico de depredador más que ser un híperdepredador, por lo que pueden ser consideradas como un EN; y (7) bajo un escenario de cambio climático global, los depredadores (larvas) expresan plasticidad fenotípica y una regulación a la baja en su metabolismo, no obstante la endogamia reduce el potencial de la plasticidad térmica, y por consiguiente su capacidad evolutiva, cuando los individuos depredadores son sometidos a estrés térmico durante la ontogenia expresando así compensaciones y limitaciones para mejorar su supervivencia., Tesis Univ. Granada., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) México (332659)

We thank the anonymous referees for ideas and comments that greatly contributed to enhancing the scope of our paper. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) with grants AYA2016-79104-C3-1-P and AYA2016-79104-C3-3-P and projects PID2020-118687GB-C33, PID2020-118687GB-C32, and PID2020-118687GB-C31, financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. J.J.V. is supported by project AYA2017-84897-P, financed by the Spanish MINECO and by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by projects FQM-108, P20_00334 and A-FQM-510-UGR20/FEDER, financed by Junta de Andalucia. A.E.G. is grateful for the support from grant FPI-SO from the Spanish MINECO (research project SEV-2015-0548-17-4 and predoctoral contract BES-2017-082319)., Assuming a population of black holes (BHs) with masses in the range inferred by LIGO/Virgo from BH mergers, we use quasar microlensing observations to estimate their abundances. We consider a mixed population of stars and BHs and the presence of a smooth dark matter component. We adopt reverberation mapping estimates of the quasar size. According to a Bayesian analysis of the measured microlensing magnifications, a population of BHs with masses similar to 30M (circle dot) constitutes less than 0.4% of the total matter at the 68% confidence level (less than 0.9% at the 90% confidence level). We have explored the whole mass range of LIGO/Virgo BHs, finding that this upper limit ranges from 0.5% to 0.4% at the 68% confidence level (from 1.1% to 0.9% at the 90% confidence level) when the BH masses change from 10 to 60M (circle dot). We estimate a 16% contribution from the stars, in agreement with previous studies based on a single-mass population that do not explicitly consider the presence of BHs. These results are consistent with the estimates of BH abundances from the statistics of LIGO/Virgo mergers, and rule out primordial BHs (or any other types of compact object) in this mass range constituting a significant fraction of the dark matter., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) - MCIN/AEI AYA2016-79104-C3-1-P AYA2016-79104-C3-3-P PID2020-118687GB-C33 PID2020-118687GB-C32 PID2020-118687GB-C31, Spanish Government AYA2017-84897-P SEV-2015-0548-17-4 BES-2017-082319, European Commission, Spanish Government AYA2017-84897-P, Junta de Andalucia FQM-108 P20_00334 A-FQM-510-UGR20/FEDER

Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA. This research was funded by the projects FLAMENCO (CGL2010-15812) and CRONOS (RTI2018-098849-B-I00) of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Modeling Nature Scientific Unit (UCE. PP2017.03), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and a PhD fellowship FPI (Formacion del Personal Investigador: BES2011-043658) to GLB., Coastal wetlands are valuable aquatic ecosystems with high biological productivity, which provide services such as a reduction in nitrogen loading into coastal waters and storage of organic carbon acting as carbon dioxide sinks. The predicted rise of sea level or freshwater extractions, particularly in the arid Mediterranean biome, will salinize many coastal wetlands. However, there is considerable uncertainty about how salinization will affect microbial communities and biogeochemical processes. We determined the abundance of total prokaryotes, cyanobacteria, and viruses and quantified the heterotrophic production of prokaryotes sensitive- (predominantly Bacteria) and resistant- (predominantly Archaea) to erythromycin in 112 ponds from nine coastal wetlands. We explored the main drivers of prokaryotic abundance and heterotrophic production using generalized linear models (GLMs). The best GLM, including all the wetlands, indicated that the concentration of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) positively affected the total abundance of prokaryotes and the heterotrophic erythromycin-resistant (ery-R) production. In contrast, heterotrophic erythromycin-sensitive (ery-S) production was negatively related to TDN. This negative relationship appeared to be mediated by salinity and virus abundance. Heterotrophic ery-S production declined as salinity and virus abundance increased. Consequently, we observed a switch from heterotrophic ery-S production towards ery-R production as salinity and virus abundance increased. Our results imply that microbial activity will change from heterotrophic bacterial-dominated processes to archaeal-dominated processes with anthropogenic nitrogen and salinization increases. However, more studies are required to link the mineralization rates of dissolved nitrogen and organic carbon with specific archaeal taxa to enable more accurate predictions on future scenarios in coastal wetlands., Universidad de Granada/CBUA, Spanish Government CGL2010-15812 RTI2018-098849-B-I00, Modeling Nature Scientific Unit UCE. PP2017.03, European Commission, PhD fellowship FPI (Formacion del Personal Investigador) BES2011-043658

Earthworms are key indicators of soil quality and health in vineyards, but research that considers different soil management systems, especially in Slovenian viticultural areas is scarce. In this investigation, the impact of different soil management practices such as permanent green cover, the use of herbicides in row and inter-row areas, use of straw mulch, and shallow soil tillage compared to meadow control for earthworm abundance, were assessed. The biomass and abundance of earthworms (m2 ) and distribution in various soil layers were quantified for three years. Monitoring and a survey covering 22 May 2014 to 5 October 2016 in seven different sampling dates, along with a soil profile at the depth from 0 to 60 cm, were carried out. Our results showed that the lowest mean abundance and biomass of earthworms in all sampling periods were registered along the herbicide strip (within the rows). The highest abundance was found in the straw mulch and permanent green cover treatments (higher than in the control). On the plots where the herbicide was applied to the complete inter-row area, the abundance of the earthworm community decreased from the beginning to the end of the monitoring period. In contrast, shallow tillage showed a similar trend of declining earthworm abundance, which could indicate a deterioration of soil biodiversity conditions. We concluded that different soil management practices greatly affect the soil’s environmental conditions (temperature and humidity), especially in the upper soil layer (up to 15 cm deep), which affects the abundance of the earthworm community. Our results demonstrated that these practices need to be adapted to the climate and weather conditions, and also to human impacts., University Centre of Viticulture and Enology Meranovo, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

We thank the referee for his/her comments and suggestions. SFS and J.B.-B. thanks CONACYT for grants CB-285080 and FC-2016-01-1916, and PAPIIT-DGAPA-IN 100519 (UNAM) project. C.M. thanks UNAM/PAPIIT-IN 101220. J.B.-B. thanks IA-100420 (DGAPA-PAPIIT, UNAM) and CONACYT grant CF19-39578 support. L.G. thanks M.S.-Curie grant 839090. R.G.B. acknowledges support from grants SEV-2017-0709 and P18-FRJ-2595. This study uses data provided by the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey , observed at the Calar Alto Obsevatory., Context. Differential enrichment between alpha and Fe-peak elements is known to be strongly connected with the shape of the star formation history (SFH), the star formation efficiency (SFE), the inflow and outflow of material, and even the shape of the initial mass function (IMF). However, beyond the Local Group, detailed explorations are mostly limited to early-type galaxies due to the lack of a good proxy for [alpha/Fe] in late-type ones, limiting our understanding of the chemical enrichment process. Aims. We intent to extend the explorations of [alpha/Fe] to late-type galaxies in order to understand the details of the differential enrichment process. Methods. We compare the gas-phase oxygen abundance with the luminosity-weighted stellar metallicity in an extensive catalogue of similar to 25 000 H II regions extracted from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey, an exploration that uses the integral-field spectroscopy of similar to 900 galaxies and covers a wide range of masses and morphologies. This way, we define [O/Fe] as the ratio between both parameters, proposing it as an indirect proxy of the [alpha/Fe] ratio. This procedure is completely different from the one adopted to estimate [alpha/Fe] from high-resolution spectroscopic data for stars in our Galaxy. Results. We illustrate how the [O/Fe] parameter describes the chemical enrichment process in spiral galaxies, finding that: (i) it follows the decreasing pattern with [Fe/H] reported for the [alpha/Fe] ratio and (ii) its absolute scale depends on the stellar mass and the morphology. We reproduce both patterns using two different chemical evolution models, considering that galaxies with different stellar masses and morphologies present either different SFHs, SFEs, and inflow and outflow rates or a different maximum stellar mass cut for the IMF. We will explore the differential chemical enrichment using this new proxy galaxy by galaxy and region by region in further studies., Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) CB-285080 FC-2016-01-1916 CF19-39578, PAPIIT-DGAPA-IN 100519 101220, M.S.-Curie grant 839090, Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica (PAPIIT), Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico IA-100420 SEV-2017-0709 P18-FRJ-2595

We thank the anonymous referee for ideas and comments, which greatly contributed to enhancing the scope of our paper. This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) with the grants AYA2016-79104-C3-1-P and AYA2016-79104-C3-3-P. J.J.V. is supported by the project AYA2017-84897-P financed by MINECO and by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), and by projects FQM-108, P20_00334, and A-FQM-510-UGR20/FEDER financed by Junta de Andalucia. A.E.G. thanks the support from grant FPI-SO from MINECO (research project SEV-2015-0548-17-4 and predoctoral contract BES-2017-082319)., We present a simple but general argument that strongly limits the abundance of primordial black holes (PBHs) (or other unknown population of compact objects) with masses similar to those determined by LIGO/Virgo from BH binary mergers. We show that quasar microlensing can be very sensitive to the mass of the lenses, and that it is able to distinguish between stars and BHs of high mass, when the finite size of the source is taken into account. A significant presence of massive BHs would produce frequent high-flux magnifications (except for unrealistically large sources), which have been very rarely observed. On the contrary, a typical stellar population would induce flux magnifications consistent with the observations. This result excludes PBHs (or any type of compact object) in the mass range determined by LIGO/Virgo as the main dark matter constituents in the lens galaxies., Spanish Government AYA2016-79104-C3-1-P AYA2016-79104-C3-3-P AYA2017-84897-P, European Commission, Spanish Government, Junta de Andalucia FQM-108 P20_00334 A-FQM-510-UGR20/FEDER, grant FPI-SO from MINECO SEV-2015-0548-17-4 BES-2017-082319

This study was partially funded by projects within the National Plan of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition (CGL2014-55969-P and CGL2017-84938-P), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-118205GB-I00) and the Andalusian government (A.RNM.48.UGR20), co-funded with FEDER funds from the European Union. J. L. R.-S. and E. P. were supported by Erasmus+ grants from the European Union. J. G. B. was supported by an FPU predoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU18/03034). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada., Wild birds are hosts of Culicoides from as early on as the nesting stage when constrained to their nests. However, the environmental factors which determine the abundance and composition of Culicoides species within each bird nest are still understudied. We sampled Culicoides from Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nests found in 2 types of forests located in southern Spain. Firstly, we monitored the abundance of Culicoides species in bird nests from a dry Pyrenean oak deciduous forest and a humid mixed forest comprising Pyrenean and Holm oaks throughout 2 consecutive years. During the 3rd year, we performed a cross-fostering experiment between synchronous nests to differentiate the role of rearing environment conditions from that of the genetically determined or maternally transmitted cues released by nestlings from each forest. We found 147 female Culicoides from 5 different species in the birds’ nests. The abundance of Culicoides was higher in the dry forest than in the humid forest. Culicoides abundance, species richness and prevalence were greater when the nestlings were hatched later in the season. The same pattern was observed in the cross-fostering experiment, but we did not find evidence that nestling’s features determined by the forest of origin had any effect on the Culicoides collected. These results support the notion that habitat type has a strong influence on the Culicoides affecting birds in their nests, while some life history traits of birds, such as the timing of reproduction, also influence Culicoides abundance and species composition., National Plan of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competition (CGL2014-55969-P and CGL2017-84938-P), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-118205GB-I00), Andalusian government (A.RNM.48.UGR20), FEDER funds from the European Union, Erasmus+ grants from the European Union, FPU predoctoral contract from the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU18/03034), Universidad de Granada