BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Digital.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC

oai:digital.csic.es:10261/343569

18 pages, 5 figures, 2 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17143.-- Data availability statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available in DigitalCSIC at https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/341275. These data were derived from the following resources available in the public domain: GBIF: https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.urxxj2, NOAA: https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html; Copernicus: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00019; NSIDC: https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8; GFW: https://globalfishingwatch.org/data-download/datasets/public-fishing-effort; Google Earth Engine: https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/catalog/NOAA_VIIRS_DNB_MONTHLY_V1_VCMSLCFG?hl=en, As charismatic and iconic species, penguins can act as “ambassadors” or flagship species to promote the conservation of marine habitats in the Southern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, there is a lack of reliable, comprehensive, and systematic analysis aimed at compiling spatially explicit assessments of the multiple impacts that the world's 18 species of penguin are facing. We provide such an assessment by combining the available penguin occurrence information from Global Biodiversity Information Facility (>800,000 occurrences) with three main stressors: climate-driven environmental changes at sea, industrial fisheries, and human disturbances on land. Our analyses provide a quantitative assessment of how these impacts are unevenly distributed spatially within species' distribution ranges. Consequently, contrasting pressures are expected among species, and populations within species. The areas coinciding with the greatest impacts for penguins are the coast of Perú, the Patagonian Shelf, the Benguela upwelling region, and the Australian and New Zealand coasts. When weighting these potential stressors with species-specific vulnerabilities, Humboldt (Spheniscus humboldti), African (Spheniscus demersus), and Chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) emerge as the species under the most pressure. Our approach explicitly differentiates between climate and human stressors, since the more achievable management of local anthropogenic stressors (e.g., fisheries and land-based threats) may provide a suitable means for facilitating cumulative impacts on penguins, especially where they may remain resilient to global processes such as climate change. Moreover, our study highlights some poorly represented species such as the Northern Rockhopper (Eudyptes moseleyi), Snares (Eudyptes robustus), and Erect-crested penguin (Eudyptes sclateri) that need internationally coordinated efforts for data acquisition and data sharing to understand their spatial distribution properly, This work acknowledges the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S, ICM-CSIC), the project SOSPEN (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2021, PID2021-124831OA-I00), the project SEASentinels (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2023, CNS2022-135631), the project ProOceans (Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation, 2020, PID2020-118097RB-I00) and the EU project TRIATLAS (Grant Agreement No. 817578) and Ges4Seas (Grant Agreement 101059877). This work hopes to contribute to the IUCN Penguin Specialist Group's mission towards wild penguins in perpetuity. FR and JG were supported by Ramón y Cajal and Juan de la Cierva-Formación programmes (Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, RYC2020-030078-I and FJC2019-040016-I), respectively. MG was granted with a JAE Intro SOMdM (JAE-SOMdM21-80) and supported by FPI-SO fellowship (CEX2019-000928-S-20-1), CEX2019-000928-S, Peer reviewed