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La consciència fonològica ha entrat amb força a les aules, i la rapidesa mateixa amb què s’implementa genera molts dubtes als docents. En aquest article, hi resseguim alguns punts fonamentals per treballar la consciència fonològica i presentem diverses activitats destinades a infants de primer i segon de primària

The activation of N-Methyl D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) by glutamate is crucial in the nervous system function, particularly in memory and learning. NMDAR is composed by two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. GluN2B has been reported to participate in the prevalent NMDAR subtype at synapses, the GluN1/2A/2B. Here we studied the regulation of GluN2B expression in cortical neurons finding that glutamate up-regulates GluN2B translation through the action of nitric oxide (NO), which induces the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α). It is a process mediated by the NO-heme-regulated eIF2α kinase (HRI), as the effect was avoided when a specific HRI inhibitor or a HRI small interfering RNA (siHRI) were used. We found that the expressed GluN2B co-localizes with PSD-95 at the postsynaptic ending, which strengthen the physiological relevance of the proposed mechanism. Moreover the receptors bearing GluN2B subunits upon NO stimulation are functional as high Ca2+ entry was measured and increases the co-localization between GluN2B and GluN1 subunits. In addition, the injection of the specific HRI inhibitor in mice produces a decrease in memory retrieval as tested by the Novel Object Recognition performance. Summarizing our data suggests that glutamatergic stimulation induces HRI activation by NO to trigger GluN2B expression and this process would be relevant to maintain postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons., This work was supported by the Plan Estatal de I+D+I 2013-2016 and the ISCIII-Subdirección/nGeneral de Evaluación y Fomento de la Investigación (Grants PI13/00408; PI13/00135; Red HERACLES RD12/0042/0014) and FEDER Funds; the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2014-52228-R; SAF2015-69762-R; BFU2015-68568-P); MINECO (PCIN-2014-105); Fundació la Marató de TV3 (20134030 and 20140210); FONDECYT 3140355 (ERF),/n1120512 (AAR) and 3120015 (LVR)

Els estudis assenyalen que les persones que compleixen condemnes per delictes sexuals a Catalunya presenten una sèrie de necessitats criminògenes individuals i socials que dificulten el seu procés de reinserció i incrementen el risc de reincidència. Així doncs, a més del tractament específic que puguin rebre dins dels centres penitenciaris és necessari desenvolupar altres intervencions dirigides a potenciar tant el capital humà com social d’aquestes persones per facilitar el seu procés de reintegració i desistiment. Un dels models d'intervenció comunitària per a la gestió del risc és el programa Cercles de Suport i Responsabilitat (Circles of Support and Accountability –CoSA-), que es va iniciar a Canadà el 1994. A partir de l'eficàcia del programa en altres països, el 2012 el Departament de Justícia de la Generalitat de Catalunya va decidir adaptar el model CoSA a la realitat i el context català, iniciant-se així el projecte CerclesCat, amb l'objectiu que es convertís en un recurs més per a la gestió del risc de reincidència dels delinqüents sexuals al nostre territori. En aquest segon informe s’actualitzen els perfils dels delinqüents sexuals d’alt risc amb els que els centres penitenciaris estan treballant, i contrastem els 5 grups d’estudi ara que ja s’ha arribat al nombre global de casos sobre els que es farà el seguiment durant els propers 2 anys. El model CerclesCat obliga a fer uns controls de qualitat exhaustius i rigorosos, els resultats dels quals presentem en aquest informe.

The FOXP3 gene encodes for a protein (Foxp3) involved in the development and functional activity of regulatory T cells (CD4+/CD25+/Foxp3+), which exert regulatory and suppressive roles over the immune system. After allogeneic stem cell transplantation, regulatory T cells are known to mitigate graft versus host disease while probably maintaining a graft versus leukemia effect. Short alleles (≤(GT)15) for the (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter/enhancer of FOXP3 are associated with a higher expression of FOXP3, and hypothetically with an increase of regulatory T cell activity. This polymorphism has been related to the development of auto- or alloimmune conditions including type 1 diabetes or graft rejection in renal transplant recipients. However, its impact in the allo-transplant setting has not been analyzed. In the present study, which includes 252 myeloablative HLA-identical allo-transplants, multivariate analysis revealed a lower incidence of grade III-IV acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) in patients transplanted from donors harboring short alleles (OR = 0.26, CI 0.08-0.82, p = 0.021); without affecting chronic GVHD or graft versus leukemia effect, since cumulative incidence of relapse, event free survival and overall survival rates are similar in both groups of patients.

Despite data favouring a role of dietary fat in colonic carcinogenesis, no study has focused on tissue n3 and n6 fatty acid (FA) status in human colon adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Thus, FA profile was measured in plasma phospholipids of patients with colorectal cancer (n = 22), sporadic adenoma (n = 27), and normal colon (n = 12) (control group). Additionally, mucosal FAs were assessed in both diseased and normal mucosa of cancer (n = 15) and adenoma (n = 21) patients, and from normal mucosa of controls (n = 8). There were no differences in FA profile of both plasma phospholipids and normal mucosa, between adenoma and control patients. There were considerable differences, however, in FAs between diseased and paired normal mucosa of adenoma patients, with increases of linoleic (p = 0.02), dihomogammalinolenic (p = 0.014), and eicosapentaenoic (p = 0.012) acids, and decreases of alpha linolenic (p = 0.001) and arachidonic (p = 0.02) acids in diseased mucosa. A stepwise reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid concentrations in diseased mucosa from benign adenoma to the most advanced colon cancer was seen (p = 0.009). Cancer patients showed lower alpha linolenate (p = 0.002) and higher dihomogammalinolenate (p = 0.003) in diseased than in paired normal mucosa. In conclusion changes in tissue n3 and n6 FA status might participate in the early phases of the human colorectal carcinogenesis.

A revised structure for the Lycopodium alkaloid huperzine N is proposed and confirmed by synthesis. The key synthetic steps involve an epimerization of a cis-5-oxodecahydroquinoline to the corresponding trans isomer and a coupling, followed by a diastereoselective hydrogenation using Wilkinson's catalyst to incorporate the pyridylmethyl moiety. This route allowed the alkaloid serralongamine A to be synthesized for the first time, and two additional steps led to the revised structure of huperzine N, both products bearing an unusual decahydroquinoline stereostructure.

A unified strategy for the synthesis of the cisphlegmarine group of alkaloids is presented, leading to the first synthesis of serratezomine E (1) as well as the putative structure of huperzine N (2). A contrasteric hydrogenation method was developed based on the use of Wilkinson's catalyst, which allowed the facial selectivity of standard hydrogenation to be completely overturned. Calculations were performed to determine the mechanism, and structures for huperzines M and N are reassigned.

A revised structure for the Lycopodium alkaloid huperzine N is proposed and confirmed by synthesis. The key synthetic steps involve an epimerization of a cis-5-oxodecahydroquinoline to the corresponding trans isomer and a coupling, followed by a diastereoselective hydrogenation using Wilkinson's catalyst to incorporate the pyridylmethyl moiety. This route allowed the alkaloid serralongamine A to be synthesized for the first time, and two additional steps led to the revised structure of huperzine N, both products bearing an unusual decahydroquinoline stereostructure.

A unified strategy for the synthesis of the cisphlegmarine group of alkaloids is presented, leading to the first synthesis of serratezomine E (1) as well as the putative structure of huperzine N (2). A contrasteric hydrogenation method was developed based on the use of Wilkinson's catalyst, which allowed the facial selectivity of standard hydrogenation to be completely overturned. Calculations were performed to determine the mechanism, and structures for huperzines M and N are reassigned.

S'introdueixen expansions de sistemes k-out-of-n. Es proposen algunes fórmules per fer més fàcil de comptabilitzar aquestes mesures i estudiar-ne les jerarquies.