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In this dataset, artificial weekly periods are created dividing each month into four periods (days: 1-8; 9-15; 16-22; 23-end). There are 4 files in Netcdf format: 1) ETo.nc containing weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 2) ETo_var.nc containing uncertainty estimation of weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 3) ETo_Ae.nc containing estimations of the aerodynamic component of weekly reference evapotranspiration and 4) ETo_Ra.nc containing estimations of the radiative component of weekly reference evapotranspiration., SPanish reference evapotranspiration (SPETo) is a weekly gridded reference evapotranspiration dataset for Continental Spain and Balearic Islands, at 1.1 km of spatial resolution, covering the 1961-2014 period. Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using Penman-Monteith FAO-56 method using gridded data of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, dewpoint temperature, wind speed and sunshine duration., This work was supported by research projects CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2014-52135-C03-02 and CGL2014-52135-C03-03 financed by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), There are 4 files in Netcdf format: 1) ETo.nc containing weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 2) ETo_var.nc containing uncertainty estimation of weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 3) ETo_Ae.nc containing estimations of the aerodynamic component of weekly reference evapotranspiration and 4) ETo_Ra.nc containing estimations of the radiative component of weekly reference evapotranspiration., No

The dataset is freely available on the web repository of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). There are 12 files in NetCDF format: 3 with maximum temperature estimations and 3 minimum temperatures. Each of 3 files represent peninsular Spain (_pen), Balearic islands (_bal) and Canary islands (_can). Same files exist for the uncertainty estimates., Spanish TEmperature At Daily scale (STEAD) is a new daily gridded maximum and minimum temperature dataset for Spain. It covers the whole territory of peninsular Spain and Balearic and Canary Islands at a 5x5 kilometre spatial resolution. Daily temperature was estimated for each point of the grid from 1901-01-01 to 2014-12-31 in peninsular Spain and from 1971-01-01 to 2014-12-31 in the Balearic and Canary Islands. The grid was built using a previously reconstructed station-based dataset. The observed temperature information comprised more than 5,000 stations provided by Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) and Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAGRAMA)., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO): CGL2015-69985-R and CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades: FJCI-2017-31595, No

Los detalles de la metodología y los resultados se pueden encontrar en: Domínguez-Castro, F., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Tomás-Burguera, M., Peña-Gallardo M., Beguería S., El Kenawy A., Luna, Y., Morata, A. High-spatial-resolution probability maps of drought duration and magnitude across Spain. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-289 Acceso mediante licencia: http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1-0/, This dataset includes 1.1 km spatial resolution of the Generalized Pareto parameters (X0, alpha, Kappa) of drought duration and magnitude for SPI and SPEI at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months timescales and the maximum drought duration and magnitude risk maps for 50 and 100 years for SPI and SPEI at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months timescales. This dataset contains two zip files “parameters” and “risk_maps”. Parameters zip file contains 16 netCDF3 (8 for drought magnitude and 8 for drought duration) each one provides the Generalized Pareto parameters (1:X0, 2:alpha, 3:Kappa) for one index (SPI or SPEI) and one timescale (1, 3, 6 and 12 months). Risk_maps zip file contains 8 netCDF3 (4 for maximum drought magnitude and 4 for maximum drought duration) each one provides the risk maps for 4 time scales (1, 3, 6, 12 months) of one index (SPI or SPEI) and one time period (50 or 100 years). Each netCDF file contains 1115 longitudes and 834 latitudes., This work was supported by the following research projects: CGL2014-52135-C03-01 and PCIN-2015-220 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER, 1560/2015; Herramientas de monitorización de la vegetación mediante modelización ecohidrológica en parques continentales financed by the Red de Parques Nacionales. IMDROFLOOD financed by Water Works 2014; a co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS, Peer reviewed

Dataset and code of the article., Reliable crop monitoring systems provide critical information to detect and track anomalies in the status of crops. These systems are fundamental for the development of integrated methodologies that inform agricultural policy, market analysis, or producer decision-making. They are also used in the development of early warning systems that permit to anticipate drought conditions and trigger action to mitigate short term food shortages or to stabilize the structure and pricing of agricultural markets. Current efforts to develop crop monitoring systems exploit meteorological and crop growth models, and satellite imagery. However, legacy sources of information such as operational crop rating surveys that have long and uninterrupted records receive less attention. We argue that crop rating data, despite its subjective and non-quantitative nature, captures the complexities of assessing the 'status' of a crop better than any model or remote sensing retrieval. This is because crop rating data naturally represents the broad expert knowledge of many individual surveyors spread throughout the country. Crop rating surveys in effect constitute a sophisticated network of "humans as sensors" that provide consistent and accurate information on crop progress. We analyze data from the USDA Crop Progress and Condition (CPC) survey between 1987 and 2019 for four major crops across the US (corn, soybeans, winter wheat, and upland cotton). We show how the original qualitative data can be transformed into a continuous, probabilistic variable better suited to quantitative analysis, and demonstrate it can be used to monitor crop status and provide early predictions of crop yields., Peer reviewed

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.4 (http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/128892).-- What’s new in version 2.5: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2015 (it was 1901-2014 in v 2.4), based on the CRU TS3.24.01 dataset. 2) A bug on versions 2.2 to 2.4 of the dataset has been corrected that prevented correctly reading the ETo data in mm/month-- For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei., No

Los 18 indicadores agroclimáticos están calculados sobre una malla de 5x5 km para el periodo 1981-2010 cubriendo todo el territorio de la España peninsular. Se ofrecen los datos a resolución anual excepto para los valores de probabilidad, que tienen un único valor para todo el periodo., Base de datos de indicadores agroclimáticos para la España peninsular, No

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.6 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/202305).-- What’s new in version 2.7: 1) Based on the CRU TS 4.05 dataset, spanning the period between January 1901 to December 2020. Using TLMoments::PWM instead of lmomco::pwm.ub for calculating distribution parameters. For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei, Peer reviewed

Dataset are structured following well-established data formats Darwing Core. Three files are provided. The first file (Don_liz-gec_event_20221201) contains the information of the project, the institution and the description each event (time of occurrence, geographical coordinates, habitat type, etc…); the second file (Don_liz-gec_occ_20221201) contains the information of the occurrences of species recorded in each transect, taxonomic classification, geographoical coordinates of its observation, etc…; and the third file (Don_liz-gec_mof_20221201) provide information of the description of other variables measured during counts., The monitoring of lizards and geckos’ community in Doñana was initiated in 2005 as part of the monitoring program of natural resources and processes. One of the aims of this project was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data of the presence and abundance of these species to detect changes and trends in their wild populations within the protected area. Lizard and gecko counts are collected annually by members of the monitoring team three times per year in the periods when reptile activity is high (two samplings in March-June and one sampling in September-October), with good environmental conditions (temperature between 17 and 25 ºC and absence of rain or strong wind conditions). The method used to record the presence and abundance of lizard and gecko species (kilometric index: number of individuals/km) are the transect censuses. Individuals are visually searched along seven transects (linear or circular) that are carried out by one trained person on foot. Each transect have an established length, but the length surveyed is different (averaged 1858 ± 51.86 meters). Each transect is located in dunes or mediterranean vegetation habitats, representative of Doñana ecosystems. Two transects runs through wooden footpaths (within the Natural Park and five transects are placed on sand-trails (4 within the National Park and one in Natural Park which contains a small part of wooden footpath). Linear transects have been surveyed in the outward track direction and after waiting 15 minutes it has been again performed on the way back. This information is valid to account for species presence in the area. However, we suggest to choose the first survey performed for statistical analyses that require independence of samples. Eight species can be potentially observed during the samplings: Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus), Common Wall Gecko (Tarentola mauritanica), Fringe-fingered Lizard (Acanthodactylus erythrurus), Algerian Psammodromus (Psammodromus algirus), Western Psammodromus (Psammodromus occidentalis), Carbonell's wall lizard (Podarcis carbonelli), Andalusian wall lizard (Podarcis vaucheri), Ocellated lizard (Timon lepidus). Other reptile species present in Doñana have not been included in this study as the detection with this method is very low. For instance, to detect species with a fossorial behaviour (the Mediterranean Worm Lizard Blanus cinereus) or those cryptic as adders (Vipera latastei), it is required larger investment of survey which consist in looking under vegetation, burrows or logs (there are not stones in Doñana). Data recorded during the surveys include weather description (cloud cover, temperature, rain, or wind speed), species identification, number of individuals, sex and life stage of the reptiles when possible, as well as time and georeferenced data of the observation. Between 2005-2007 data was registered in Excel file and since 2008 data is recorded with the app CyberTracker (see protocol). The protocol used has been supervised by herpetological researchers and the data have been validated by the members who performed the transects., National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) between 2002-2007; Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructures from the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (ICTS-MICINN); Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Sustainable Development from the Regional Government of Andalusia (CAGPDES-JA) since 2007; and Doñana Biological Station from the Spanish National Research Council (EBD-CSIC) since all the study period (2005)., 1. Don_liz-gec_event_20230524: eventID, institutionCode, institutionID, datasetName, continent, country, countryCode, stateProvince, county, locality, eventDate, eventTime, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, verbatimCoordinate, habitat, sampleSizeValue, sampleSizeUnit, samplingEffort, samplingProtocol 2. Don_liz-gec_occ_20230524: recordedBy, eventID, occurrenceID, dynamicPropeerties, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, basisOfRecord, individualCount, occurrenceStatus, lifeStage, sex, occurrenceRemarks, behavior, kingdom, class, family, scientificName, genus, specificEpithet, scientificNameAuthorship, taxonRank 3. Don_liz-gec_mof_20230524: eventID, measurementID, measurementType, measurementValue, measurementUnit, measurementMethod., Peer reviewed

Dataset are structured following well-established data formats. Three files are provided. The first file (Meta-data) contains the information of each event (time of occurrence, geographical coordinates, Ecosystem, Sampling mehtod, etc…); the second file (Fish) contains the information of the occurrences of fish species recorded in each station, taxonomic classification, etc…; and the third file (Macroinvertebrates) provide information of the occurrences of macroinvertebrates recorded in each station, taxonomic classification, abundance clases, etc…, The monitoring of the macroinvertebrates and fish community in Doñana wetlands was initiated in 2004 as part of the Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes. The aim was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data in the abundance and distribution of macroinvertebrates and fish species to analyze the evolution of their numbers and estimates biodiversity values. Data were recorded annually between 2004-2019 by more than 2 members of the monitoring team which performed samplings in different locations twice per year in winter-spring and summer seasons when the study sites are flooded. The macroinvertebrates and fishes were sampled at the 140 stations classified according to their location (on either aeolian sands or marshland). Funnel traps were used as a sampling method. Between 5-9 funnel traps were randomly distributed (until 50 cm of depth) in each location, depending of the flooded area and depth. The traps were left for 24 hours and emptied the content into white sorting pans. Individuals were counted and identified until the maximun taxonomic level in the field and realease. During samplings, it was identified 66 and 16 families, of macroinvertebrates and fishes respectively. The most abundances were Notonectidae and Corixidae in macroinvertebrates, and Poecilidae and Cyprinidae in fishes. Data recorded during the surveys included species identification, number of individuals, sex and life stage (pupa, larvae, inmature, adult) of the organisms when possible, as well as the time and georreferenced data of the observation. Between 2004-2007 data was registered in Excel file and since 2008 data was recorded in CyberTracker sequence). The protocol used has been supervised by researchers and the data have been validated by the members who performed the sampling., We acknowledge financial support from National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) between 2002-2007; Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructures from the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (ICTS-MICINN); Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Sustainable Development from the Regional Government of Andalusia (CAGPDES-JA) since 2007; and Doñana Biological Station from the Spanish National Research Council (EBD-CSIC) since all the study period (2005)., 1. Metadata: Taxa group, Site ID, Site name, Country, y coordinate, x coordinate, Ecosystem River/lake name, Sampling method, Starting year, Ending year, 1st Name, 1st Mail, 2nd Name, 2nd Mail, 3rd Name, 3rd Mail.-- 2. Fish: Site ID, Sample ID, Sampling date, Taxon name, Taxon ID, Definition of abundance class, Abundance class.-- 3. Macroinvertebrates: Site ID, Sample ID, Sampling date, Taxon name, Taxon ID, 0+, 1+, Adult, All., Peer reviewed

Dataset are structured following well-established data formats. Two files are provided. The first file (icts-rbd-dungBe_event_20221107) contains the information of each event (time of occurrence, geographical coordinates, habitat, sampling effort, etc…); the second file (icts-rbd-dungBe_occ_20221107) contains the information of the occurrences of dung-beetles species recorded in each site, numbers of individual recorded and taxonomic classification., The monitoring of the roller dung-beetles (Scarabaeinidae) in Doñana, southwestern Spain, was initiated in 2004 as part of the Monitoring Program of Natural Resources and Processes. The aim was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data in the abundance and distribution of two species (Scarabeus sacer and S. cicatricosus) present in the area. Data were recorded annually from 2004 to 2012 by members of the monitoring team which performed one sampling (between May and August) in different habitats (sand dunes, mediterranean schrublands, flooplain meadows, and marshlands). Dung-baited pitfalls traps were used as a method to obtain samples of individuals of the two species. These traps were plastic cilinder of 30 cm diameter x 20 cm high buried on the ground. A baited grill of 2cm x 2 cm mesh rested on top of the trap. Bait was fresh horse or cow feaces (250 g) collected around the area early in the morning the day before of trapping. Five pitfall traps were established at each site separated 15 m each other during 24 hours. Two checking were conducted every 12 hours after baiting to avoid the mortality of individuals. Individual of each species were counted and release after it. Data recorded during the surveys included species identification and number of individuals. Between 2004-2008 data was registered in Excel file and since 2008 data was recorded in CyberTracker sequence. The protocol used has been supervised by researchers and the data have been validated by the members who performed the sampling., We acknowledge financial support from National Parks Autonomous Agency (OAPN) between 2004-2007; Singular Scientific and Technical Infrastructures from the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (ICTS-MICINN); Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Sustainable Development from the Regional Government of Andalusia (CAGPDES-JA) since 2007; and Doñana Biological Station from the Spanish National Research Council (EBD-CSIC) since all the study period (2004-2012)., 1.icts-rbd-dungBeetles_event_20221107: intitutionCode, institutionID, datasetName, eventID, eventDate, eventTime, continent, country, countryCode, stateProvince, locality, decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude, habitat, eventRemarks, sampleSizeValue, sampleSizeUnit, sampleEffort, dynamicPropertiesEvents, recordyBy and scientificName 2.icts-rbd-dungBeetles_occ_20221107: eventID, OccurrenceID, basisOfRecords, individualCount, kingdom, class, family, scientificName, genus, specificEpithet and scientificNameAuthorship., Peer reviewed