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The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.7 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/268088).-- What’s new in version 2.8: 1) Based on the CRU TS 4.06 dataset, spanning the period between January 1901 to December 2021. For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei, No

[EN] A monthly precipitation gridded data set over mainland Spain between December 1915 and December 2020. The dataset combines ground observations from the National Climate Data Bank (NCDB) of the Spanish national climate and weather service (AEMET) and new data rescued from meteorological yearbooks published prior to 1951 that was never incorporated into the NCDB. The yearbooks data represented a significant improvement of the dataset, as it almost doubled the number of weather stations available during the first decades of the 20th century, the period when the dataset was more scarce. The final dataset contains records from 11,312 stations. Spatial interpolation was performed using geostatistical techniques over a regular 0.1° × 0.1° grid, using a two-stage process: estimation of the probability of zero-precipitation (dry month), and estimation of precipitation magnitude., [ES] Conjunto de datos en rejilla de precipitación mensual en la España peninsular, entre diciembre de 1915 y diciembre de 2020. El conjunto de datos utilizado combina observaciones del Banco Nacional de Datos de AEMET y nuevos datos rescatados de los anuarios climáticos publicados con anterioridad a 1951, y que casi duplican la información existente sobre la primera mitad del siglo 20. El conjunto final contiene información de un total de 11.312 observatorios. Se utilizaron técnicas geoestadísticas para interpolar espacialmente las observaciones sobre una rejilla regular de 0.1° × 0.1°, utilizando un proceso en dos pasos: en primer lugar se interpoló la probabilidad de mes seco (precipitación igual a cero), y en un segundo paso la magnitud de la precipitación., Projects CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R (CLICES: Climate of the last Century in the Spanish mainland) and PID2020-116860RB-C22 EXE: Extremos térmicos y pluviométricos en la España peninsular 1916-2020), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science., Mean grid; standard deviation grid; netCDF., No

[EN] 1. Compressed folder ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-Drought_episodes.zip'): 40 folders with the graphic description of each event, numbered from 1 to 40 and with their respective start and end dates (e.g. '19_1973_oct-1974_feb'). In each of them, three folders: 'maps' with the integral maps of duration and intensity (.png format), 'seq_ano' with the maps of the spatial spread (.png format) and 'ts' with the averages of SPI01 and SPI12 and the area affected by the drought (SPI12 =< -0.84) (.png format). Map legends (.png format). .xlsx file showing the identification and characterization of the events. 2. Compressed folder ('Drought_events_characterization_code.zip'): project, script and folder with the data necessary to generate the descriptive analysis material in R. 3. netCDF file ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-SPI_grids.nc'). Variables (6): 'SPI-01' (1-month Standardized Precipitation Index), 'SPI-03' (3-month Standardized Precipitation Index), 'SPI-06' (6-month Standardized Precipitation Index), 'SPI-12' (12-month Standardized Precipitation Index), 'SPI-36' (36-month Standardized Precipitation Index) and 'evnt' (Drought episodes). Temporal extent: 1272 (months from 1915-01 to 2020-01). Spatial extent: longitude = 125, latitude: 77, units = 0.1 degrees. Reference system: EPSG 4326, WGS84 projection, geographic coordinates. Open Data Commons Attribution (ODC-By 1.0)., [EN] The database consists of a netCDF ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-SPI_grids.nc') and two zipped folders ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-Drought_episodes.zip' and 'Drought_events_characterization_code.zip'). The first folder includes a descriptive analysis of the 40 drought episodes identified according to the criteria of drought intensity (SPI12 =< -0.84) and area affected (>20 % of the grid area). For each episode, the time series of the SPI01 and SPI12 average of the whole grid (expressed in anomalies); the area of the grid under drought conditions (SPI12 =< -0.84) (expressed in percent per one); the integral maps of the episode according to its duration (expressed in number of months) and intensity (average of the cells under drought conditions); and the maps representing the spatial propagation of the episode are included. The second folder includes the code necessary to generate the descriptive analysis material. The netCDF consists of six variables. The first five are the precipitation anomalies (Standardized Precipitation Index at 1 month, 3, 6, 12 and 36 time scales: 'SPI-01', 'SPI-03', 'SPI-06', 'SPI-12' and 'SPI-36'), these have been obtained from the monthly data of the MOPREDAScentury precipitation grid (https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/15136). The sixth variable is the drought events themselves ('evnt'), numbered from 1 to 40. These six variables refer to the Spanish peninsular territory and the time period 1915/01-2020/01. This record corresponds to version 1.0.0 of the dataset. The database is distributed under an open license (Open Data Commons Attribution, ODC-By)., [ES] La base de datos consta de un netCDF ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-SPI_grids.nc') y dos carpetas comprimidas ('Spanish_Drought_Catalogue_v1.0.0-Drought_episodes.zip' y 'Drought_events_characterization_code.zip'). En la primera carpeta se incluye un análisis descriptivo de los 40 episodios de sequía identificados según los criterios de intensidad de la sequía (SPI12 =< -0.84) y superficie afectada (>20 % de la superficie de la malla). Para cada episodio se incluyen las series temporales del SPI01 y SPI12 promedio de toda la malla (expresadas en anomalías); el área de la malla en condiciones de sequía (SPI12 =< -0.84) (expresada en tanto por uno); los mapas integrales del episodio atendiendo a su duración (expresada en número de meses) e intensidad (promedio de las celdas en condiciones de sequía); y los mapas que representan la propagación espacial del episodio. En la segunda carpeta se incluye el código necesario para generar el material del análisis descriptivo. El netCDF consta de seis variables. Las cinco primeras son las anomalías de precipitación (Standardized Precipitation Index a escala temporal de 1 mes, 3, 6, 12 y 36: ‘SPI-01’, ‘SPI-03’, ‘SPI-06’, ‘SPI-12’ y ‘SPI-36’), estas han sido obtenidas a partir de los datos mensuales de la malla de precipitación MOPREDAScentury (https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/15136). La sexta variable son los eventos de sequía propiamente dichos (‘evnt’), numerados del 1 al 40. Estas seis variables están referidas al territorio peninsular español y el periodo temporal 1915/01-2020/01. Este registro se corresponde con la versión 1.0.0 del conjunto de datos. La base de datos se distribuye bajo una licencia abierta (Open Data Commons Attribution, ODC-By)., Project PID2020-116860RB-C22: Extremos térmicos y pluviométricos en la España peninsular 1916-2020), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science., No

[EN] It contains a netCDF file which needs specific data analysis software. [ES] Contiene un fichero netCDF que necesita software de análisis de datos específico., [ES] El dataset SEDIDatabase se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://sedi.csic.es/ [EN] The SEDIDatabase dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://sedi.csic.es/, [EN] This dataset includes series of the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit at 0.25º spatial resolution and monthly time resolution at global scale from 1980., [ES] Esta base de datos proporciona el Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index a escala global con una resolución espacial de 0.25 grados y una resolución temporal mensual desde 1980., This work was supported by the research projects PCIN-2015-220 and CGL2014-52135-C03-01 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER. IMDROFLOOD financed by the Water Works 2014 co-funded all of the European Commission and INDECIS, which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate, and funded by FORMAS(Sweden), DLR(Germany),BMWFW(Austria), IFD (Denmark), MINECO (Spain), and ANR (France), with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462)., Peer reviewed

Series temporales por países del mundo, [EN] This database includes the representative Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) series for the different countries of the world from 1901 at the time scales from 1 to 48 months. The data is based on the average precipitation and reference evapotranspiration series from the Climatic Research Unit (last version) for the different world countries., [ES] Esta base de datos incluye la serie representativa del Índice Estandarizado de Precipitación y Evapotranspiración (SPEI) para los diferentes países del mundo desde 1901 en las escalas de tiempo de 1 a 48 meses. Los datos se basan en las series de precipitación media y evapotranspiración de referencia de la Unidad de Investigación Climática (última versión) para los diferentes países del mundo., No

Datos geoespaciales del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizado (NDVI) de alta resolución espacial (1.1 km) para la España peninsular y Baleares con una resolución temporal quincenal (1981-2015)., [ES] El dataset NDVISpainDatabase se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://spainndvi.csic.es/ [EN] The NDVISpainDatabase dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://spainndvi.csic.es/, [EN] NDVISpainDatabase is a high-resolution (1.1 km) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index dataset for the peninsular Spain and the Balearic Islands. This dataset covers from 1981 to 2015 with a biweekly time resolution., [ES] NDVISpainDatabase es una base de datos del índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizado de alta resolución espacial (1.1 km) para la España peninsular y Baleares. La base de datos cubre el periodo 1981-2015 con una resolución temporal quincenal., Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER ECOHIDRO (1550/2015, funded by the Natural Parks-Ministry of Agriculture and Environment) by the research projects PCIN-2015-220, PCIN-2017-020, CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2017-83866-C3-3-R and CGL2017-82216-R, Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission by the project IMDROFLOOD, Assessment of Cross(X) - sectoral climate Impacts and pathways for Sustainable transformation JPI Climate co-funded call of the European Commission by the project CROSSDRO, FORMAS (SE), DLR (DE), BMWFW (AT), IFD (DK), MINECO (ES), ANR (FR) with co-funding by the European Union (Grant 690462) by the project INDECIS (which is part of ERA4CS, an ERA-NET initiated by JPI Climate), Peer reviewed

Datos geoespaciales en rejilla., [ES] El dataset DroughtIndexDatabaseSpain se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://monitordesequia.csic.es/historico/ [EN] The DroughtIndexDatabaseSpain dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://monitordesequia.csic.es/historico/, [EN] This database provides information about drought conditions in Spain from 1961 from different drought indices (SPEI, SPI, SPDI, SCPDSI, SCPHDI, SCWPLM, SCZINDEX) with a 1.1km spatial resolution and a weekly time resolution. The database is updated annually., [ES] Esta base de datos ofrece información histórica sobre las condiciones de sequía desde 1961, de acuerdo a diferentes índices de sequía (SPEI, SPI, SPDI, SCPDSI, SCPHDI, SCWPLM, SCZINDEX), a una resolución espacial de 1.1 km y una resolución temporal semanal. Esta información se actualiza anualmente, Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER by research projects PCIN-2015-220, CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2014-52135-C03-02 and CGL2014-52135-C03-03, Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission by the project IMDROFLOOD, European ERA4CS Joint Call for Transnational Collaborative Research Projects by the project INDECIS, Peer reviewed

[EN] It contains a netCDF file which needs specific data analysis software. [ES] Contiene un fichero netCDF que necesita software de análisis de datos específico., [ES] El dataset SPEIDroughtMonitor se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://spei.csic.es/map/ [EN] The SPEIDroughtMonitor dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://spei.csic.es/map/, [EN] The dataset offers near real-time information about drought conditions at the global scale, with a 1 degree spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months are provided from 1955. The dataset is updated during the first days of the following month based on the most reliable and updated sources of climatic data., [ES] El dataset proporciona información en tiempo cuasi real sobre las condiciones de sequía en el mundo a resolución temporal mensual y espacial de 1 grado. Proporcionan los valores del SPEI desde 1955 hasta la actualidad a las escalas temporales de 1 a 48 meses. El dataset se actualiza en los primeros días del mes siguiente en base a las fuentes de datos climáticos más fiables y actualizadas., Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER by the research projects CGL2011-24185, CGL2011-27574-CO2-02 and CGL2011-27536, LIFE programme of the European Commission by the proyect “Demonstration and validation of innovative methodology for regional climate change adaptation in the Mediterranean area (LIFE MEDACC)”, Comunidad de Trabajo de los Pirineos by the project CTTP1/12 “Creación de un modelo de alta resolución espacial para cuantificar la esquiabilidad y la afluencia turística en el Pirineo bajo distintos escenarios de cambio climático”., Peer reviewed

Datos geoespaciales en rejilla de SPEI., [ES] El dataset SPEICropDroughtMonitor se actualiza periódicamente, se puede consultar y descargar en el siguiente enlace: https://global-drought-crops.csic.es/ [EN] The SPEICropDroughtMonitor dataset is updated periodically, it can be consulted and downloaded at the following link: https://global-drought-crops.csic.es/, [EN] This dataset provides near real-time information about drought conditions in regions where corn, wheat, barley, soybeans and cotton are grown with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a weekly time resolution. SPEI time-scales between 0.5 and 48 months are provided from 1979., [ES] La dataset presenta información en tiempo cuasi real de las condiciones de sequía en las regiones del mundo donde se cultiva maíz, trigo, cebada, soja y algodón a resolución temporal semanal y espacial de 0.5 grado. Se proporcionan los valores de SPEI a escalas temporales de 0.5 a 48 meses desde 1979., Ministry of Science and Technology of Spain, Grant/Award Number: PCI2019-103631., Peer reviewed

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.8 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/288226).-- What’s new in version 2.9: 1) Based on the CRU TS 4.07 dataset, spanning the period between January 1901 to December 2022. For more details on the SPEI visit http://sac.csic.es/spei, No