BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Las zanahorias desechadas representan el 30% de la producción total que termina en los vertederos, la tierra o una pequeña parte como alimento para el ganado. La valorización de la pulpa de zanahoria desechada se estudió mediante tratamiento hidrotérmico, fraccionando los azúcares libres, la hemicelulosa y la pectina en la fase líquida y la pulpa residual en la fase sólida. La extracción se realizó en modo de flujo a 140, 160 y 180 ºC, logrando recuperaciones de hasta 211,0 g/kg de pulpa seca de azúcares libres, 29,13 g/kg de pulpa seca de pectina de homogalacturona y 70,45 g/kg de pulpa seca de hemicelulosa de arabinogalactán. La pulpa residual alcanzó un contenido de celulosa de 57,5 % en peso, mientras que antes del tratamiento era de 10,7 % en peso. La mayoría de los azúcares libres se extraían en la etapa de precalentamiento por lotes, de modo que podían obtenerse por separado de los biopolímeros. La extracción por flujo permitió obtener hemicelulosa y pectina de pesos moleculares > 30 kDa. Se estudió detalladamente la evolución de los diferentes rangos de peso molecular para comprender mejor el fenómeno de la autohidrólisis y el vínculo entre la hemicelulosa y la pectina. La amplia distribución de pesos moleculares en el hidrolizado permite un posterior fraccionamiento a través de membranas de ultrafiltración, para obtener una fracción de alto peso molecular para aplicaciones como la formación de películas (en combinación con la pulpa residual)., Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, CTQ2016-79777-R (MINECO/FEDER, EU), PID2019-105975GB-I00 (MICINN/FEDER, EU), Spanish Ministry of Education Culture and Sports FPU15/06366

Las hemicelulosas y las pectinas son buenas candidatas como biopolímeros para la formación de productos como las películas de embalaje. Se obtuvieron fracciones purificadas y liofilizadas de hemicelulosas y pectinas, de diferentes pesos moleculares, tratando extractos hidrotermales (140, 160 y 180 °C) de zanahorias desechadas con membranas de ultrafiltración (30, 10, 5 y 1 kDa). Después de cada ultrafiltración, se aplicaron varios ciclos de diafiltración con reutilización parcial del agua, obteniendo una mejor separación y purificación al eliminar los compuestos de menos de 1 kDa. Se utilizó una configuración en cascada (30-10-5-1 kDa) en los extractos de 140 y 160 °C, y una configuración mixta (5-10-1 kDa) en el extracto de 180 °C. La concentración de hemicelulosas de alto peso molecular aumentó en un factor de 5 en la configuración en cascada y en un factor de 16,67 en la configuración mixta. Los azúcares libres y los subproductos se eliminaron a través de las aguas de diafiltración y del permeado de 1 kDa con porcentajes de 98,9-99,5 % en peso y 93,9-99,2 % en peso, respectivamente. El sistema permitía pasar de alimentaciones con peso molecular, polidispersidad y pureza en los rangos 9,02-18,83 kDa, 16,2-31,6 y 30,12-33,51 wt% a fracciones con valores en los rangos 2,59-102,75 kDa, 1,2-4,0 y 73,1-100,0 wt%., Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología del Medio Ambiente, CTQ2016-79777-R (MINECO/FEDER, EU), PID2019-105975GB-I00 (MICINN/FEDER, EU), Spanish Ministry of Education Culture and Sports FPU15/06366

Se produjeron fracciones sólidas purificadas de hemicelulosas y pectinas a partir de zanahorias desechadas en operación semicontinua a escala piloto de cinco reactores en ciclos a 140 y 180 °C. Se probaron dos modos de operación de puesta en marcha (con y sin prellenado de agua), mostrando que influye mucho en la concentración final de hidrolizado y en la estabilidad del sistema. Se produjeron azúcares libres, arabinogalactanos y pectinas con rendimientos máximos de 379,5 g/kg de pulpa seca, 81,0 g/kg de pulpa seca y 5,35 g/kg de pulpa seca, respectivamente, alcanzando la extracción de arabinogalactanos un rendimiento del 96,1% (p/p). Se aplicaron ciclos de ultrafiltración y diafiltración para la purificación y el fraccionamiento utilizando un sistema multimembrana de MWCO 10 y 30 kDa (140 °C), y 10, 30 y 1 kDa (180 °C). A 140 °C se recuperaron dos fracciones (10-30 kDa y >30 kDa) en 31,4 % (arabinogalactán) y 32,4 % (pectinas) y a 180 °C tres fracciones (1-10, 10-30 y >30 kDa) en 36,8 % (arabinogalactán) y 97,9 % (pectinas). Los ciclos de ultrafiltración más diafiltración permitieron pasar de alimentaciones con valores de peso molecular, polidispersidad y pureza de 1) 14,77 kDa, 19,2 y 22,2 % p/p (140 °C) y 2) 8,08 kDa, 18 2 y 14,9 % p/p, a fracciones con valores de 1) 80,36 kDa, 2,4 y 100 % p/p (140 °C), 2) 9,85 kDa, 2,1 y 100 % p/p (140 °C), 3) 67,77 kDa, 3,8 y 100 % (180 °C), 4) 5,23 kDa, 1,3 y 64,5 % p/p, y 5) 3,86 kDa, 1,5 y 66,8 % p/p. Las cinco fracciones fueron liofilizadas y secadas por aspersión para su posterior uso en la producción de películas biodegradables., Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Gobierno de España) and FEDER Funds EU for funding project reference PID2019-105975GB-I00 (MICINN/FEDER, EU), Junta de Castilla y León - Consejería de Educación and FEDER Funds project reference CLU-2019-04, Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports for the research-university professor training contract (reference FPU15/06366)

Cache pilferage by competing conspecifics is a very common hoarding behavior used by animals. Members of rodent communities use a wide variety of strategies to minimize this pilferage. In this work, we investigated one of these strategies. We observed that certain rodent species partially consume acorns, leaving the embryo intact. We investigated whether this strategy was used by Mus spretus Lataste 1883 (Algerian mouse) to avoid cache pilferage by competing conspecifics. Partially consumed acorn remains left in underground stores could be viewed as remains by competing conspecifics, and would therefore be rejected, preventing its consumption and pilferage. To test our hypothesis, we designed three experiments on the preference for intact acorns, acorns that had been partially consumed by the rodent itself or the remains from other competing conspecific rodents. The study verified whether the remains of partially consumed acorns were rejected. We verified that these remains are more highly valued than intact acorns or even the remains of the rodent’s own previous consumption, thus rejecting our hypothesis. Remains are not used as a strategy to prevent theft. However, preference for the remains of other rodents’ acorns could form part of an anti-theft strategy. If the acorn remains are used as a decoy to attract the attention of thieves to prevent the consumption of intact acorns, the intact acorns would be better preserved in the stores for longer periods of time. The remains were consumed before the intact acorns. We verified that rodents prefer the remains of other rodents’ acorns to their own, and even prefer them to intact acorns. This behavior may be part of a strategy to reduce other rodents’ reserves to avoid future competition by conspecifics.

The relationship between scatter-hoarding rodents and oak species has been considered on a scale from antagonism to mutualism. Depending on the costs and benefits, the outcome of the relationship can be found at one extreme or the other. Costs have included destruction of acorns that occurs during predation, but not all acorns attacked lose their embryos. As representatives of the mutualistic end, we present two species with this behavior (Mus spretus and Apodemus sylvaticus). Representing the antagonistic extreme, we present a predatory species that destroys the embryo (Microtus arvalis). The objective of this study is to test the preferences of both rodent groups for acorns. The results showed that there is one acorn species (Quercus ilex) that is preferred by the three rodent species. This acorn species has high concentrations of nutrients, low concentrations of tannins and thin shell. These characteristics attract the attention of rodents that could carry these acorns. There are two other acorn species (Quercus suber and Quercus rubra) that are consumed with little intensity for having low concentrations of nutrients, high concentration of tannins and thick shell. These characteristics escaping predators although transportation is not guaranteed. These acorns would germinate and emerge under the trees that have produced them and increase intraspecific competition. Coincidence preferences shown by the three rodent species poses a risk for the oak species, since the recent arrival of the predator (antagonist) species in the study area could paralyze the dispersal process carried out by the other two mutualistic species through predation., Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales

This dataset contains information about soil physical, chemical and biochemical, climatic, physiographic and stand parameters of 32 plots belonging to the Spanish National Forest Inventory (SNFI) located in Pinus halepensis Mill. plantations and 35 plots belonging to the Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute (iuFOR; University of Valladolid and INIA) located in Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in Spain., Parameters included in the dataset: Plot: plot identification in the SNFI and iuFOR networks. Species: species present in each plot (1: Pinus sylvestris; 2: Pinus halepensis) Slope: gradient in the plot in percentage. Altitude: elevation of the plot in meters above the sea level Latitude and Longitude: geographical coordinates of the plots in degrees Density: number of trees per hectare in the plot Dg: quadratic mean diameter in centimetersç Hm: mean height in meters of the trees in the plot H0; dominant height in meters of the trees in the plot BA: basal area of the plot in square meters per hectare SI: site index; dominant height of the trees in the plot at the reference age (80 years for Pinus halepensis and 50 years for Pinus sylvestris stands) SQ: the site quality class Age: average age in years of the trees in the plot AW: soil available water in percentage CO: soil coarse particles in percentage Porosity: soil porosity in percentage CLAY: clay content in soil in percentage SILTUS: silt content in soil following the USDA criteria in percentage SILTIS: silt content in soil following the International criteria, in percentage SANDUS: sand content in soil following the USDA criteria, in percentage SANDIS: sand content in soil following the International criteria, in percentage OHT: organic horizon thickness in the plot in centimeters ([C/N]L): the total carbon to total nitrogen ratio in the litter fraction of the organic horizon ([C/N]FH): the total carbon to total nitrogen ratio in the fragmented plus humified fractions of the organic horizon L: amount of litter fraction in the organic horizon in tons per hectare FH: amount of fragmented plus humified fraction in the organic horizon in tons per hectare. pH: soil pH value CEC: cation exchange capacity in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Bascomb, 1964) EOC: amount of easily oxidizable C in soil in percentage (Walkley and Black, 1934) AP: amount of available phosphorus in soil in miligrams per kilogram of soil extracted with anion exchange membranes and determined with colorimetry (Murphy and Riley, 1962) TN: total N in soil in percentage TOC/TN: total organic C to total N ratio in soil Ca, Mg, Na, K: exchangeable calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Schollenberger and Simon, 1945) WSP: water soluble phenols in soil in micrograms of TAE per gram of soil (Box, 1983) Carbonates: amount of carbonates in soil in percentage (Bundy and Bremner, 1972) React_carb: amount of reactive carbonates in soil in percentage (Bashour and Sayegh, 2007) Gypsum: amount of gypsum in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Richards, 1954) Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn: amount of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in miligrams per kilogram of soil (Lindsay and Norvell, 1978) EA: soil exchangeable acidity in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Bascomb, 1964) Sat: base saturation of soil in percentage AlA, FeA, MnA: amorphous aluminum, iron and manganese (AlA, FeA, MnA) in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Bascomb, 1968) AlM, FeM, MnM: organically bound aluminum, iron and manganese in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Blakemore et al. 1987) AlE: exchangeable aluminum in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Bertsch & Bloom, 1996) AlI: inorganic aluminum in soil in centimoles of charge per kilogram of soil (Mc-Keague et al., 1971) Cmic, Nmic, Pmic: amount of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in soil in milligrams per kilogram of soil (Vance et al. 1987) Cmin: amount of mineralizable carbon in soil in milligrams per kilogram of soil (Isermeyer, 1952) Cmin/TOC: mineralizable carbon to total organic carbon ratio Cmic/TOC: microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon ratio qCO2: microbial metabolic quotient (Cmin/Cmic) in soil in grams per week and gram of soil FDA: fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis reaction (Alef and Nannipieri, 1995) in milliunits per gram of dry soil (nanomoles of fluorescein diacetate produced per gram of soil and minute) DHA: dehydrogenase activity (Casida et al., 1964) in milliunits per gram of dry soil (nanomoles of triphenyl formazan produced per gram of soil and minute) AcPhos, AlkPhos: acid and alkaline phosphatase activity (Tabatabai and Bremner, 1969) in milliunits per gram of dry soil (nanomoles of p-nitrophenol produced per gram of soil and minute) Urease: urease activity in soil (Hofmann, 1963) in milliunits per gram of dry soil (nanomoles of N per gram of soil and minute) Catalase: catalase activity (Tabatabai and Beck, 1971) in milliunits per gram of dry soil (nanomoles of O2 produced per gram of soil and minute) MAT: mean annual temperature in degrees centigrade (Ninyerola et al., 2005) MMWM: mean maximum temperature of the warmest month in degrees centigrade (Ninyerola et al., 2005) MMCM: mean maximum temperature of the coldest month in degrees centigrade (Ninyerola et al., 2005) MTWM: mean temperature of the warmest month in degrees centigrade (Ninyerola et al., 2005) MTCM: mean temperature of the coldest month in degrees centigrade (Ninyerola et al., 2005) TP: total precipitation in millimeters (Ninyerola et al., 2005) PW, PSP, PSU, PA: winter, spring, summer and autumn precipitation in millimeters (Ninyerola et al., 2005) PET, RET: potential and real evapotranspiration in millimetres (Thornthwaite, 1949 and Thorntwaite and Mather, 1955) Deficit: mean annual hydric deficit in millimeters (Thornthwaite, 1949 and Thorntwaite and Mather, 1955) Surplus: mean annual hydric surplus in millimetres (Thornthwaite, 1949 and Thorntwaite and Mather, 1955) AHI: Annual Hydric Index (Thornthwaite, 1949) Martonne: Martonne index (De-Martonne, 1926) Lang: Lang index (Lang, 1919)

This database contains information about soil, climatic, physiographic and stand parameters of 35 plots located in Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in Spain.

This investigation is focused on determining how bilingual children translate from one of their first languages to the other when they need to communicate. We examine the oral production of bilingual children with different language pairs as available in the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) (https://childes.talkbank.org/) project (MacWhinney 2000) (i.e., the FerFuLice, Ticio, Deuchar, Vila, GNP and Pérez-Bazán corpora) as well as in other compilation forms (i.e., Ronjat 1913; Leopold 1939–1949; Swain 1972; Lanza 1988, 1997, 2001; Cossato 2008), covering two types of data: spontaneous, where the children interact with adults in a natural context (e.g., at home); and experimental, where the children act as interpreters between two monolingual researchers. The analysis of how these bilingual children interpret between their two first languages provides valuable information about the linguistic resources and translation strategies that these children use to communicate in a bilingual context through their interpreting performance., UVALAL, 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. Title of dataset 1.2. Author information 1.2.1. PI and co-PI 1.2.2. Lab 1.3. Objectives 1.4. Funding sources 1.5. Citing information 2. ACCESS INFORMATION 2.1. Licenses or restrictions 2.2. Publications 3. METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 3.1. Data elicitation procedure 3.1.1. CHILDES corpora 3.1.2. Annotations from other compilation forms 3.2. Data extraction procedure 3.3. Data classification: variables 4. DATA 4.1. Raw data 4.2. Database 4.3. Last update 5. RELATED DATASETS, Regional Government of Castile and León (Spain) and ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) [project VA009P17], Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and ERDF [project HUM2007-62213], Regional Government of Castile and León (Spain) [project VA046A06], Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and ERDF [project BFF2002-00442], Regional Government of Castile and León (Spain) [project UV 30/02]

This corpus contains spontaneous productions from a longitudinal study of two English/Spanish bilingual identical twins with the pseudonyms of Simon and Leo. They were born 28-DEC-1998 into a middle-class family in Spain. The father is a native speaker of Peninsular Spanish, and the mother is a native speaker of American English. The father always speaks to the children in Spanish and the mother always addresses them in English. The parents generally communicate in Spanish with each other, except on summers when they travel to the United States for approximately two months or when a monolingual English speaker is present. Therefore, we are dealing with bilingual English/Spanish first language acquisition in a monolingual-Spanish social context, a type of bilingualism that is referred to in the literature as individual bilingualism (Bhatia and Ritchie, 2004)., UVALAL (University of Valladolid Language Acquisition Lab), 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. Title of dataset 1.2. Author information 1.2.1. PI and co-PI 1.2.2. Labs 1.2.3. People involved in the data collection 1.3. Corpus description 1.4. Funding sources 1.5. Citing information 2. ACCESS INFORMATION 2.1. Licenses or restrictions 2.2. Publications 3. METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 3.1. Data elicitation procedure 3.2. Data transcription procedure 4. DATA 4.1. Inventory of data files 4.2. Database 4.3. Last update 5. RELATED DATASETS, 4.3. Last update, Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and ERDF (European Regional Development Fund) [project HUM2007-62213], Castile and León Regional Government (Spain) [project VA046A06], Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology and ERDF [project BFF2002-00442], Castile and León Regional Government (Spain) [project UV 30/02], Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada [RE/C: 410-2004-2034], Faculty of Arts research funds, University of Ottawa (Canada)

This study aims to explore how monolingual and bilingual children acquire two types of English and Spanish dative alternation (DA) structures, namely, prepositional and double object constructions. We examine the spontaneous oral production of these children, as available in the CHILDES project (Child Language Data Exchange System; https://childes.talkbank.org/) (MacWhinney 2000) (i.e., English monolingual corpora: Brown, Cruttenden, MacWhinney, Sachs, Suppes and Wells; Spanish monolingual corpora: Linaza, Marrero and Ornat; and English-Spanish bilingual corpora: Deuchar, FerFuLice, Pérez-Bazán and Ticio). In these corpora, the children interact with adults (mainly, parents, but also caregivers or researchers). The analysis of how these monolingual and bilingual children acquire their first language(s), in general, and the constructions at stake, in particular, sheds light on the relationship that is present in the acquisition of process of these constructions across English and Spanish. In this respect, the findings elucidate whether the syntactic derivational relationship (or lack thereof) between prepositional and double object constructions is similar or differs across the two languages under investigation and across the two child groups (monolinguals and bilinguals)., UVALAL, 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1. Title of dataset 1.2. Author information 1.2.1. PI and co-PI 1.2.2. Lab 1.3. Objectives 1.4. Funding sources 1.5. Citing information 2. ACCESS INFORMATION 2.1. Licenses or restrictions 2.2. Publications 3. METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 3.1. Data selection procedure from CHILDES 3.2. Data extraction procedure 3.3. Data classification procedure: variables 4. DATA 4.1. Database 4.2. Last update 5. RELATED DATASETS, - Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [PGC2018-097693-B-I00], - Regional Government of Castile and León (Spain) and ERDF [VA009P17], - Women’s Institute (Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality) (Spain) [039/12]