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The photographs of glasses containing wine were acquired by researchers with different smartphones equipped with high-resolution cameras (12 or 48 MP). Photographs were previously designed considering usual photographic parameters (see DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for details).-- The data have not been processed., The DATASET compiles 1.945 files corresponding to individual images of glasses containing red wine. The photographs of glasses containing wine were acquired by researchers with different smartphones equipped with high-resolution cameras (12 or 48 MP). Photographs were previously designed considering usual photographic parameters. Each file name is unique and contains information of the parameters under which the photograph was taken., This study was supported by MCIN (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación)/AEI (Agencia Estatal de Investigación)/10 .13039 /501100011033through the projects PID2019-108851RB-C21 & PID2019-108851RB-C22. The authors would like to thank CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI+) Digital Science and Innovation., The DATASET compiles 1.945 files corresponding to individual images of glasses containing red wine. Each file name is unique and contains information of the parameters under which the photograph was taken (see DATA-SPECIFIC INFOR-MATION for details). For example: The file Rea_Rio_C_Bor_175_nd_nd_fr10_nd_nd_ar2 corresponds to an almost real image (Rea), taken in La Rioja (Rio), of a “crianza wine”(C), in a Bourgogne wine glass (Bor), with a volume of 175 mL (175), taken at none defined time (nd) and undefined lighting (nd), with a real back-ground (fr10) and without reference (nd) nor distance (nd) considerations, and upper angle (ar2)., Peer reviewed

The photographs of glasses containing wine were acquired by wine consumers with different smartphones equipped with high-resolution cameras (12 or 48 MP). Photographs were previously designed considering usual photographic parameters (see DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION for details).-- The data have not been processed., The DATASET compiles 229 files corresponding to individual images of glasses containing red wine. The photographs of glasses containing wine were acquired by wine consumers with different smartphones equipped with high-resolution cameras (12 or 48 MP). Each file name is unique and contains information of the parameters under which the photo-graph was taken., This study was supported by MCIN (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación)/AEI (Agencia Estatal de Investigación)/10 .13039 /501100011033through the projects PID2019-108851RB-C21 & PID2019-108851RB-C22. The authors would like to thank CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI+) Digital Science and Innovation., The DATASET compiles 229 files corresponding to individual images of glasses containing red wine. Each file name is unique and contains information of the parameters under which the photograph was taken (see DATA-SPECIFIC INFOR-MATION for details). For example: The file Vol_Mad_C_Bor_175_Cena_nd_nd_nd_nd_nd corresponds to a real image taken by a consumer(#Vol), taken in Madrid (Mad), of a “crianza wine”(C), in a Bourgogne wine glass (Bor), with a volume of 175 mL (175), taken at dinner (Cena) with undefined lighting (nd) and a random real background (nd), and without reference (nd) nor distance (nd), nor angle (nd) considerations., Peer reviewed

General information, experimental procedures, new compound characterization, crystallographic data, HPLC chromatograms, NMR spectra, DFT calculations, and STM data., Peer reviewed

Table S6 Candidate genes mapped within the genomic regions associated with the significantly associated SNPs detected in response to U. pisi. Chromosomal linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay was considered to limit the genomic regions were to look for candidate genes., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Table S5. Inflation factors observed for the models not accounting (Naïve) or accounting for population structure (Eigen), and familiar relatedness (Kinship) tested in the GWAS related to the inoculation experiments with U. pisi., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Table S4. Averaged DS scores (±standard error of the mean) measured from inoculation experiments with U. pisi, in accessions grouped based on their geographical origin, seed color, and seed size. The small letter represents significant differences (P-value ≤ 0.05) among accessions grouped by origin, seed size or color., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Table S3. Variance components and broad-sense heritability for the DS scores of U. pisi inoculation experiments., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Table S2. Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR analysis., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Table S1. Characterization of the grass pea accessions evaluated for the response to U. pisi based on seed color, size, and geographical origin, and respective BLUEs data., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed

Figure S3. Heat map depicting mean log2-fold changes of gene expression levels. Relative gene expression analysis of candidate gene related to U. pisi disease response (A-C) was analyzed in accessions susceptible (PI283574, and PI221467_B) and partially resistant (PI165528, PI283566, and PI577138_A). Relative expression values were normalized to the mean of the non-inoculated control (0 HAI) of the most susceptible accession (PI221467_B). Higher levels of relative gene expression (log2-fold changes > 0) are indicated in red and lower levels (log2-fold changes < 0) are indicated in blue. Small letters represent significant differences (P-value <0.05), among accessions or time-points (0 HAI, 12 HAI, 24 HAI, 48 HAI)., Uromyces pisi ([Pers.] D.C.) Wint. is an important foliar biotrophic pathogen infecting grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.), compromising their yield stability. To date, few efforts have been made to assess the natural variation in grass pea resistance and to identify the resistance loci operating against this pathogen, limiting its efficient breeding exploitation. To overcome this knowledge gap, the genetic architecture of grass pea resistance to U. pisi was investigated using a worldwide collection of 182 accessions through a genome-wide association approach. The response of the grass pea collection to rust infection under controlled conditions and at the seedling stage did not reveal any hypersensitive response but a continuous variation for disease severity, with the identification of promising sources of partial resistance. A panel of 5,651 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers previously generated was used to test for SNP-trait associations, based on a mixed linear model accounting for population structure. We detected seven SNP markers significantly associated with U. pisi disease severity, suggesting that partial resistance is oligogenic. Six of the associated SNP markers were located in chromosomes 4 and 6, while the remaining SNP markers had no known chromosomal position. Through comparative mapping with the pea reference genome, a total of 19 candidate genes were proposed, encoding for leucine-rich repeat, NB-ARC domain, and TGA transcription factor family, among others. Results presented in this study provided information on the availability of partial resistance in grass pea germplasm and advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of quantitative resistance to rust in grass pea. Moreover, the detected associated SNP markers constitute promising genomic targets for the development of molecular tools to assist disease resistance precision breeding., Peer reviewed