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Related identifiers: Part of 10.3897/jor.27.21064, Figure 5 Relationship between number of Mioscirtus wagneri per square meter (ABUNDANCE) and A. Cover (%) of Suaeda vera (SEEPWEED), and B. Livestock droppings per square meter (DROPPINGS). Open circles may correspond to one or more overlapping data points., Peer reviewed

Related identifiers: Part of 10.3897/jor.27.21064, Figure 1 Map of the study area (Villacañas, Toledo Province, Central Spain) showing the location of the hypersaline lagoons Tirez and Peña Hueca., Peer reviewed

Related identifiers: Part of 10.3897/jor.27.21064, Figure 2 Alkali seepweed prairie (Suaeda vera) without grazing, typical habitat of Mioscirtus wagneri in the study area (Peña Hueca lagoon, Villacañas, Toledo province, Spain). Photo by P.J. Cordero., Peer reviewed

Telomere measurements and genotypes Genotypes and telomere measurements from all the individuals are provided in two excel sheets. In the first sheet, named "Population data", reports the arm length, ct. values and genotypes of all individuals. Finally, the second sheet, reports the ct. values from different tissues in regenerating and non-regenerating arms. Hdy_Garcia-Cisneros 2015.xls, TelTelomeres usually shorten during an organism’s lifespan and have thus been used as an aging and health marker. When telomeres become sufficiently short, senescence is induced. The most common method of restoring telomere length is via telomerase reverse transcriptase activity, highly expressed during embryogenesis. However, although asexual reproduction from adult tissues has an important role in the life cycles of certain species, its effect on the aging and fitness of wild populations, as well as its implications for the long-term survival of populations with limited genetic variation, is largely unknown. Here we compare relative telomere length of 58 individuals from four populations of the asexually reproducing starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina. Additionally, 12 individuals were used to compare telomere lengths in regenerating and non-regenerating arms, in two different tissues (tube feet and pyloric cecum). The level of clonality was assessed by genotyping the populations based on 12 specific microsatellite loci and relative telomere length was measured via quantitative PCR. The results revealed significantly longer telomeres in Mediterranean populations than Atlantic ones as demonstrated by the Kruskal–Wallis test (K=24.17, significant value: P-value<0.001), with the former also characterized by higher levels of clonality derived from asexual reproduction. Telomeres were furthermore significantly longer in regenerating arms than in non-regenerating arms within individuals (pyloric cecum tissue: Mann–Whitney test, V=299, P-value<10−6; and tube feet tissue Student's t=2.28, P-value=0.029). Our study suggests that one of the mechanisms responsible for the long-term somatic maintenance and persistence of clonal populations is telomere elongation., Peer reviewed

Related identifiers: Part of 10.3897/jor.27.21064, Figure 4 Relationship between probability of presence of Mioscirtus wagneri in the transects (PRESENCE) and A. Cover (%) of Suaeda vera (SEEPWEED) for extreme values of livestock droppings per square meter (DROPPINGS), and B. Livestock droppings per square meter (DROPPINGS) for extreme values of cover (%) of S. vera (SEEPWEED)., Peer reviewed

Genome-wide cytosine methylation estimates of 200 plants of Helleborus foetidus obtained by HPLC and Methylation Scoring of MSAP data Genome-wide cytosine methylation estimates in young leaves of 200 plants of Helleborus foetidus obtained using HPLC and the percentage of cytosine methylation in CCGG sites obtained by Methylation Scoring of MSAP data. Methylation scoring (MS50) was calculated as the percentage of MSAP loci scored as methylated (condition II + III). HPLC_MS_data_doi_10.5061_dryad.04d0d.txt, Methylation of DNA cytosines affects whether transposons are silenced and genes are expressed, and is a major epigenetic mechanism whereby plants respond to environmental change. Analyses of methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MS-AFLP or MSAP) have been often used to assess methyl-cytosine changes in response to stress treatments and, more recently, in ecological studies of wild plant populations. MSAP technique does not require a sequenced reference genome and provides many anonymous loci randomly distributed over the genome for which the methylation status can be ascertained. Scoring of MSAP data, however, is not straightforward, and efforts are still required to standardize this step to make use of the potential to distinguish between methylation at different nucleotide contexts. Furthermore, it is not known how accurately MSAP infers genome-wide cytosine methylation levels in plants. Here, we analyse the relationship between MSAP results and the percentage of global cytosine methylation in genomic DNA obtained by HPLC analysis. A screening of literature revealed that methylation of cytosines at cleavage sites assayed by MSAP was greater than genome-wide estimates obtained by HPLC, and percentages of methylation at different nucleotide contexts varied within and across species. Concurrent HPLC and MSAP analyses of DNA from 200 individuals of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus confirmed that methyl-cytosine was more frequent in CCGG contexts than in the genome as a whole. In this species, global methylation was unrelated to methylation at the inner CG site. We suggest that global HPLC and context-specific MSAP methylation estimates provide complementary information whose combination can improve our current understanding of methylation-based epigenetic processes in nonmodel plants., Peer reviewed

Matrix AFLPs Canarina canariensis Original Matrix of Canarina canariensis AFLPs matriz_595alelos.xlsx cpDNA_Canarina_canariensis NEXUS files for the concatenated cpDNA dataset of Canarina canariensis, Geographical isolation by oceanic barriers and climatic stability has been postulated as some of the main factors driving diversification within volcanic archipelagos. However, few studies have focused on the effect that catastrophic volcanic events have had on patterns of within-island differentiation in geological time. This study employed data from the chloroplast (cpDNA haplotypes) and the nuclear (AFLPs) genomes to examine the patterns of genetic variation in Canarina canariensis, an iconic plant species associated with the endemic laurel forest of the Canary Islands. We found a strong geographical population structure, with a first divergence around 0.8 Ma that has Tenerife as its central axis and divides Canarian populations into eastern and western clades. Genetic diversity was greatest in the geologically stable ‘palaeo-islands’ of Anaga, Teno and Roque del Conde; these areas were also inferred as the ancestral location of migrant alleles towards other disturbed areas within Tenerife or the nearby islands using a Bayesian approach to phylogeographical clustering. Oceanic barriers, in contrast, appear to have played a lesser role in structuring genetic variation, with intra-island levels of genetic diversity larger than those between-islands. We argue that volcanic eruptions and landslides after the merging of the palaeo-islands 3.5 Ma played key roles in generating genetic boundaries within Tenerife, with the palaeo-islands acting as refugia against extinction, and as cradles and sources of genetic diversity to other areas within the archipelago., Peer reviewed

Related identifiers: Part of 10.3897/jor.27.21064, Figure 3 Male Mioscirtus wagneri on alkali seepweed host plant, Suaeda vera. Photo by P.J. Cordero., Peer reviewed

Telomere length of magpie and great spotted cuckoo nestlings Telomere length of magpie and great spotted cuckoo nestlings soon after hatching and before fledging. We also show telomere attrition values and laying-date of each studied nest. Values are means estimates per study nest. data.xlsx, Although little is known on the impact of environment on telomere length dynamics, it has been suggested to be affected by stress, lifestyle and/or life-history strategies of animals. We here compared telomere dynamics in erythrocytes of hatchlings and fledglings of the brood parasite great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and of magpies (Pica pica), their main host in Europe. In magpie chicks, telomere length decreased from hatching to fledging while no significant change in telomere length of great spotted cuckoo chicks was found. Moreover, we found interspecific differences in the association between laying date and telomere shortening. Interspecific differences in telomere shortening were interpreted as a consequence of differences in lifestyle and life-history characteristics of magpies and great spotted cuckoos. In comparison with magpies, cuckoos experience reduced sibling competition and higher access to resources, and, consequently, lower stressful environmental conditions during the nestling phase. These characteristics also explain the associations between telomere attrition and environmental conditions (i.e. laying date) for magpies and the absence of association for great spotted cuckoos. These results therefore fit expectations on telomere dynamics derived from interspecific differences in lifestyle and life-history of brood parasites and their bird hosts., Peer reviewed

This study aims to report the implementation of the first nationwide pilot trial of balanced IWM in Europe, using a network of 11 pilot monitoring sites in Spain. The insights obtained in this pilot IWM trial will help to further develop a comprehensive IWM and serve as a reference for implementing IWM systems in other regions. For this purpose, a grid of 20 camera traps (Browning Strike Force HD ProX, Browning Arms Company®, Morgan, Utah, USA) was deployed for two months at each study site (n=11). REM was applied to wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) as the most frequently detected species. Relative abundance indexes, namely trapping rate and relative occupancy index, were calculated for the remaining, less frequently detected species. We also constructed static social networks, one for each study site (shown in the video)., Peer reviewed