BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

The complete valorisation of sugar beet pulp (SBP) through pectooligosaccharides (POS) extraction and biobutanol production was studied. A central composite experimental design was planned to optimise the time and temperature of the hydrothermal microwave-assisted extraction. 59.7 % of the POS present in the SBP were recovered, and a prehydrolysate with 31.1 g POS/L was obtained under optimal conditions (165 °C and 12 min). The prehydrolysate was further precipitated by ethanol. One-step and stepwise alcohol precipitation were evaluated. The prehydrolysate:ethanol ratio was increased from 1:1 to 1:3 in the stepwise precipitation, whereas a ratio of 1:2 was used in the one-step precipitation. The pectin fractions differed from each other in their chemical composition. The molecular weight of the pectin fractions ranged from 474 to 523 kDa, and the degree of esterification of all of them was higher than 50 %, so they can be considered high methoxyl pectins. On the other hand, the pretreated solid enriched in glucan was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases and fermented by Clostridium beijerinckii, producing 8.3 g butanol/L after 48 h of fermentation (53 kg butanol/t SBP). As this research has demonstrated, SBP is a suitable feedstock for a green biorefinery approach. The fractionation of SBP by hydrothermal treatment avoids using acid and alkaline solvents and allows high POS and biobutanol production yields., Instituto de Procesos Sostenibles, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2020-115110RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)

Discarded red beetroot (DRB) is an organic waste generated in the food industry. This study is focused on the valorization of DRB through the recovery of bioactive compounds. The characterization of the DRB juice confirmed a higher content of antioxidants (DPPH 504 ± 24 µmol TE/L, FRAP 10920 ± 440 µmol TE/L, ABTS 22012 ± 592 µmol TE/L), phenolic compounds (1789 ± 56 mg GAE/L), flavonoids (471± 17 mg CE/L) and betalains (1426 ± 24 mg/L) than commercial juices. DRB pomace contains pectin that was recovered by microwave extraction aided by a surfactant (polyethylene glycol, PEG4000). Conditions (temperature, time and surfactant concentration) for the extraction of galacturonic acid (GalA) or pectooligosaccharides (POS) were optimized by a central composite experimental design. POS were extracted at high temperatures (160 °C, 5.3 min, 8.4 g PEG4000/L, yield of 271.2 g POS/kg dry pomace). In comparison, galacturonic acid extraction was favored at moderate conditions (137 °C, 5 min, 2.5 g PEG4000/L, yield of 120.1 g GalA/kg dry pomace). The characterization of the freeze-dried hydrolysates revealed that the solid obtained under moderate temperature conditions (137 ºC) showed a higher GalA content (49.5%) and lower neutral sugars (11.4%), as GalA degrades at lower temperatures than pentoses. The recovered pectin can be considered high-methoxyl pectin, as the degree of esterification was higher than 50%. FTIR spectra of the freeze-dried hydrolysates showed functional groups consistent with pectin. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed the presence of oligosaccharides of hexoses and pentoses with different structures and degrees of polymerization. Thus, DRB, a low-value vegetable waste, can be converted into high-value-added bioproducts in a biorefinery framework., Instituto de Procesos Sostenibles, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2020-115110RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)

This research focuses on the integrated recovery of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) pectin from sugar beet pulp (SBP). First, the extraction of RG-I pectin through sequential ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was assessed. Optimization using a response surface methodology identified the optimal conditions as initial pH 4, 10 minutes of UAE, and 157 °C for MAE, achieving a 66.0 % recovery of pectooligosaccharides (POS). Additionally, purification through continuous diafiltration and concentration via ultrafiltration of the POS using membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs (MWCO) was explored. In contrast to previous research using discontinuous diafiltration, the use of continuous diafiltration allowed a decrease in the extract viscosity and obtained higher yields using a higher MWCO membrane. The refined RG-I pectin solids exhibited a high global yield (39 – 40 g pectin/100 g SBP), and high-methoxyl characteristics, as well as purity levels (70 – 80 %) similar to commercial prebiotics., Instituto de Procesos Sostenibles, Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2020-115110RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)

Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) have marked a milestone in the scientific literature due to their ability to achieve reliable, high-speed brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication and control. Generally, these expert systems rely on encoding each command with shifted versions of binary pseudorandom sequences, i.e., flashing black and white targets according to the shifted code. Despite the excellent results in terms of accuracy and selection time, these high-contrast stimuli cause eyestrain for some users. For this reason, we propose the use of non-binary p-ary m-sequences, whose levels are encoded with different shades of gray, as a more pleasant alternative than traditional binary codes. In this dataset, a total of 16 healthy participants engaged in BCI spelling tasks using five different p-ary m-sequences: binary GF(2^6) with a base of 2, GF(3^5) with a base of 3, GF(5^3) with a base of 5, GF(7^2) with a base of 7, and GF(11^2) with a base of 11. Each participant completed a single session that included a calibration phase consisting of 300 cycles (repetitions of the p-ary m-sequence), followed by an online spelling task of 32 trials (with 10 cycles per trial) for each condition. Online selections were made using a 4x4 command matrix (chance level of 6.25%), consisting of alphabetic characters from A to P. In addition, qualitative measures regarding visual fatigue and satisfaction were collected., Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Departamento de Informática, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemática, TED2021-129915B-I00, RTC2019-007350-1, and PID2020-115468RB-I00, CIBER-BBN

Code-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) are an innovative control signal utilized in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) with promising performance. Prior studies on steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) have indicated that the spatial frequency of checkerboard-like stimuli influences both performance and user experience. Spatial frequency refers to the dimensions of the individual squares comprising the visual stimulus, quantified in cycles (i.e., number of black-white squares pairs) per degree of visual angle. However, the specific effects of this parameter on c-VEP-based BCIs remained unexplored. In this dataset, a total of 16 healthy participants engaged in BCI spelling tasks using eight different conditions with varying spatial frequencies: C001 (0 c/°, 1×1 squares), C002 (0.15 c/°, 2×2 squares), C004 (0.3 c/°, 4×4 squares), C008 (0.6 c/°, 8×8 squares), C016 (1.2 c/°, 16×16 squares), C032 (2.4 c/°, 32×32 squares), C064 (4.79 c/°, 64×64 squares), and C128 (9.58 c/°, 128×128 squares). The system employed a binary m-sequence of 63 bits displayed at a 120 Hz rate using a black-background checkerboard (BB-CB) pattern; i.e. event “1” was encoded with a checkerboard pattern and “0” with a black flash. Each participant completed a single session that included a calibration phase consisting of 240 cycles (repetitions of the m-sequence), followed by an online spelling task of 18 trials (with 8 cycles per trial) for each condition. Online selections were made using a 3x3 command matrix (chance level of 11.11%)., Grupo de Ingeniería Biomédica, Departamento de Informática, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemática, TED2021-129915B-I00, RTC2019-007350-1, PID2020-115468RB-I00, and PID2021-127261OB-I00, Universidad de Málaga, Junta de Castilla y León, CIBER-BBN

Replication package for "A comparison of machine learning algorithms on design smell detection using balanced and imbalanced dataset: A study of God class"

Dataset prepared for "Prioritization of god class design smell: A multi-criteria based approach"

Recent developments in educational technology research underscores the importance of individuals and groups to regulate their own learning processes and behaviours to cope with the fast-changing world around them. This led many researchers to focus on the concept of Socially-Shared Regulation of Learning (SSRL) which tries to understand the different types of collective regulatory processes that emerge while learning in groups. Although initial investigations have predominantly theorised these phenomena, there is a growing need to operationalize SSRL to prepare learners for a future in which regulation of their learning is a key skill for success. This necessitates systematic examination of how Learning Design (LD) and Learning Analytics (LA) can be leveraged to promote, detect, and support SSRL. Therefore, this paper presents a systematic literature review of 110 empirical studies with the aim of identifying: (i) what does empirical literature consider as SSRL; (ii) how is LD used to promote SSRL; (iii) how are LA and LD used to detect SSRL; and (iv) how are LD and LA used to support SSRL. The findings from the literature indicate three major challenges to the operationalization of SSRL support in the real-world: (i) the lack of convergence in theoretical models, together with the lack of validated instruments for detecting (e.g., coding schemes) and measuring (e.g., questionnaires) SSRL processes; (ii) the types of data most frequently collected and the analysis techniques used make it difficult to provide SSRL support to the students during the learning situations; and (iii) there is a lack of tools designed to promote, detect, and support SSRL processes. This paper describes each challenge, and provides a discussion about potential future research opportunities for tackling them., Dpto. Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemática, ETSI Telecomunicación, Universidad de Valladolid, Dpto. de Informática, ETSI Informática, Universidad de Valladolid, UCL Knowledge Lab, University College London, United Kingdom, This research is partially funded by the MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF, EU, under project grants PID2020-112584RB-C32 and PID2023-146692OB-C32. It has also been supported by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon and by FEDER, under project grant VA176P23. Moreover, it has been partially supported by the Teacher-AI Complementarity (TaiCo) project funded by the European Commission’s Horizon Programme under the HORIZONCL2-2024-TRANSFORMATIONS-01 call with the Project ID:101177268.

This dataset contains survey results from 630 students across four European universities (France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) as part of the Erasmus+ OpenPass4Climate project. The survey assesses students' attitudes toward climate change, environmental values, sense of personal responsibility, perceptions of social norms, participation in eco-pedagogical activities, learning preferences, and awareness of open badge systems. Data include demographic variables (age, gender, educational level, country) and Likert scale (1-5) responses to 20 questions structured across seven constructs: climate change views, environmental values and identity, personal responsibility and emotional responses, social norms, eco-pedagogical activities, learning interests and training preferences, and open badges system awareness. Statistical analysis was conducted using non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Conover-Iman) due to violations of normality assumptions., Este conjunto de datos contiene los resultados de una encuesta realizada a 630 estudiantes de cuatro universidades europeas (Francia, Italia, Portugal y España) como parte del proyecto Erasmus+ OpenPass4Climate. La encuesta evalúa las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia el cambio climático, sus valores ambientales, sentido de responsabilidad personal, percepciones de normas sociales, participación en actividades eco-pedagógicas, preferencias de aprendizaje y conocimiento de sistemas de insignias abiertas. Los datos incluyen variables demográficas (edad, género, nivel educativo, país) y respuestas en escala Likert (1-5) a 20 preguntas estructuradas en siete constructos: visiones sobre el cambio climático, valores e identidad ambiental, responsabilidad personal y respuestas emocionales, normas sociales, actividades eco-pedagógicas, intereses de aprendizaje y preferencias de formación, y conocimiento del sistema de insignias abiertas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante pruebas no paramétricas (Kruskal-Wallis y Conover-Iman) debido a violaciones de los supuestos de normalidad., GIR Tecnologías Avanzadas Aplicadas al Desarrollo Rural Sostenible (TADRUS), Data (raw and filtered), Summary (basic statistics by country, age, education level), Reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha), Normality tests, Kruskal-Wallis analysis (by age, gender, education level, and country)., European Commission (Erasmus+ Programme)

Encuesta y Dataset del mismo. Trabajo realizado sobre estudiantes universitarios del Campus de Valladolid