Resultados de investigación

[Methodology] We sampled the insect assemblage visiting flowers in the arborescent scrublands with Ziziphus lotus (Habitat 5520*, Habitat Directive EU) to characterize the plant-floral visitor networks of these threatened habitats in the semiarid southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in Almería province (Andalucia, Spain). We selected 6 localities with the presence of this Ziziphus lotus habitat: i) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Ziziphus lotus individuals (ZIZ); ii) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Maytenus senegalensis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZMAY); iii) 2 localities in habitat dominated by Chamaerops humilis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZCHA). To study the community of insect floral visitors and the flowering plant species community (floral resources) in these habitats, 6-7 transects of [50 m x 2 m] were defined in each population, which were sampled by 50 min-censuses from February-July at 3 different times (pre-spring + spring + summer; total transects sampled = 39 transects x 3 censuses = 117 transects). The sampled transects were randomly distributed, trying to cover the largest possible area within each population to avoid sampling bias. We recorded the insect community visiting flowers (plant-floral visitor interactions) in terms of richness and abundance per transect and population. We only recorded xenogamic plant-insect interactions (as a proxy for pollen movements between different plant individuals) since they are related to more effective pollination events than geitonogamic interactions. The censuses were carried out on sunny days with low winds (<12Km/h), between 9:00-17:00, during the period of maximum insect activity. The richness and abundance of plant-floral visitor interactions by transect were pooled by population ('Interaction_data_pop.csv' file). R software (R Core, 2021) was used to calculate the summaries showed in .csv files. References: - R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL: https://www.R-project.org/, [Files] Interaction_data_pop.csv [reports the data of detected plant-insect interactions].-- Population_and_sampling_info.csv [has information of samplings per population according to the data of Interaction_data_pop.csv' file].-- Metada.csv [reports information about the meaning of columns in 'Interaction_data_pop.csv' and 'Population_and_sampling_info.csv' files], Our aim was to described the plant-floral visitor interactions to characterize the plant-floral visitor networks of arborescent scrublands with Ziziphus lotus (Habitat 5520*, Habitat Directive EU) in the semiarid southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly in Almería province (Andalucia, Spain). We differentiated three habitat subtypes with Ziziphus lotus: i) habitat dominated by Ziziphus lotus individuals (ZIZ); ii) habitat dominated by Maytenus senegalensis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZMAY); iii) habitat dominated by Chamaerops humilis with Ziziphus lotus (ZIZCHA), This study was funded by MICINN through European Regional Development Fund [SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-4, POPE 2014-2020] [Work Package 9. Task 9.3.2. Model impact of land use change], Junta de Andalucía Excelencia RNM-766 project, and by funds from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER- UJA 1261180 project, FEDER Andalucía operative programme). CSIC is acknowledged for supporting Open Access publication., Please, see Metadata.csv file., Peer reviewed

[Methodology] We selected 40 paired olive groves from 20 localities, covering a cultivated area circa 35 km2 and encompassing a distance of 310 km between the most distant ones, hence widely distributed across the Guadalquivir Valley (Andalucía, Spain). Localities were selected to cover a wide gradient in landscape complexity, from landscapes dominated by olive groves to landscapes including a large fraction of natural (forests, scrublands, streams and pastures with native plants) or semi-natural habitats (gullies, vegetated edges and field margins) or other woody and annual crops. At each locality, the pair of olive groves differed in the herb cover management (20 low-intensity and 20 intensive groves) in 2016 while some of them changed their management in 2019, while sharing the same landscape context. Farm size and climatic and edaphic condition varied between localities but were relatively similar between the pair of farms within locality. Low-intensity management involved the maintenance of the ground herb cover most of the year through agroecological practices, such as grazing (mainly with sheep), mowing or stand maintaining between olive trees. Some of these low-intensity managed olive farms where also organic when, in addition, there was no use of pesticides nor synthesis fertilizers. In contrast, intensive management persistently reduced herb cover by herbicides and/or recurrent tillage. The landscape of each locality was classified in simple (characterized by vast extensions of olive groves with very few natural habitat patches), intermediate (olive groves are intermingled with annual crops and with greater extension of natural habitats) or complex (olive groves are scarcer and the area covered by forests, shrublands, streams and grasslands with native plants is larger). The community of herb species was monthly sampled in each olive groves from April to June in 2016 and 2019, using 1-m2 quadrats. We surveyed 4-6 herbs quadrats per grove (in olive field habitats), depending on the orchard size (4 sampling points in small groves [<10 ha]; 6 sampling points in large groves [>10 ha]) and 2-4 herbs quadrats per olive grove in semi-natural habitats adjacent to olive field. Substantial work was done in the lab for the classification of the many species that we were not able to determine at species level in the field. BBDD_Herbs_sps_habitat_farm.csv ', [Files] BBDD_Farm_info.csv [shows the location and characteristics of sampled olive farms].-- BBDD_Herbs_sps_habitat_farm.csv [shows herb community detected per habitat within Olive_farm].-- Metada.csv [records information about the meaning of columns in ' Farm_info.csv, 'Plant_database_Habitats_ziziphus.csv', ', Our aim was to characterize the species composition of ground herb covers present in the olive groves and their semi-natural adjacent habitats of the southern Iberian Peninsula (Andalucia, Spain), according to herb cover management and landscape complexity of each grove. We selected 40 paired olive farms from 20 localities across Andalucía., This data set was compilated with funds by MICINN through European Regional Development Fund [SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-4, POPE 2014-2020] [Work Package 9. Task 9.3.2. Model impact of land use change]. Data comes mainly from LIFE project OLIVARES VIVOS (LIFE14 NAT/ ES/1001094) of the European Commission and complemented partially with additional surveys under LIFEWATCH SUMHAL. CSIC is acknowledged for supporting Open Access publication., Please, see Metadata.csv file., Peer reviewed

The temperature-size rule states that as the temperature increases, the body size of organisms decreases. This rule has been observed in a wide range of organisms, including marine phytoplankton and it is particularly important to model and predict the effects of global warming on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems. This is so because the size of marine phytoplankton is a critical trait that determines their ecological and biogeochemical roles in marine ecosystems. The size of marine phytoplankton is also affected by resource availability, which relates to growth rates. Here, we compare the effects of a long-term exposure to several temperatures on the cell size of three marine microalgae during their growth curves. The species chosen were the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa niei, and the diatom Conticribra (previously Thalassiosira) weissflogii. All algae conformed the temperature-size rule during all the phases of the growth curve. However, the size variations of the microalgae in each of the phases were species-specific. R. salina and H. niei showed higher volumes in the exponential growth phase than during the decline of growth and early stationary phases. Contrarily, the diatom showed smaller volumes during the exponential phase of growth than during the other phases. Overall, the effects of growth rate on cell size exceeded those of temperature for the expected ocean warming by the end of the century. These results also partially support the higher relevance of resource supply than temperature in explaining the variability of phytoplankton size structure in marine ecosystems, This research was funded by Grant PID2020-118645RB-I00 by Ministerio de Ciencia e innovación (MCIN)/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Para las tres microalgas, Rhodomonas salina, Heterocapsa niei, Conticribra weissflogii, abundancias, y volumen a diferentes temperaturas, Peer reviewed

We have studied the response of the marine calanoid copepod Paracartia grani to dietary elemental imbalances, This research was supported by Grant [PID2020-118645RB-I00] funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Elemental content, C:N ratios, C:P ratios, N:P ratios, copepod ingestion rate, copepod egg production rate, hatching success, gross-growth efficiency of egg production, egg size, nauplius body size, threshold elemental ratios for C:N and C:P, Peer reviewed

Trait-based approaches that complement taxonomic-based studies have increased in popularity among the scientific community over the last decades. The collection of biological and ecological characteristics of species (i.e., traits) provides insight into species and ecosystem vulnerability to environmental and anthropogenic changes, as well as ecosystem functioning. While most of the available trait databases to date contain essential information to understand the functional diversity of a taxonomic group or functional group based on size, the FUN Azores trait database has an ecosystem-based approach that provides a comprehensive assessment of diverse fauna (meio-, macro-, and megafauna) from benthic and pelagic environments in the Azores Marine Park; including ridges, seamounts, and hydrothermal vents. We used a collaborative approach involving 30 researchers with different expertise to develop the trait database; which contains compiled data on 14 traits representing morphological, behavioral, and life history characteristics for 1210 species, across 10 phyla, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Peer reviewed

[Methods] Data obtained from an acoustic telemetry experiment. The acoustic detection sequence was imported to R software to apply a Hidden Markov Model to separate the active and rest states and obtain the circadian-related traits., This dataset contains the necessary data to replicate the work entitled 'Circadian-related behavioural types in free-living marine fish revealed by high-throughput telemetry'. The data were obtained through a high-resolution acoustic telemetry experiment tracking a population of pearly razorfish between April and September 2019. The time series of detections were imported into the R computing environment. We discretized the detections generated by the individuals into bins of 5 minutes (time-steps). We fitted a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to probabilistically assign two behavioural states to each temporal bin: rest (R) or active (A). We used a zero-inflated Poisson HMM implemented in the ziphsmm package. During these months, two different periods in the reproduction of this species were included: the pre-spawning period and the spawning period. For this purpose, the data were separated into two different datasets: the pre-spawning period dataset, which contains all individuals tracked for at least seven days between April 30 and May 31, and the spawning period dataset, which includes all individuals tracked for at least seven days between June 15 and July 31. The data between June 1 and June 15 were discarded due to maintenance tasks on the acoustic receivers. The data from August and September were discarded due to low data yields. Finally, a third dataset was created, which includes individuals tracked for at least seven days in each period. The three datasets are configured in the same manner, with ID as the identifier for each individual, Day as the tracking date, Dayn as the day of the trial, Awakening Time as the activity onset time in minutes relative to sunrise, Rest Onset as the rest onset time in minutes relative to sunset, RelActivityDuration as the active hours (calculated as the difference between the awakening time and rest onset) relative to daylight hours (calculated as the difference between sunrise and sunset), RelRestDuration as the resting hours (calculated as the difference between the rest onset time and awakening time of the next day) relative to night hours (calculated as the difference between sunset and sunrise of the next day), RelRestMidpoint as the midpoint of the rest relative to the middle of the night, Sex, Size (cm), Period, CHL as the concentration of chlorophyll (Relative Fluorescence Units, RFU), CurrentDirection as the direction in degrees of the surface current, CurrentSpeed as the speed in m/s of the surface current, Light as the daily mean light (lux), O2 as the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water (mV), Salinity (PSU), Temperature as the daily mean temperature (ºC), WavesHeight as the daily mean wave height (m), and WindSpeed as the speed in m/s of the wind., The research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the "Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellence" accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). The CLOCKS I+D+I project funded this work (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE invierte en tu futuro. The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A)., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001198)., Pre-Spawning_Dataset, Spawning_Dataset, BothPeriods_Dataset., Peer reviewed

Seventy five percent of the world's food crops benefit from insect pollination. Hence, there has been increased interest in how global change drivers impact this critical ecosystem service. Because standardized data on crop pollination are rarely available, we are limited in our capacity to understand the variation in pollination benefits to crop yield, as well as to anticipate changes in this service, develop predictions, and inform management actions. Here, we present CropPol, a dynamic, open, and global database on crop pollination. It contains measurements recorded from 202 crop studies, covering 3,394 field observations, 2,552 yield measurements (i.e., berry mass, number of fruits, and fruit density [kg/ha], among others), and 47,752 insect records from 48 commercial crops distributed around the globe. CropPol comprises 32 of the 87 leading global crops and commodities that are pollinator dependent. Malus domestica is the most represented crop (32 studies), followed by Brassica napus (22 studies), Vaccinium corymbosum (13 studies), and Citrullus lanatus (12 studies). The most abundant pollinator guilds recorded are honey bees (34.22% counts), bumblebees (19.19%), flies other than Syrphidae and Bombyliidae (13.18%), other wild bees (13.13%), beetles (10.97%), Syrphidae (4.87%), and Bombyliidae (0.05%). Locations comprise 34 countries distributed among Europe (76 studies), North America (60), Latin America and the Caribbean (29), Asia (20), Oceania (10), and Africa (7). Sampling spans three decades and is concentrated on 2001¿2005 (21 studies), 2006¿2010 (40), 2011¿2015 (88), and 2016¿2020 (50). This is the most comprehensive open global data set on measurements of crop flower visitors, crop pollinators and pollination to date, and we encourage researchers to add more datasets to this database in the future., 2017-2018 Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme, and with the funding organisations AEI, NWO, ECCyT and NSF.

The Vendée Globe is the world’s most famous solo, non-stop, unassisted sailing race. The Institute of Marine Sciences and the Barcelona Ocean Sailing Foundation installed a MicroCAT on the One Ocean One Planet boat. The skipper, Dídac Costa, completed the round trip in 97 days, from 8 November 2020 to 13 February 2021, providing one measurement of temperature and conductivity every 30 s during navigation. More than half of the ship’s route was in the sub-Antarctic zone, between the tropical and polar fronts, and it passed through areas of oceanographic interest such as Southern Patagonia (affected by glacier melting), the Brazil–Malvinas confluence, the Southern Pacific Ocean, and the entire Southern Indian Ocean. This sailing race gave a rare opportunity to measure in-situ sea surface salinity in a region where satellite salinity measurements are not reliable. Due to the decreased sensitivity of brightness temperature to salinity in cold seas, retrieving sea surface salinity at high latitudes remains a major challenge. This paper describes how the data are processed and uses the data to validate satellite salinity products in the sub-Antarctic zone. The sailing race measurements represent surface information (60 cm depth) not available from drifters or Argo floats. Acquiring measurements using round-the-world sailing races would allow us to analyse the evolution of ocean salinity and the impact of changes in the ice extent around Antarctica, This work has been carried out thanks to European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 840374, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Temperature and salinity of the ocean surface, Peer reviewed

The opening of the Scotia Arc resulted in the final breakup of the land bridge between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula. The South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) constituted part of this former connection and it is now the largest continental block in the Southern Scotia Arc. We present the first 3D model of the SOM that, given its strategic position and characteristics, allows us to advance the knowledge of the tectonic processes involved in the development of the Scotia Arc. Due to the scarcity of reliable geological data, the initial approximation of the deep structure of the SOM was supported by the calculation of three main geological boundaries from geophysical data: the acoustic basement, the boundary of the magnetic anomaly source and the Moho depth. The 3D model was built, refined and validated by forward modeling and joint inversion of gravity and magnetic data. We have accurately defined the geometry of the sedimentary cover, determined the geometry of the intrusive igneous body causing the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA) and mapped the heterogeneity of the crustal thickness. These structural features show a clear relationship to each other and are consistent with an important E-W extension to the east of the SOM during early stages of the Scotia Arc formation, prior to the opening of the Powell Basin., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the coordinated project TASDRACC (CTM2017-89711-C2-1P and CTM2017-89711-C2-2P), cofounded by the European Union through FEDER funds, Peer reviewed

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data] PACIS is a survey panel. The owner of this panel is IESA-CSIC, a public scientific research center belonging to the Spanish National Research Council. The information obtained both at the time of registration and in the successive questionnaires answered by its members is protected by Law 12/89, which regulates statistical secret for public administrations, and can only be processed and disseminated in numerical and aggregate form, in order to guarantee the anonymity of the interviewees. The persons registered in PACIS are included in an automated file comprising contact data and basic classification variables, the purpose of which is to carry out scientific opinion surveys. This file, which is owned by IESA-CSIC, is not shared in any case with third parties, and IESA-CSIC applies appropriate security measures to comply with the Organic Law 3/2018, of December 5, on Personal Data Protection and guarantee of digital rights. Any person registered in PACIS can exercise their rights of access, rectification, cancellation and opposition by sending an email to agpd@pacis.es In the surveys carried out, only the personal information necessary to guarantee the quality of the research is collected. Once the data collection has been completed, the results matrix is anonymized and the data of the persons registered in the PACIS file is unlinked to their answers to the questionnaires. The questionnaires comply with the different specific quality standards in survey research such as UNE ISO-20252, ICC/ESOMAR, and specific Accessibility and Usability standards in digital formats such as UNE 139803 and WCAG 1.0. • UNIVERSE: People 18 years or older living in Andalusia. • FRAMEWORK: PACIS citizen panel. • SAMPLE SIZE: 839 interviews. • DATA COLLECTION: The sample has been selected among people belonging to PACIS. They have been contacted by e-mail, SMS and telephone and have filled the questionnaire by Internet (on a website) or by telephone interview. Some members were contacted through several channels. To achieve the sample of 839 interviews, 2.201 PACIS members were selected. • SAMPLE TYPE: Stratified selection by age group and sex of PACIS members, with the strata being proportional to the Andalusian population over 18 years of age. • AVERAGE INTERVIEW TIME: 16 minutes. • MAXIMUM SAMPLING ERROR: ± 3,4%, [Methods for processing the data] The processing of the information collected consisted of debugging the data, correcting errors and detecting anomalous data. Data recording was automatic and coding of open-ended questions was done manually. The evaluation of the fieldwork was continued by reviewing the compliance of the sample, analysis and treatment of non-response. Finally, the sample was calibrated by sex and age groups, level of studies and municipal size, with the latest available data from the Register of Inhabitants and the EPA (Active Population Survey) for the level of studies., The codebook is available in Spanish and in English translation., [EN] The data come from a survey made in November 2019 designed to measure the demand of several sentences or punitivism in the Andalusian population. The questionnaire includes indicators to delve into the multidimensional character to the punishment demand as well as the different factors that may be punitivism predictors. The data collection corresponds to the ninth wave of the Citizen Panel for Social Research in Andalusia (PACIS). The Panel is an iniciative of Advanced Social Studies Institute (IESA-CSIC). A total of 839 people over 18 years of age participated in this study: 528 answered by internet (self-administered web questionnaire) and 311 were interviewed by telephone to cover sociodemographic profiles less inclined to internet use., [ES] Los datos provienen de una encuesta realizada en noviembre de 2019 diseñada para medir la demanda de la población andaluza de penas más severas o punitivismo. El cuestionario incluye indicadores para profundizar en el carácter multidimensional de la demanda de castigo así como los diferentes factores que pueden ser predictores de punitivismo. La recogida de datos corresponde a la novena ola del Panel Ciudadano para la Investigación Social en Andalucía (PACIS). El Panel es una iniciativa del Instituto de Estudios Sociales Avanzados (IESA-CSIC). En este estudio han participado un total de 839 personas mayores de 18 años: 528 la contestaron a través de internet mediante cuestionario web autoadministrado y 311 fueron entrevistadas telefónicamente para cubrir perfiles sociodemográficos menos proclives al uso de Internet., EP-1905 Wave 9ª Citizen panel for social research in Andalusia, self-funded by IESA/CSIC under the INTRAMURALES., Peer reviewed