BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Supplementary figures (S1 and S2) and Supplementary tables (S1-S4)., Peer reviewed

Table S1. Selected plant species, geographic location, coordinates and voucher numbers., Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the upper digestive tract of various bird species and causes avian trichomonosis. The emergence of resistant strains to the standard treatment, based on nitroimidazoles, increases the need to find alternative therapies. In this study, 36 essential oils (EOs) from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plant families were tested against T. gallinae trophozoites using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among them, EOs from distinct species of Lamiaceae, including the genera Lavandula, Salvia, Thymus, Origanum, and Satureja were the ones reporting better anti-trichomonal activity, and were selected for further analysis, including chemical composition and in vitro assays. The chemical composition of the selected EOs was determined by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry and 19 pure compounds were tested against the protozoa, according to their higher abundance in the active EOs. Pure compounds which displayed the highest activity against T. gallinae trophozoites, ordered by highest to lowest activity, were α and β-thujones, camphene, β-pinene, linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, D-fenchone and β-caryophyllene. A dose dependent effect was observed in most of the EOs and pure compounds tested. The toxicity test conducted in eukaryotic cell cultures with the anti-trichomonal active pure compounds showed that β-caryophyllene, camphene, α-pinene, and β-pinene were slightly toxic for Vero cells, and the selectivity index was calculated. Based on the anti-trichomonal activity and the absence of cytotoxicity results, natural products from Lamiaceae plants could be useful as alternative therapy against avian trichomonosis, mainly those containing linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpinenol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and D-fenchone., Peer reviewed

Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the upper digestive tract of various bird species and causes avian trichomonosis. The emergence of resistant strains to the standard treatment, based on nitroimidazoles, increases the need to find alternative therapies. In this study, 36 essential oils (EOs) from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plant families were tested against T. gallinae trophozoites using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among them, EOs from distinct species of Lamiaceae, including the genera Lavandula, Salvia, Thymus, Origanum, and Satureja were the ones reporting better anti-trichomonal activity, and were selected for further analysis, including chemical composition and in vitro assays. The chemical composition of the selected EOs was determined by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry and 19 pure compounds were tested against the protozoa, according to their higher abundance in the active EOs. Pure compounds which displayed the highest activity against T. gallinae trophozoites, ordered by highest to lowest activity, were α and β-thujones, camphene, β-pinene, linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, D-fenchone and β-caryophyllene. A dose dependent effect was observed in most of the EOs and pure compounds tested. The toxicity test conducted in eukaryotic cell cultures with the anti-trichomonal active pure compounds showed that β-caryophyllene, camphene, α-pinene, and β-pinene were slightly toxic for Vero cells, and the selectivity index was calculated. Based on the anti-trichomonal activity and the absence of cytotoxicity results, natural products from Lamiaceae plants could be useful as alternative therapy against avian trichomonosis, mainly those containing linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpinenol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and D-fenchone., Peer reviewed

Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoan that parasitizes the upper digestive tract of various bird species and causes avian trichomonosis. The emergence of resistant strains to the standard treatment, based on nitroimidazoles, increases the need to find alternative therapies. In this study, 36 essential oils (EOs) from Lamiaceae and Asteraceae plant families were tested against T. gallinae trophozoites using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-)-2,5-dipheniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. Among them, EOs from distinct species of Lamiaceae, including the genera Lavandula, Salvia, Thymus, Origanum, and Satureja were the ones reporting better anti-trichomonal activity, and were selected for further analysis, including chemical composition and in vitro assays. The chemical composition of the selected EOs was determined by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry and 19 pure compounds were tested against the protozoa, according to their higher abundance in the active EOs. Pure compounds which displayed the highest activity against T. gallinae trophozoites, ordered by highest to lowest activity, were α and β-thujones, camphene, β-pinene, linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpineol, γ-terpinene, α-pinene, p-cymene, D-fenchone and β-caryophyllene. A dose dependent effect was observed in most of the EOs and pure compounds tested. The toxicity test conducted in eukaryotic cell cultures with the anti-trichomonal active pure compounds showed that β-caryophyllene, camphene, α-pinene, and β-pinene were slightly toxic for Vero cells, and the selectivity index was calculated. Based on the anti-trichomonal activity and the absence of cytotoxicity results, natural products from Lamiaceae plants could be useful as alternative therapy against avian trichomonosis, mainly those containing linalyl acetate, thymol, 4-terpinenol, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and D-fenchone., Peer reviewed

Table 1S. GC-MS analysis of Papaver rhoeas flowers (essential oil, EO) and capsules (hexane, Hex and ethyl acetate, EtOAc extracts). The results are presented as total % area of total chemical classes.-- Table 2S. GC-MS analysis of Echium plantagineum flowers essential oil. The results are presented as total % area of total chemical classes.-- Table 3S. LC-MS analysis of P. rhoeas polar extracts (leaf EtOH, flower MeOH and flower infusion freeze dried or extracted with dicloromethane, IFD, IDCM). The results are presented as total % area of polar compounds (1-10 min), medium polarity compounds and tentative identification of alkaloids (10-50 min).-- Table 4S. LC-MS analysis of E. plantagineum extracts (leaf EtOH, flower MeOH, flower IFD, Flower IDCM). The results are presented as total % area of polar compounds (1-10 min), medium polarity compounds and tentative identifications (10-50 min)., Plants are not only used as energy and nutrient resources for herbivores. Plants can be ingested because of their activity against host parasites and other pathogens. This so-called medicinal role of plants is well reported in ethnopharmacology and under-reported in wild animals. More studies on wild animals are needed because any plant in the world contains bioactive compounds, and probably all plants, no matter how toxic they are, experience herbivory. For example, we tested the activity of extracts and essential oils from Papaver rhoeas and Echium plantagineum against a selection of laboratory pathogens because Great bustards Otis tarda preferred these plants during the mating season, with male fecal droppings showing a higher frequency of P. rhoeas particles than the fecal droppings of females. We hypothesized that P. rhoeas could be helpful for males in the mating season if any part of this plant harbors bioactivity against parasites and other pathogens. Males’ immune system is weakened during the mating season because of their investment in secondary sexual characters and sexual display. As a first exploration of the bioactivity of these plants, we evaluated extracts of both plants against a sample of laboratory models, including a flagellated protozoon (Trichomonas gallinae), a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and a fungus (Aspergillus niger). Non-polar and polar extracts of the aerial parts of P. rhoeas, especially the extracts of flowers and capsules, and the extracts of leaves and flowers of E. plantagineum showed activity against nematodes and trichomonads. The bioactivity of plants against parasites could explain the foraging behavior of stressed animals. The chemical communication underpinning the capacity of fauna to recognize those plants is far less known., Peer reviewed

There are four items: the first one (Climate_Change_Legacies_Rcode) contains the R code to perform the analyses, whereas the other three are databases. The file entitled Climate_Change_Legacies_bray_data is composed by several spreadsheets containing the Bray-Curtis distance data for bacteria (bact) and fungi (fungi) at the end (RS) and during the recovery (RL) from an extreme drought event, the environmental data (data_env) for bacteria and fungi and the metadata. These data were used to evaluate the effect of climate change legacies and a drought event on soil microbial communities. The second file (Climate_Change_Legacies_RS_RL_data) is a database. In the latter item there are three spreadsheets. The spreadsheet "RS_final" contains the resistance data of the different variables to extreme drought. The second spreadsheet "RL_final" contains the resilience data of the different variables to extreme drought. The spreadsheet "Metadata" contains the associated metadata, where a description of all the variables and units can be found. Finally, the dataset Climate_Change_Legacies_Multifunctionality_data also contains three spreadsheets with the data needed to address the effect of climate change legacies on the absolute response of multifunctionality at the end (M_RS spreadsheet) and during the recovery (M_RL spreadsheet) of an extreme drought disturbance. The spreadsheet "Metadata" contains the associated metadata, where a description of all the variables can be found. All the methodological details can be found in the main text of the article., R code and Data from ""Dacal, M; García-Palacios, P.; Asensio, S; Wang, J.; Singh, B.K. & Maestre, F. T. Climate change legacies contrastingly affect the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities and multifunctionality to extreme drought. Functional Ecology . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14000", Peer reviewed

Presence-absence data in southwestern Spain, Peer reviewed

Data from "Ecosystem productivity has a stronger influence than soil age on surface soil carbon storage across global biomes", Peer reviewed

Supplementary Material to Guerra JG, Cabello F, Fernández-Quintanilla C, Peña JM and Dorado J (2022) Plant functional diversity is affected by weed management through processes of trait convergence and divergence. Front. Plant Sci. 13:993051. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993051, Weed management involving tillage and/or herbicides has generally led to a decline of plant diversity in agroecosystems, with negative impacts on ecosystem services provision. The use of plant covers has become the predominant alternative in vineyard management, with numerous studies focusing on analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of plant covers compared to the aforementioned management. Although the impacts of weed management on taxonomic diversity have been widely studied, many gaps remain on their effects on plant functional diversity. As plant functional diversity is linked to the delivery of key ecosystem services in agroecosystems, understanding these effects could enable the development of more sustainable practices. From 2008 to 2018, a long-term trial was carried out in a Mediterranean vineyard to assess different agricultural practices. In this article, we examined how weed management, as well as irrigation use, could affect plant functional diversity. Based on 10 functional traits, such as plant height, specific leaf area or seed mass, we measured different indices of functional diversity and used null models to detect processes of trait convergence and divergence. Our results revealed that weed management and irrigation use had a significant effect on plant functional diversity. Mown plots showed the highest functional richness but were functionally convergent, since mowing was a strong functional filter on most of the traits. Tillage also behaved as a functional filter on some vegetative traits, but favored the divergence of certain reproductive traits. Herbicide-treated and irrigated plots showed the highest values of functional divergence by promoting more competitive species with more divergent trait values. The effect of weed management on these community assembly processes was shaped by the use of irrigation in vineyard rows, leading to functional divergence in those vegetative traits related to resource acquisition and seed mass. These results suggest that greater functional diversity may be associated with the bias caused by higher occurrence of competitive species (e.g. Convolvulus arvensis, Sonchus asper) with contrasting values for certain traits. Therefore, since these species are considered harmful to crops, higher plant functional diversity might not be a desirable indicator in agroecosystems., Peer reviewed

There are three items: the first one (Dacal_et_al_2020_Rcode_final) contains the R code to perform the analyses. The second one (Dacal_et_al_2020_Rcode_readme) contains information about the R and all the packages' versions used in our study, whereas the third one (Dacal_et_al_2020_ResDATA_final) is the database. In the latter item there are two spreadsheets. The spreadsheet "DATA" contains the raw data at a microsite scale. The spreadsheet "METADATA" contains the associated metadata, where a description of all the variables and units can be found. All the methodological details can be found in the article., R code and Data from "Dacal, M., Delgado-Baquerizo,M., Barquero, J., Berhe, A.A., Gallardo, A., Maestre, F. T. & García- Palacios, P. Temperature increases soil respiration across ecosystem types and soil development, but soil properties determine the magnitude of this effect. Ecosystems. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-021-00648-2", Peer reviewed