Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207, La investigación en curso se desarrolla dentro del proyecto ERC Advanced Grant Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 que se lleva a cabo en el Instituto de Historia del CCHS-CSIC, financiado por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea bajo el acuerdo n.º 695515 (2017-2022)., Peer reviewed

Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207, Monografía completa disponible en http://hdl.handle.net/10261/242333
Monográfico: La petrificación de la riqueza: construcción e identidad en la Península ibérica e Italia, siglos XI-XIII., [ES] ntre 1050 y 1300 se produjo una transformación en el Occidente medieval caracterizada por la proliferación de construcciones representativas en piedra. El caso de León es particular porque conserva pocos restos materiales de esta cronología, pero numerosas menciones documentales a edificios. A través de los testimonios de fundación de varios monasterios de comienzos del siglo xi se pretende reconocer si el fenómeno de la petrificación de la riqueza tuvo un inicio temprano en la ciudad. Para esto se ha hecho una
revisión de quiénes fueron los fundadores, con qué recursos contaron, cuál fue la materialidad de los edificios y a qué motivaciones respondieron., [EN] Between 1050 and 1300, a transformation occurred in the mediaeval west, characterized by the proliferation of representative structures in stone. The case of León is unusual because it preserves few remains from this timeframe, but numerous documented mentions of buildings. Through the foundation testimonies of several monasteries at the beginning of the 11th century, the intention is to recognize whether the phenomenon of petrification of wealth had early beginnings in the city. For this purpose, a review of who the founders were, the resources they had, the materiality of the buildings and the motivations
they satisfied has been carried out., Esta investigación se ha desarrollado dentro del proyecto «Petrifying Wealth. The Southern Euro-
pean Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300» del CCHS-CSIC Instituto de Historia, financiado por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea bajo el acuerdo n.º 695515., Peer reviewed

Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207
Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY NC ND 4.0, [ES] lo largo de los siglos xi y xiii, la nobleza invirtió gran parte de su patrimonio en la construcción de edificios, civiles y eclesiásticos, para crear su identidad y memoria. A través del análisis de los restos arquitectónicos, la documentación diplomática, las Inquirições Gerais de 1258 y las obras genealógicas portuguesas se estudiará cómo la nobleza asentada en el territorio transfronterizo entre Bragança, Chaves y Zamora, Toro, Sanabria y Cabrera financió la construcción de casas, castillos, iglesias y monasterios para crear su identidad, memoria e imagen de su poder., [EN] Throughout the 11th and 13th centuries, the nobility invested significant part of their heritage in the construction of buildings, civil and ecclesiastical, to create their identity and memory. Through the analysis of the architectural remains, the diplomatic documentation, The General Inquirições from 1258 and the Portuguese genealogical works, it will be analysed how the nobility settled in the cross-border territory between Bragança, Chaves and Zamora, Toro, Sanabria and Cabrera financed the construction of houses, castles, churches and monasteries in order to create their identity, memory and image of their power., Esta investigación se ha desarrollado dentro del proyecto «Petrifying Weatlh. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300» del CCHS-CSIC, Instituto de Historia, financiado por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea bajo el acuerdo n.º 695515., Peer reviewed

Monografía completa dedicada al proyecto Petrifying Wealth (PETRIFYING WEALTH Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c.1050-1300. Identificador: 695515): https://digital.csic.es/cris/project/pj00207, [ES] El estudio de la construcción y los recursos utilizados para llevar a cabo los edificios erigidos entre los siglos
xi y xiii resulta especialmente interesante porque permite conocer ciertos aspectos de la sociedad medieval que no pueden analizarse de otro modo. En este artículo se presentan los resultados del estudio comparativo de los edificios eclesiásticos construidos en esta cronología en Segovia y Sepúlveda. Ambas poblaciones, próximas entre sí, presentan semejanzas significativas en la tipología arquitectónica y sus elementos más representativos. Sin embargo, existen importantes divergencias en los materiales y técnicas empleados en su construcción, propios del territorio en que se enclavan, pero que también reflejan los cambios sociales y políticos en ambas ciudades a lo largo de este periodo de su historia., [EN] The study of the construction and resources used to build medieval churches between 11th and 13th centuries is particularity interesting since it allows understanding some characteristics of medieval society, which cannot be analysed in any other way. This paper presents the results of the comparative study of ecclesiastical buildings constructed during this chronology in Segovia and Sepúlveda. The architectural typology and some representative structural elements reveal similarities between both cities, located next to each other. However, there are important differences between materials and techniques used in their construction as a result of the place they are located in, and the social and politic changes that took place in this historical period., Esta investigación se ha desarrollado dentro del proyecto «Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300» del CCHS-CSIC Instituto de Historia, financiado por el programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión Europea bajo el acuerdo n.° 695515., Peer reviewed

This article focuses on the different types of people who became housing developers in medieval Catalonia through the assignment in emphyteusis of land for building (“ad construendum domos”). As examples, the article looks at four places of different sizes and jurisdictions which are well enough documented – in some cases with a series of emphyteutic establishments – to permit a diachronic study. In addition to identifying some of the main developers and the kinds of actions they took in each area, the article reviews the beneficiaries of the subsequently allotted or distributed plots, conditions established in the donations, size of plots or other indications regarding construction, materials used, and layout of future dwellings. Although this study is primarily based on published documentary sources, some contributions from the field of archaeology are also considered. Ultimately, it aims to determine the timeline of this phenomenon, that is, the moments when such building activity might have peaked in the context of the demographic and economic growth of the whole period, Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., Peer reviewed

The present paper considers the topic of building cities. This is certainly a well-studied topic, but also a complex one because different factors are involved with regard to the economic, social and political context, often characterized by the appearance of new main characters. This complexity can be analyzed in many manners, including the one of the archaeology of production and building activities.
Starting from the considerable amount of data in the database created between 2013 and 2014 for the project “archeologia della produzione a Roma” (Archaeology of production activities in Rome), the topic will be discussed from a point of view considered particularly interesting: the study of archaeological markers in building materials, and therefore, the study of all those production processes involved in construction activities.
The research will demonstrate how the analysis of physical markers of building activities can record important tracks on different aspects of building, aspects of extreme interest for understanding the city., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., The article, centred on stone architecture and the related issue of construction site organization, is divided into five paragraphs. The first comprises
a synthesis of the main findings in these fields for the architecture of the 8th and 9th centuries, highlighting how the use of stone is mostly connected
to the secular powers that used it mainly for symbolic purposes, employing a number of solutions aimed at evidencing a sort of regularity of the
wall surface, also in relation to a general economy of the construction site, that required the adoption of specific choices in production cycles. The
second paragraph addresses the case study of the site of Vetricella, the centre of an important royal court, in order to demonstrate that, as late as
the end of the 10th century in secular structures, even at sites linked to high-status commissions, the use of wood or mixed materials was still not
indicative of either cultural or social choices. In the third paragraph, the individual case study is compared with other examples from central and
northern Italy, evidencing how, for much of the 11th century, especially in rural areas, the use of stone in civil constructions, although not stoneworking
itself, served to mark out the general layout of sites, thanks also to their more complex design, and the more widespread construction of
towers inside their precincts. In religious architecture, on the other hand, it was between the 10th and 11th centuries that the first experiments took
place in carefully working more refined stone elements. The fourth paragraph contains a series of observations on a possible circuit of building
sites linked to secular and religious structures established between the end of the 10th and the 11th centuries, and characterized by similar choices
as well as construction organization. In the last paragraph, using the previously illustrated findings, a more circumscribed period which saw the
resurgence of stone building is hypothesized, connected to the Ottonian Age and the policies implemented by the public authorities of the time,
with special reference to the March of Tuscia. The fact that, from the second half of the 11th century, secular architecture fell into line with religious
architecture, with the same choices regarding stone-working, in bare wall surfaces unadorned by plaster-work, can be seen as the result of the previous
construction era, and can be interpreted in terms of the need to represent and project both power and wealth, on the part of the local signeurships., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., The essay contains some brief reflections on the contributions of the conference: The Petrified Landscape. The Social History of Europe between the Tenth
and Thirteenth Centuries through the Archaeology of the Built Environment, published in this issue of the Journal, and organized as part of the project
Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (ERC Advanced Grant 695515). Preliminary
discussion concerned what is to be understood by the term “petrification”. The specific contribution of archaeology to this subject is then assessed. From
the essays contained in this volume, a nuanced and complex picture of the times, modes and quantitative incidence of “petrification” has emerged.
Finally, it is possible to note how identifying regional and temporal differences, and differences between the people commissioning the buildings, has
allowed us to advance some hypotheses regarding what were the driving forces behind “petrification”, which would seem to be a complex interweaving
of social, economic and cultural causes. In short, studying the investment in stone/brick and lime-mortar buildings from a comparative perspective,
in terms of space and time, has made it possible to link this phenomenon not necessarily and not only to economic growth, but also to the evolution
of powers, of the social structure as a whole and to the cultural prestige of durable buildings. It would seem that, in phases of economic growth and
productive specialization, petrification is a decidedly consistent phenomenon in those realities where there are strong communities, autonomous but
with internal fierce competition and social mobility. Equally fundamental, however, would seem to have been the cultural and symbolic prestige of
“durable buildings”. In the Italy of the Communes, all of these ingredients seem to have been present, as is well demonstrated by the dozens of historical
centres with high percentages of buildings still conserved today, built between the 11th and 14th centuries. In the same areas, the peasant world is much
more complex, and petrification can be both a symptom of the strength of the rural community and, on the contrary, of increased subjugation. The
Islamic world is obviously very variable, but it can be interesting in comparative terms: at different chronological and geographical heights it would not
seem to give (even in phases of strong economic growth) necessarily a high social value, especially in private construction, to stone and lime buildings., Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019., [EN] Written sources of the kingdoms of Castile-Leon describing processions and royal entries in the 11th-13th Centuries are not commonly found. The absence of such ceremonies makes it difficult to recognize the topography of power through remarkable buildings as well as the hierarchies among their ecclesiastical and secu-lar participants. This absence prevented the kings of Castile and Leon from being seen publicly and visiting some iconic processional spots which provided the right atmosphere for the most solemn rituals in a medieval monarch’s life. King Alfonso VI’s entry into Toledo in 1085 set a new precedent put into practice by his successors during the Christian conquests of al-Andalus cities, which took place until the mid-13th Century. The transformation of the congregational mosques in the conquered cities provided a unique opportunity for victorious monarchs to display their power through the appropriation of urban spaces. The king’s central role in the ecclesiastical rituals of puri-fication and the subsequent control over the fate of the most representative buildings allow these processions to be considered as spatial and ritual phenomena., [ES] No es común encontrar fuentes escritas de los reinos de Castilla y León que describan procesiones y entradas regias en los siglos XI-XIII. La ausencia de tales ceremonias hace que sea difícil reconocer la topografía del poder a través de edificios significativos, así como las jerarquías entre sus participantes eclesiásticos y seculares. Esta ausencia impidió que los reyes de Castilla y León fueran vistos en público y recorrieran algunos itinerarios procesionales emblemáticos que proporcionaban el ambiente propicio para los rituales más solemnes de la vida de un monarca medieval. La entrada del rey Alfonso VI en Toledo en 1085 sentó un nuevo precedente que pusieron en práctica sus sucesores durante las conquistas cristianas de las ciudades de al-Andalus, que se desarrollaron hasta mediados del siglo XIII. La transformación de las mezquitas congregacionales en las ciudades conquistadas brindó una oportunidad única para que los reyes victoriosos desplegaran su poder a través de la apropiación de los espacios urbanos. El papel central del rey en los rituales eclesiásticos de purificación y el posterior control sobre el destino de los edificios más representativos permiten considerar estas procesiones como fenómenos espaciales además de rituales, This monographical section is the result of the collaboration between Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal in the framework of the CSIC Interdisci-plinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cul-tural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis), and funded by the ERC-Ad-vanced Grant Petrifying Wealth: The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (GA Nº 695515), Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, [EN] The urban chronicle of Montpellier known under the nickname of the “Petit Thalamus” (1204-1423) is the oldest one written in a vernacular language all over Western Europe; it contains the narrations of many princely, royal and even pontifical and imperial entries in the town. It allows us to question the emergence and the evolution of a ritual, not so much from the point of view of the monarchy but of the urban authorities. More than the ritual itself, the study of these narrations, compared when possible to other urban sources, reveals the process of memory selection by the consulate of Montpellier, magnifying some of the entries—especially the pontifical one made by Urbain V in 1367—and leaving some others into oblivion. It also highlights the flexibility of a civic ceremony—which can, sometimes, be turned into a mere performance deprived of political meaning—used by the magistrates to reinforce their own power on urban spaces and to inscribe their domination into the streets, the minds of the inhabitants and the memory of the community, [ES] La crónica urbana de Montpellier conocida con el nombre de “Petit Thalamus” (1204-1423), es la más antigua escrita en lengua vernácula en la Europa occidental. Contiene el relato de muchas entradas principescas, regias e incluso pontificias e imperiales, a la ciudad. Nos permite plantearnos la cuestión de la emergencia y la evolución de un ritual, no tanto desde el punto de vista de la monarquía como de las autoridades urbanas. Más que el ritual en sí mismo, el análisis de estos relatos, comparados cuando es posible a otras fuentes urbanas, revela el proceso de la selección de la memoria por parte del consulado de Montpellier, magnificando algunas de las entradas —en particular la pontificia realizada por Urbano V en 1367— y dejando otras en el olvido. También resalta la flexibilidad de una ceremonia cívica —que a veces podía convertirse en una mera representación privada de significado político— utilizada por los magistrados para reforzar su propio poder en los espacios urbanos y para inscribir su dominación en las calles, las mentes de sus habitantes y la memoria de la comunidad., This monographical section is the result of the collaboration between Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal in the framework of the CSIC Interdisci-plinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cul-tural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis), and funded by the ERC-Ad-vanced Grant Petrifying Wealth: The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (GA Nº 695515), Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, [EN] Traditionally, when dealing with the study of urban celebrations in the Middle and Early Modern periods, historiography has accepted the concept of Gesamtkunstwerk to point out the magnificence and diversity of artistic expressions that were part of these ephemeral events. Without totally opposing this idea, reinforced by methodological currents such as the history of emotions, this paper aims to reflect on the concept of urban celebrations. We will provide new perspectives in the study of these performances, especially their short-lived nature, which prevented the people from having access to all the acts and messages that involved these events. To this end, we propose a new approach to documentary and literary sources, from the point of view of the analysis of the Muslim other. We study its visual representation as well as its role as a spectator and active participant, especially as a dancer or musician. This allows us to present a new methodological framework using Valencia as a case study., [ES] Tradicionalmente, al ocuparse del estudio de la fiesta en la edad media y moderna, la historiografía ha aceptado el concepto de obra de arte total para señalar la magnificencia y diversidad de expresiones artísticas que formaron parte de estos eventos efímeros. Sin contraponernos totalmente a esta idea, reforzada por corrientes metodológicas como la historia de las emociones, planteamos este artículo como una reflexión sobre el concepto de fiesta urbana. Para ello, aportaremos nuevas perspectivas de estudio, que tengan en cuenta las características propias de estas celebraciones, en especial su carácter fugaz, lo que impedía que el común de la población tuviese acceso a todos los actos y mensajes que envolvían estos espectáculos. Con tal fin, proponemos un nuevo acercamiento a las fuentes, documentales y literarias, desde el punto de vista del análisis de la alteridad. Nos detendremos en el estudio de la utilización del otro en el aparataje simbólico que envolvía estos actos, además de en su papel no sólo como espectador sino también como participante activo, en especial en el apartado musical. Todo ello nos permitirá un acercamiento novedoso a estos eventos, lo que nos ayudará a conocer mejor a las complejas sociedades en las que se produjeron., This monographical section is the result of the collaboration between Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal in the framework of the CSIC Interdisci-plinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cul-tural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis), and funded by the ERC-Ad-vanced Grant Petrifying Wealth: The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (GA Nº 695515), Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, [EN] The primary focus of this study is Agostinho de Almeida Gato’s extensive account of the celebrations held for the acclamation of John IV of Portugal in 1641 in Cochin. Drawing on studies of the Iberian monarchies as polycentric spaces, intellectual culture in the Estado da Índia and the historiography of early modern Iberian festival culture Gato’s text is analysed as both a testimony to the spectacle that was staged in Cochin and a text addressed to John IV in Portugal. Concerning the history of Cochin, and Portuguese India more broadly, it is argued that the spectacle of kingship staged by the festivities sought to underscore the significance of the oath of loyalty sworn by the population of Portuguese Cochin and address the interweaving of the concerns of the imperial, colonial and indigenous elites. Furthermore, consideration is given to how Gato’s account served as a form of a petition to the king., [ES] El objetivo principal de este estudio es llevar a cabo un análisis de la larga descripción, escrita por Agostinho de Almeida Gato, de las celebraciones que tuvieron lugar en Cochin en 1641 para festejar la aclamación del rey Juan IV de Portugal. A partir de los estudios sobre las monarquías ibéricas como espacios policéntricos, la cultura intelectual en el Estado da Índia y la historiografía acerca de la cultura festiva ibérica en la Edad Moderna temprana, se analiza el texto de Gato como testimonio del espectáculo celebrado en Cochin y como texto dirigido al rey Juan IV de Portugal. Respecto a la historia de Cochin y de la India portuguesa en general, se argumenta que el espectáculo de la realeza escenificado en las fiestas pretendía enfatizar el significado del juramento de lealtad prestado por la población de la Cochin portuguesa y abordar el entramado de las preocupaciones de las elites imperiales, coloniales e indígenas. Además, se examina cómo el relato de Gato sirvió como un tipo de petición al rey., The research for this chapter has been undertaken as part of two research projects funded by the FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia: ‘Public Rituals in the Portuguese Empire (1498-1822)’ PTDC/HAR-HIS/28364/2017; and the postdoctoral research project ‘Representations of political ideology and identity in the visual culture of Portugal and its empire (1621-1668)’ SFRH/BPD/101729/2014., In addition, this article has also been supported by the project ‘Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300’. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement nº 695515)., Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este dossier ha sido coordinado por Ana Rodríguez López y Mercedes García Arenal., This monographical section is based on a selection of the contributions presented at the workshop on Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early Modern Periods, which took place at the CCHS in September 2019, organized by Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal as part of the research activi-ties of the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cultural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis),, This monographical section is the result of the collaboration between Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal in the framework of the CSIC Interdisci-plinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cul-tural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis), and funded by the ERC-Ad-vanced Grant Petrifying Wealth: The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (GA Nº 695515), Peer reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, This study examines the phenomenon of “petrification” in the Adour region of the Pyrenees in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, when the area was governed by the viscounts of Béarn. Petrification refers to the building activity undertaken and maintained in both economic and legal terms by this noble family. Here the focus is on a number of monasteries, churches, abbeys, bridges and roads which were a key factor in the improvement of the road network underpinning the pilgrimage route known as the Camino de Santiago. The main objective of their territorial strategy was to provide a means of crossing the gaves or rivers that crisscross the region from southeast to northwest, carving out the fertile valleys of Ossau, Aspe and Barétous., Peer reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, [EN] On the so-called Teso de las Catedrales stands the ‘Old Cathedral’ of Salamanca. Various architectural elements and location are obvious signs to think about the projection of this building with a military purpose. Starting off of this base, the present article tries to make a study of the salmantina cathedral factory, from a historical, documentary and architectonic point of view, with the purpose of determin-ing the possible projection, materialization and military purpose of the cathedral temple like bastion in the Salamanca city, [ES] Sobre el denominado como Teso de las Catedrales se erige la ‘Catedral Vieja’ de Salamanca. Diversos elementos arquitectónicos y de ubicación llevan a pensar en la proyección de este edificio con una fi-nalidad castrense. Partiendo de esta base, el presente artículo pretende realizar un estudio de la fábrica catedralicia salmantina, desde un punto de vista histórico, documental y arquitectónico, con el fin de determinar la posible proyección, materialización y finalidad castrense del templo catedralicio como baluarte en la ciudad salmantina., Peer reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, The European Petrifying Wealth project addresses the boom in construction that took place in Europe in the first centuries of the 2nd millennium and the social factors related to it. This task involves handling a large amount of information from different sources, for which a spatial relational database has been implemented. Through different spatial and statistical analyses, this article analyses the geographical distribution, and its chronological evolution, of ecclesiastical buildings in the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula between the 10th and 13th centuries. The results show a complex and varied scenario, which is interpreted in light of different historical phenomena, such as the emergence and development of political entities, the conquest and repopulation of new territories, or the formation of economic, territorial and cultural networks, Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] After touching on the problem of a precise date for the architecture in question, which is vital for any historical interpretation, I discuss a number of parameters for a social analysis, starting with their “appeal”, able to produce a scenario adorned by specific “narrations”. Scenes and narrations mostly relating to religion (relics of saints whose deeds are described in the Legendary Lives, inscriptions, and depictions of their lives and miracles), but which were also expressed in the monumental architecture that attested to the prestige of the people who had built them. In the second part, I present three examples of monumental architecture which, being mentioned in the written sources, can be attributed to actual individuals, and whose aims, social context and actions as benefactors can be explored. The first is Gauslino, a fidelis of Emperor Otto I, who chose him in 964 as bishop of Padua, and his ambitious project, based on inventiones of saints connected to religious architecture of the past, to restore to the episcopate – and thus also to the city – its lost prestige and lost role. The second outlines the strategies of some senior officials of the Empire, in particular the Obertenghi dynasty, in whose 11th century constructions one sees the aim of promoting a personal and dynastic power in the lower Adige. The third dwells on the the social dynamics in the central Alpine sector between the 12th and 13th centuries; protagonists in these are bishops, abbots, vassals and communities, and they find their expression in the flourishing of castles, the subject of power clashes and mediation. Finally, in the conclusions, I underline the limitations of an analysis that is overly influenced by the gaps in our knowledge of the material culture and economic and social context of the period in question., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] In the territory corresponding to present-day Liguria, slightly smaller in size than the territorial state built by the famous Maritime Republic of Genoa, there is an abundance of evidence of stone and lime mortar walls, the subject of archaeological investigations. Therefore we have a dated series of wall types that can be placed in relation to the social classes that commissioned their construction, and to their extraordinary mobility in the medieval period. While the built landscape consisted essentially of wood, even in cities, in the early medieval period, between the 10th and 11 th centuries structures in lime mortar began to be built, although limited to the dominant classes: city walls, bishops' residences, and churches. From the mid-12th century, a class of mercatores was formed, who became rich with the Crusades, and these often corresponded to the consular aristocracy. lt changed the face of the city by introducing stonework made of large square blocks, both in their residences (houses and towers) and in collective structures (the city walls and quay). Linked to the work of the magistri Antelami, squared stonework also spread to strategic points in the surrounding territory, becoming the symbol of the Dominant City. Rural signeurships show their resistance to the territorial construction process imposed by the Comune of Genoa, and adopt a completely different kind of masonry in their castles, made up of small wall materials. In the 14th century, the adoption of squared masonry work, from the Antelami school, also extended to rural communities, that began to adopt it in their most important churches or in the first rural houses built of masonry, that are attested since the end of the 14th century., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] As of the period hetween the end of the 10th century and the start of the 11 th, hoth the internal structures of residencial zones and actual houses themselves changed significantly. Instead of heing generally irregular residential districts, they became orderly nuclei, which it has been claimed were often the result of a full-scale planning scheme. Houses saw changes in their size and their construction techniques. The layout of dwellings became much more regular, with a very clear parten in the ratio between long sides and short sides. At the same time, in sorne cases one also notes an initial resumption of the use of stone in the construction of prestige residences. In the written sources, this rypology seems to find a specific parallel in the casae solariatae, references to which become much more numerous as of the full lüth century, befare gradually increasing in the following century. T urning our gaze to later medieval buildings, especially 11 th and 12th century buildings, it is possible to find examples that still survive that belong to the same type of residence as the previous centuries. It is likely that these buildings, since the initial commissions by the major secular and ecclesiastical land-owners, spread over the course of the 11 th century, and in the 12th century too, among the social classes of the local aristocracy., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] This paper analyzes the shift from reused stone material, wood and earth to quarry stone and newly produced bricks in buildings from the 10th to the 13th centuries. Transformations in the economy and society are taken into account, also evaluating the phenomena of social mobility and the emulation of aristocracies by the emerging classes (in architectural models and in the use of ancient sarcophagi). The territory looked at is northern Tuscany. Forty-two si tes are considered, which include towns, castles and lowland villages. The focus is on residential structures and fortifications, while religious buildings, which continued to be almost always stone-built throughout the medieval period, are not discussed. The findings show that the city, the seat of public power, was the privileged place for investment in buildings made of stone, which, from the middle of the 11th century, was once again quarried. From this time on, and especially from the 12th century, economic and demographic growth, combined with a greater aristocratic capacity to exploit resources and men, allowed a more widespread use of stone materials in the countryside too, where aristocratic groups had also started living again on a more permanent basis. In the 12th century brick was also produced once again, first in urban centres and, from the end of the century, in rural areas., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] In central and northern Puglia, the period between the second half of the 10th and the first half of the 11 'h century stands as a crucial moment for the return to the use of stone in building. However, only from the end of the 11 th century, and especially in the 12th, starting with religious architecture, did more sophisticated stone-working spread ( characterized by dressed stone blocks and carefully finished surfaces). This is an indicator of new building practices, probably connected with the circulation of skilled itinerant workers in the Norman South, also from France, and with the experience of the large monastic construction projects activated in central and southern ltaly, of 'international' type. This interpretative approach is supported by a series of archaeological findings in central and northern Puglia, presented in the text, having their place in a wider context that finds parallels also in other parts of southern Italy. With regard to residential buildings, the evidence indicares a significant use of stone in major urban centres since the 1 Oth-11 th centuries, even in simple domestic buildings, although combined with other materials, including perishable ones. On the other hand, in secondary centres and in the countryside, long-standing customs, the product of traditional skills, seem to be prolonged, probably managed in an independent, self-sufficient way by the communities themselves. The text offers an interpretation of the contexts in which these trends developed, and at the same time poses questions regarding the socio-economic, cultural and material dynamics which may explain their origins and later developments., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] The medieval period in Andorra is the period that has prompted che greatest interese as an object of historical research. Despite major contributions made by several researchers, sorne key aspects closely related to the process of landscape petrification, such as the organization of the habitat, architecture, or the overall configuration of the villages, have always remained in the background, and have been treated only tangentially. lt must be said that the reasons for this superficial treatment have been due to che absence of excavations of habitat areas. Indeed, until a little more than ten years ago, our knowledge of the habitat, its organization, che way it was structured, and che buildings themselves, was reduced to a series of place-names, and a catalogue of26 churches dating back to the medieval period. The excavation of sites such as the Camp Vermell, or Roureda de la Margineda, and the development of surveying and excavation programmes in high mountain areas in the parishes of Ordino, Encamp and in che Madriu-Perafita-Claror valley, have allowed us to broaden our knowledge of the architecture and its evolution, which, together with previous information and a review of che documentation, has enabled us to outline an approach to the birth and gestation of medieval hamlets, and the process of landscape petrification in the Andorran valleys., [ES] El período medieval en Andorra ha sido el que ha suscitado un mayor interés como objeto de investigación histórica. Pese a las brillantes aportaciones realizadas por diferentes investigadores, algunos aspectos clave estrechamente relacionados con el proceso de petrificación del paisaje, como puedan ser la organización del hábitat, la arquitectura o la configuración general de los espacios aldeanos, han quedado siempre en un segundo plano y se han tratado de un modo muy tangencial. Cabe decir que, en gran medida, los motivos de este tratamiento superficial se han debido a la ausencia de excavaciones de zonas de hábitat. Efectivamente, hasta hace poco más de diez años nuestro conocimiento sobre el hábitat, su organización y su articulación o sobre la arquitectura misma, se reducía a una serie de topónimos y un catálogo de 26 iglesias que hunden sus raíces entre la alta y plena edad media. La excavación de yacimientos como el Camp Vermell, o la Roureda de la Margineda y el desarrollo de programas de prospección y excavación en zonas de alta montaña en las parroquias de Ordino, Encamp y en el Val] del Madriu-Perafita-Claror, nos han permitido ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la arquitectura y su evolución, lo que unido al conocimiento previo y a una revisión de la documentación ha posibilitado que podamos esbozar una aproximación sobre la gestación de las aldeas medievales y el proceso de petrificación del paisaje en los valles andorranos., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] In this paper, we analyse the process of "petrification'' of medieval religious architecture in territorial contexts that do not have urban centres, or centres of power of a certain size, where a range of competing agents interacted with each other. In particular, we look at a sector of the Ebro river valley (Alava and Treviño), located on the margins of the state powers that dominated northern Iberia in the early medieval period. Adopting a long-term perspective, technological aspects, the social groups involved, and the meanings of the local churches built in the 9th and 13th centuries are considered. Three main periods are identified, characterised by the "petrification'' of power, the "petrification'' of wealth, and the "petrification'' of collective identities in the context of the emergence of new local and regional powers, with the rule of the bishops coming to the fore, and the redefinition of local communities in terms of parishes. lt is concluded that there is no simple and direct correlation between resources, technology, and social obligations to monumentalise churches, as the phenomenon of the "petrification'' of churches is a fairly complex one, in geographical and chronological terms., [ES] Este trabajo tiene como fin analizar el proceso de "petrificación'' de las arquitecturas religiosas medievales en territorios carentes de centros urbanos o de centros de poder de una cierta dimensión en los que coexisten una diversidad de agentes y de sujetos en tensión. Para ello se toma en consideración un tramo del valle del Ebro (el territorio de Álava y el enclave de Treviño) situado en los márgenes de los poderes centrales que han dominado el noroeste hispano en época alta y plenomedieval. Adoptando una perspectiva de larga duración, se analizan las tecnologías empleadas, los grupos sociales implicados y los significados atribuidos a la construcción de iglesias privadas a lo largo de los siglos IX y XIII. En consecuencia, se diferencian tres períodos caracterizados por la "petrificación" del poder, la "petrificación" de la riqueza y la "petrificación" de las identidades colectivas en el contexto de la emergencia de nuevos poderes locales, subregionales y regionales, la afirmación territorial del dominio episcopal y la reconfiguración de las comunidades locales en términos parroquiales. Se concluye que no existe una correlación simple e inmediata entre riqueza, capacidad o voluntad de invertir en monumentalizar esta riqueza y la sofisticación de las tecnologías empleadas, ya que el fenómeno de la "petrificación'' del artefacto eclesiástico adquiere connotaciones muy diferentes a lo largo de los siglos analizados., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] In this study we present initial progress in the archaeological analysis of a specific type of sculptural production, namely openings in walls to let light into churches (windows and lattice-work), dating to the early medieval period. They are considered as possible markers of the technical processes, and social contexts, behind their commission, and their production, in 9th-11 th century Galicia. We begin with a review, and a study, of a total of 65 windows that are systematically analysed from the point of view of the archaeology of production: the archaeological context, form of production, models, workshops, and possible chronologies. Despite the problems associated with this survey, and its heterogeneity, the results show a similar social and production context for most of the pieces, indicating a limited but intense period of "wealth petrification" in this area during the first half of the 10rh century, the importance of which we believe has not been duly appreciated until now, and which becomes increasingly dear as one studies the archaeological and written record., [ES] En este trabajo presentamos los primeros avances en el análisis arqueológico de un tipo de producción escultórica concreta como son los vanos de iluminación de las iglesias (ventanas y celosías) de época altomedieval, entendidos como posibles trazadores de los procesos técnicos y los contextos sociales que se esconden detrás de su encargo y elaboración en la Galicia de los siglos IX-XI. Partimos para ello de la recopilación y estudio de un total de 65 vanos que son analizados sistemáticamente desde el punto de vista de la arqueología de la producción: contexto arqueológico, forma de producción, modelos, talleres y posibles cronologías. A pesar de los problemas y heterogeneidad de este tipo de registro, los resultados muestran un contexto social y productivo similar para la mayoría de las piezas que remite a un acotado pero intenso período de "petrificación de la riqueza'' en este territorio durante la primera mitad del siglo X, cuya relevancia creemos que no ha sido hasta ahora debidamente valorada, y que se muestra de forma cada vez más clara al estudiar el registro arqueológico y escrito., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] The tradition of stone construction in Catalonia dates back to protohistoric times, and displays an uninterrupted continuity right up to the present day. In this study, we set out to show the ways in which stone resources were used in the construction of various different buildings from the 6th century clown to the 11 'h century. We will analyse structures designed to adapt the local territory, constructions linked to the habitar, fortifications, and buildings used as places of worship. We are especially interested in showing the types of stone used in constructions, the areas where they were quarried, the way they were worked, and the various different techniques for laying the stone blocks, the bonding agents and materials, as well as materials used to cover the wall surfaces. This analysis should allow us to establish the distinguishing characteristics of buildings linked to lower-status constructions, as distinct from those connected to élite groups. Archaeological evidence will the 11th century, and in the 12th century too, among the social classes of the local aristocracy., [ES] La tradición de la construcción en piedra en Catalunya se remonta a tiempos protohistóricos y presenta una continuidad ininterrumpida hasta nuestros días. En este estudio nos proponemos mostrar las formas como fueron utilizados los recursos pétreos en la construcción de edificaciones diversas desde el siglo VI hasta el siglo XI. Analizaremos estructuras de adecuación del territorio, las construcciones vinculadas al hábitat, las fortificaciones y edificaciones de carácter cultual. Nos interesa especialmente mostrar los tipos de piedra que fueron utilizados en las construcciones, las zonas de extracción, el labrado y las distintas técnicas de colocación de los sillares, los materiales de unión, así como los recubrimientos. Este análisis nos deberá permitir establecer las características diferenciadoras de las edificaciones vinculadas a las construcciones populares de aquellas que están relacionadas con las élites. Las evidencias arqueológicas nos aportaran los datos necesarios para abordar estos objetivos por lo que consultaremos bibliografía específica de distintos yacimientos seleccionados para tal fin. Los criterios de selección se fundamentan en dos principios básicos: los restos conservados y la calidad y detalle de la información que los investigadores correspondientes nos ofrecen en sus publicaciones., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., [EN] Building techniques in al-Andalus have been the subject of research on numerous occasions. Two are the most prominently studied: ashlar from Umayyad period, and rammed earth. However, despite many mentions in the literature, there are few systematic works on them and, above all, there is much confusion regarding their descriptions and nomenclature, with few common approaches. On top of this, there is a scarcity of stratigraphic analysis linked to these building techniques. This problem exists in the case of the most important fortifications and monumental architecture, but it is even more serious when it comes to the study of more simple domestic or productive buildings, for which there is a total absence of documentation, frequently due to the low leve! of attention, and lack of characterization of their building techniques and materials. Nevertheless, we can observe a significant evolution in relation to forms of expression of power, and the expression of the cultural models of Islamic al-Andalus. These models differ not only from those of feudal Christian Europe, but also from the tradition of the Eastern Mediterranean, creating a unique identity in the Islamic medieval West, on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar., [ES] Las técnicas constructivas en al-Andalus han sido objeto de atención en numerosas ocasiones. Dos han sido principalmente las más destacadas: la sillería de época Omeya y el tapial. Sin embargo, a pesar de las numerosas menciones son muy pocos los trabajos sistemáticos sobre ellas y, sobre todo, existe mucha descoordinación y confusión en cuanto a las nomenclaturas y descripciones. A esto se le suma la falta de lecturas estratigráficas a las que poder anclar esas fábricas. El problema es importante en el caso de las fortificaciones y edificios más monumentales, pero en el ámbito de la documentación de estructuras domésticas o productivas más sencillas existe un auténtico vacío por la falta de atención y caracterización de técnicas y materiales constructivos. Aún así, puede apreciarse una cierta evolución que resulta muy significativa en relación a las formas de expresión del poder y los modelos culturales del mundo islámico andalusí, que no sólo diferirán con el tiempo de los patrones propios del mundo cristiano feudal, sino también de la tradición del Mediterráneo oriental, creando una identidad propia en el ámbito del Occidente islámico medieval a ambos lados del Estrecho de Gibraltar., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., This article sets out to illustrate the state of knowledge as regards building materials and construction techniques in medieval religious architecture in south-west France, with a focus on the 10th to 13th centuries. lt appears that churches in this region were often built directly in durable materials, since the start of Antiquity, and that the impression of a multiplication of places of worship in the 11th and 12th centuries may derive not so much from a process of "petrification'' as from an impression given by the written sources, and from a desire to monumentalize on the part of the Church, and its desire for control. The article addresses questions relating to the choice of materials (stone, brick, and pebbles, as well as stone that was reused, collected, or quarried), and then the question of walls made in petit appareil (small stone blocks), in the 10th and 11th centuries, those made of mixed materials, and, finally, and more briefly, buildings constructed using medium-sized, dressed blocks. This discussion, which is far from exhaustive, is based on general facts and information, and on a few, better documented examples, so as to illustrate the subject of study in more concrete terms. Keywords: religious architecture, south-west France, medieval period, building materials, building techniques., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., Early medieval monumental buildings in Poland, east of the river Vistula, are very scarce. The earliest, dating back to the beginning of the 11 'h century, appears to be a stone palatium and rotunda on the Castle Hill in Przemysl. Much later, starting in the 13th century, brick was introduced for building purposes. Important evidence for tracking changes in the evolution of building materials and techniques, particularly in the transition from stone to brick, is provided by research on the Cathedral Hill in Chelm. Chelm was the centre of the Galych-Volyn Duchy from the 13th century. In that century it was rebuilt by Prince Daniel Romanowich, and it became his main residence, as well as the real capital of the Galych-Volyn Princedom. Despite the efforts of scholars, questions relating to the original plan of the residential complex, as well its evolution in time, remained unresolved for many years. Interdisciplinary studies resulting from two projects, carried out in 2010-2018, make it possible to present a hypothesis regarding the Chelm residential complex, including its transformations over time. Studies carried out in Chelm give us the opportunity to follow the evolution of building materials and techniques, from opus quadratum -through rubble masonry, a combination of materials (stone-brick-wood), to the use of brick only -which was observed for example in the Chelm basilica, founded around the middle of the 13th century. Detailed analyses showed that the main material used in the construction of residential buildings was sandstone, including green glauconitite. The organisers of the building projects recruited highly skilled builders who were experienced in using the stone available in the Chelm region. According to our research, the fundamental changes in monumental buildings, sited east of the Vistula River, took place in a relatively short period of time -between ca. 1240 and 1253. So far, Chelm has provided the earliest evidence of the use of Romanesque brick in secular and religious architecture. Therefore, the discoveries in Chelm are a convenient starting-point for researchers interested in the beginnings of brick architecture in central Europe., Peer reviewed

Actas del congreso Il paesaggio pietrificato. La storia sociale dell’Europa tra X e XIII secolo attraverso l’archeologia del costruito (Arezzo, 7-8 febbraio 2020). Este congreso fue celebrado en el ámbito del proyecto ERC: Petrifying Wealth. The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in identity, c.1050-1300. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 4.0., High status buildings were using stone (recycled Roman materials initially) from the 7th and 8th centuries, and stone churches, small and large, proliferated after 900. Early town fortifications and the first castles were of earth and timber, but more stone was used during the 11th and 12th centuries. Aristocratic houses were mainly timber up to 1200, but more stone was used in the 12th century. The analysis of peasant buildings presented here is based on 120 excavated sites mostly of the period 1000-1400, a few standing buildings dated to the 13th century, and a little documentary evidence. Buildings used both timber and stone, and to draw the distinction any building with stone foundations is identified as 'stone'. Buildings with pad stones belong in an intermediate category. Mapping shows that in the 12th century almost all peasant buildings were of timber. A map of c.1300 shows stone buildings in the great majority, extending over most regions, with the exception of East Anglia and parts of the east midlands. A revolution had transformed peasant houses after c.1200. As well as stone foundations, new types of timber framing were adopted. Changes in buildings belonged to a package of changes including peasants' market engagement and increased specialisation of labour. The new buildings were an aspect of peasant consumer spending. Peasants paid for the work, especially for the employment of artisans. Cultural preferences and status seeking are considered as motives. In Scotland a stone building tradition established before 1000 continued through the medieval period., Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, [EN] This article evaluates the significance of processions in Byzantine Constantinople and the role of dancing within them. Evidence is drawn from literary sources concerning imperial, church-sponsored, guild, hippodrome and more spontaneous urban processions, as well as from material culture. Medieval Constantinople saw a large number of processions, perhaps two a week, and they traversed all areas of the city. They were noisy affairs, accompanied by chanting, acclamations and, often, musical noise, so that even when they were not directly visible, they were audible more or less everywhere in the city. Dancing was incorporated in all but liturgical processions (though it may also have been part of these, on occasion). Processions could create a sense of urban unity, or become expressions of conflict: audience participation was normal and sometimes violent. Hence one key-though unofficial-the role played by processions in the Byzantine capital was to give voice to the urban population., [ES] El artículo analiza el significado de las pro-cesiones en la Constantinopla bizantina y el papel del baile en ellas. Las evidencias están extraídas tanto de fuentes literarias relativas a procesiones imperiales, eclesiásticas, gremiales, de hipódromos, como de fuentes de cultura material. En la Constantinopla medieval se celebraba un gran número de procesiones, tal vez dos por semana, y recorrían todas las zonas de la ciudad. Eran acontecimientos ruidosos, acompañados de cánticos, aclamaciones y, a menudo, de música, de tal manera que, incluso cuando no eran directamente visibles, eran audibles más o menos en toda la ciudad. El baile se incorporaba en todas las procesiones menos en las litúrgicas (aunque ocasionalmente también podía formar parte de estas). Las procesiones podían crear una sensación de unidad urbana o convertirse en expresiones de conflicto: la participación del público era normal y, a veces, violenta. De ahí que una función clave –aunque no oficial– de las procesiones en la capital bizantina fuera la de dar voz a la población urbana., Peer reviewed

Dossier con las presentaciones del congreso Processions and Royal Entries in the Petrification of Space during the Medieval and Early. Modern Periods, Organizado por Ana Rodríguez y Mercedes García Arenal em el Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales - CSIC, Madrid, 23-24 de septiembre 2019. Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, [EN] This paper discusses supplicatory liturgical processions (litae) and their routes in eleventh-century Constantinople by examining a hitherto neglected source; the eleventh-century Praxapostolos Dresden A104. References to supplicatory processions found in this source are examined in comparison with one of the most important sources on Byzantine ceremonial: the tenth-century kanonarion-synaxarion known as the Typikon of the Great Church. By comparing the evidence relating to the use of sites within the city during commemorations that included a procession in these two sources it is possible to draw some conclusions in terms of the way the litanic landscape changed between the tenth and eleventh centuries. The paper aims to present new evidence relating to the way annually commemorative processions were performed in Byzantine Constantinople., [ES] Este artículo discute las procesiones suplicatorias litúrgicas (litae) y las rutas procesionales en la Constantinopla del siglo XI mediante el examen de una fuente hasta ahora descuidada: el Praxapostolos Dresden A104 del siglo XI. Las referencias a las procesiones suplicatorias que proporciona esta fuente, se discute en comparación con una de las fuentes más importantes del ceremonial bizantino: el kanonarion-synaxarion del siglo X conocido con el nombre de Typikon de la Gran Iglesia. Al comparar la evidencia relativa al uso de los lugares urbanos durante las conmemoraciones que incluían una procesión en estas dos fuentes, es posible extraer algunas conclusiones en cuanto a la forma en que cambió el paisaje litánico entre los siglos X y XI. El artículo pretende presentar nuevas pruebas relativas al modo en que se realizaban las procesiones conmemorativas anuales en la Constantinopla bizantina, This monographical section is the result of the collaboration between Ana Rodríguez and Mercedes García-Arenal in the framework of the CSIC Interdisci-plinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Historia Social y Cul-tural del Mediterráneo: Contextos locales y dinámicas globales (PTI-MEDhis), and funded by the ERC-Ad-vanced Grant Petrifying Wealth: The Southern European Shift to Masonry as Collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300 (GA Nº 695515), Peer reviewed

Este artículo se centra en examinar las fuentes que sirvieron para financiar la construcción de la segunda catedral románica de la Seu d’Urgell a lo largo del siglo XII. La información utilizada proviene de los donativos ad opera, cuyo estudio ha interesado a los historiadores del arte, pero no desde el punto de vista económico. Además de tener en cuenta la cronología y la identidad social de los donadores, analizamos la tipología de recursos transferidos así como la forma cómo se gestionaron a raíz de la aparición e institucionalización de la figura del obrero. La Seu d’Urgell es un buen ejemplo de lo que pudo ocurrir en otras catedrales catalanas que fueron construidas (o reconstruidas) en esa misma época, pero para las cuales existe mucha menos documentación del tipo que se analiza aquí., este trabajo fue elaborado en el marco del proyecto “petrifying Wealth: the Southern european Shift to masonry as collective Investment in Identity, c. 1050-1300”, financiado porel consejo europeo de Investigación (erc) dentro del programa de investigación e innovación Ho- rizonte 2020 de la Unión europea (acuerdo de subvención 695515), Peer reviewed