Data Collection Consortium: et al., Data Descriptor., Roadkill is widely recognized as one of the primary negative effects of roads on many wildlife species and also has socioeconomic impacts when they result in accidents. A comprehensive dataset of roadkill locations is essential to evaluate the factors contributing to roadkill risk and to enhance our comprehension of its impact on wildlife populations and socioeconomic dimensions. We undertook a compilation of roadkill records, encompassing both published and unpublished data gathered from road surveys or opportunistic sources. GLOBAL ROADKILL DATA includes 208,570 roadkill records of terrestrial vertebrates from 54 countries across six continents, encompassing data collected between 1971 and 2024. This dataset serves to minimise the collection of redundant data and acts as a valuable resource for local and macro scale analysis regarding rates of roadkill, road- and landscape-related features associated with risk of roadkill, vulnerability of species to road traffic, and populations at risk of local extinction. The objective of this dataset is to promote scientific progress in infrastructure ecology and terrestrial vertebrate conservation while limiting the socio-economic costs., This dataset was developed as part of the RISKY project—Wildlife Mortality from Energy and Transport Infrastructure—funded by OSCARS (Open Science Clusters’ Action for Research and Society) under the European Commission’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101129751). Additionally, the development of this dataset was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 857251). Further support was provided by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) (Grant CG - 2022.00579.CEECIND) and a grant awarded to TN from National Funds (UIDP/50027/2020) within the BIOPOLIS Association., Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) through the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Program (IJC2019-039662-I), Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Talent Attraction fellowship from the Autonomous Community of Madrid (CAM), Spain (2022-T1_AMB-24025); Agencia Andaluza de Cooperación Internacional (Junta de Andalucía), Center for Wildlife Studies, company Eixo-SP and company Arteris Intervias, Comunidad de Madrid (2018-T1/AMB-10374 and 2022-5 A/AMB-24242 to RB), Consejería Medio Ambiente (Junta de Andalucia)., Peer reviewed

The global transition toward renewable energy is demanding a massive expansion of electric grids worldwide. By 2040, more than 80 million km of powerlines will need installation or upgrading globally. Such grid expansion can heavily impact biodiversity if not planned properly. Integrating benefits for human well-being, climate change mitigation and biodiversity impacts is key to ensuring equitable and sustainable development. Current regulations prioritize rapid development over sustainability. Based on our review of biodiversity targets in NBSAPs prior to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, only 2% of parties explicitly addressed grid impact mitigation, suggesting that grid expansion has received limited attention in biodiversity planning. In order to foster mainstreaming of biodiversity into sustainable grid expansion, this paper suggests the following three lines of policy interventions focusing on different levels of action: decision making and planning, financing, and engagement of citizens with decision makers. This concerted approach aims to help harmonize energy infrastructure expansion with biodiversity conservation, fostering a more sustainable pathway for renewable-based energy systems., FA was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia: 2022.01773.CEECIND, UID/00329/2025, LA/P/0121/2020 (https://doi.org/10.54499/LA/P/0121/2020). MDA was funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Program, grant IJC2019-039662-I. LMN was funded by Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions program – grant No 101106872., Peer reviewed

21 pages, 4 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70293.-- Data Availability statement: A list of articles on global change drivers in Doñana Protected Area has been provided as supporting information. No other data has been used in this article, Historically, Mediterranean systems, particularly the Mediterranean Basin, have been substantially impacted by multiple regional-scale disturbances resulting from complex interactive effects of global-change drivers. However, such effects are typically studied on isolated groups of organisms, often disregarding how ecological processes such as biotic interactions affect ecosystem responses to global change. We use the Doñana Protected Area, one of the most important wetlands and shrublands in Europe, as a well-documented case study to highlight how regional anthropogenic pressures simultaneously affect various interacting species, creating cascading impacts across trophic webs on different ecosystems. Using two examples representing the role of key habitat-structuring species on ecosystem processes, the cork oak (Quercus suber) and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), we show how decreases in abundance of such key species due to interlinked direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures can alter multitrophic communities—but not always negatively, as other species can adapt to the loss of key species. We also use two examples of species that have flourished under human pressures, the native wild boar (Sus scrofa) and invasive red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and how increases in their abundance have had complex impacts on ecosystems. We then discuss, based on the outcomes of actual conservation actions, how management targeted at single species or taxa is ineffective for ecosystem functioning, as it ignores complex interlinks with other components of the system. Instead, the ecosystem-wide impacts of gains and losses of interacting species serve as an excellent empirical example for the need for conservation management and research agenda that account for the complexity of global change in the Mediterranean, Maria Paniw was supported by the grants RYC2021-033192-I and PID-2022-141004OA-100; Irene Mendoza by the grants PID2020-115129RJI00 and TED2021-129871A-I00 by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2021 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101064340 to Virginia Domínguez-García. María José Ruiz-López was supported by the grant PID2020-118921RJ-I00; Javier Puy by grant FJC2020-042954-I by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR”; Laetitia M. Navarro, Alberto García-Rodríguez, Elena Tena, José M. Reyes-González, Simone Guareschi, Pablo Homet, Pablo Villalva and Eva Moracho were funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation project through European Regional Development Fund (SUMHAL, LIFEWATCH-2019-09-CSIC-4, POPE 2014–2020). Cosme López-Calderón was supported by Juan de la Cierva fellowship (FJC2019-042541-I). Elena Velado-Alonso received funding from the project SHOWCASE (SHOWCASing synergies between agriculture, biodiversity and ecosystem services to help farmers capitalizing on native biodiversity) within the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 862480. Cristina Coccia acknowledges the support of NBFC to Roma Tre University, under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP), Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4—Call for Tender No. 3138 of 16 December 2021, rectified by Decree No. 3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union—NextGenerationEU. Project Code CN00000033, Concession Decree No. 1034 of 17 June 2022 adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research, CUP F83C22000730006. Alberto García-Rodríguez, Elena Tena, and Iñigo Donázar-Aramendía were additionally supported by the EU-NextGenerationEU funds through the 2021–2023 Margarita Salas call for the requalification of the Spanish university system, convened by the Universidad de León, Universidad de Salamanca, and Universidad de Sevilla, respectively. Sebastiano de Franciscis was funded by the Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PAIDI 2020) of Junta de Andalucía (PY20\_00765) granted to M.A.F. Zulima Tablado was supported by the NaturaConnect project within the Horizon Europe funding scheme (Grant agreement ID: 101060429). Marcello D'Amico was supported by the Juan de la Cierva Incorporación Program from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (IJC2019-039662-I), and the project “Plan Complementario de I+D+i en el área de Biodiversidad (PCBIO)” funded by the European Union within the framework of the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan—NextGenerationEU and by the Regional Government of Andalusia, This work contributes to the Institut de Ciències del Mar "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation CEX2024-001494-S funded by AEI 10.13039/501100011033 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Peer reviewed