We explored pollinator dynamics and their floral visits to ornamental plants over 12 consecutive months in 15 parks in the Mediterranean city of Seville (Spain), Agencia Estatal de Investigación: PID2021-122690OB-I00, Peer reviewed

The study was conducted between October 2021 and September 2022 in 15 urban green areas (i.e., parks) within the city of Seville, in southern Spain. In this city, owing to gardening and consistently warm temperatures throughout the year, floral resources are available nearly year-round. In each park, a 20 m-wide sampling transect which covered the entire park area was established and within it, flowering ornamental woody plant species (both native and non-native) were sampled once a month. In sum, in each park flowering plant species which attracted pollinators were sampled across the entire area of the park. Each month, for each plant species, pollinators were sampled in two censuses located in two randomly selected plants along the park. In a census, a 10-minute pollinator observation over a 1 m2 area of the flowering plant species was conducted. Within a census any Hymenoptera, Diptera (>3 mm size), Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (>3 mm size) that contacted any reproductive part of a flower was identified and counted, avoiding double counting. Most specimens were identified visually in the field to the lowest possible taxonomic level, except 7.5% of them that were captured for identification in the laboratory with the help of an expert (Francisco P. Molina). Total sampling was 258 hours across 64 days., Overall, the plant-pollinator analyses were based on 62 plant taxa (44 non-native and 16 native). Although our aim was to focus at the plant species resolution level, we grouped 17 plant taxa by genus because there was a mix of species and hybrids with cryptic floral traits, which we assumed were equally attractive to pollinators. These plants were visited by 8422 pollinators belonging to 173 pollinator taxa (99 Hymenoptera, 57 Diptera, 12 Lepidoptera, 5 Coleoptera), 71% identified at the species level.
In some parks and months, no plant-pollinator interactions were recorded or only a single plant taxon was involved, precluding network construction. To address this limitation, we grouped sampling months by plant flowering phenology, using the. Jaccard similarity index (‘vegdist’ function, vegan R package) to quantify compositional dissimilarities in flowering taxa across months. This analysis identified four distinct temporal clusters of three consecutive months: (1) February–April, (2) May–July, (3) August–October, and (4) November–January. We used these periods in subsequent analyses to construct four temporal networks per park, except for Álvaro Diamantino (periods 1 and 4) and Miguel Mañara parks (periods 2-4), where plant diversity was insufficient (< 2 taxa).
To estimate sampling completeness of interaction diversity for each park and period, we used the Chao1 estimator of species richness. We calculated sampling completeness as the ratio of the observed and to estimate richness of pollinators, using the iNext R package., This research was supported by the project RADIOPOPO (PID2021-122690OB-I00)
funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE., Datospolinizadores_parquesSevilla.csv; Table_interactions.csv; Beta_diversity_ms.R; Betweenness_centrality_ms.R; Co_flowering_ms.R; Network_parameters_ms.R; Sampling_completeness_ms.R, Peer reviewed