BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[EN] The study of specimens of Epicauta held at the collection of the Museo del Instituto de Zoología Aplicada (MIZA, Venezuela) allowed us to discover specimens with singular morphological traits from the states of Lara and Falcón. The characters shown by these specimens do not permit to assign them to any of the known species of the genus, and thus we consider that they represent a new species: Epicauta falcolarandina sp. nov. The new species is included in the Epicauta vittata species group. E. falcolarandina differs at first glance from all other Venezuelan species of the E. vittata species group (Epicauta aragua and Epicauta apure) because it presents the ventral blade of the tarsal claws curved and of similar width and length than the dorsal one. The characteristic coloration pattern of E. falcolarandina, which vaguely resembles the pattern displayed by Epicauta leopardina, differs from all other species of the E. vittata species group. A particular trait of E. falcolarandina, shared with Epicauta abadona, is that the coloration of the pilosity does not match the color of the tegument. Most of the surface of the elytra of E. falcolarandina, including almost all dark zones, is covered by a whitish-yellow pilosity., [ES] El examen de ejemplares del género Epicauta de la colección del Museo del Instituto de Zoología Aplicada (MIZA, Venezuela) nos permitiódetectar la presencia de ejemplares procedentes de los estados de Lara y Falcón, con características morfológicas singulares. Estos rasgos nopermiten su asignación a ninguna de las especies conocidas del género por lo que se describe como una especie nueva: Epicauta falcolarandinasp. nov., que se incluye en el grupo de especies de Epicauta vittata. E. falcolarandina se diferencia de las demás especies venezolanas del grupode E. vittata (Epicauta aragua y Epicauta apure) por presentar la lámina inferior de las u˜nas de los tarsos curvada y casi de la misma anchura ylongitud que la lámina superior. El patrón característico de coloración de E. falcolarandina, que recuerda al de Epicauta leopardina, la diferenciade las restantes especies del grupo de E. vittata. Una característica peculiar de esta especie, que comparte con Epicauta abadona, es que el colorde la pilosidad no coincide con el de la coloración tegumentaria; así, en la mayor parte de los élitros, incluidas casi todas las zonas oscuras, lapilosidad es amarillo-blanquecina., Este estudio ha contado con el apoyodel Proyecto CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER)., Peer Reviewed

This is the first published database of a Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 collection of slices and DNA extracts. It includes all data of bathynellaceans (Crustacea: Syncarida) collected in the last 48 years (1968 to 2016) on the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands, studied since 1984. It also includes specimens studied across many countries of Europe (Portugal, Romania, France, Italy, Slovenia, Bulgaria, and England), as well as some specimens obtained from samples of North America (Montana, Washington, Alaska and Texas), South America (Brazil, Chile and Argentina), Asia (China, Thailand, Vietnam, Mongolia and India), Africa (Morocco and Chad) and Australia (New South Wales –NSW- and Queensland). The samples come from groundwater (caves, springs, wells and hyporrheic habitat associated with rivers) obtained from both, sampling campaigns and occasional sampling efforts.

The data set includes 3399 records (2657 slices and 742 DNA extracts) corresponding to three families (Parabathynellidae Noodt, 1965, Leptobathynellidae Noodt, 1965 and Bathynellidae Grobben, 1905) of the order Bathynellacea; the existence of three families is accepted, but this is a controversial issue and here is not the appropriate context to address this problem; 52 genera and 92 species formally described, in addition to 30 taxa under study and, thus, still unpublished. This represents more than half of all the genera known worldwide (80) and almost one third of the species currently known in the world (329, which increases every year).

This dataset contains especially relevant collection that includes holotypes and type series of 43 new species of Bathynellacea (33 from the Parabathynellidae and ten from the Bathynellidae) described by Ana I. Camacho (AIC hereinafter); eleven of these are the type species for new genera described from all around the world, ten belonging to the Parabathynellidae and one from the Bathynellidae. As previously mentioned, these new species come from all continents, although 26 of them are from the Iberian Peninsula.

The most important feature of this collection is that it has been created and reviewed by a specialist of the group (AIC), and each specimen, regardless of its shape (either permanent slices or DNA extracts), includes taxonomic, geographical and authorship information. The specialist has been involved in all stages of the process, from field sampling to the digitization of the results we are now presenting, and has worked in close collaboration with the curators responsible for the different collections involved in this project., This research was supported by the project CGL2015-66571-P,
Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad/FEDER and the European FP7
SYNTHESYS3 (FP7-312253) program., Peer reviewed

An update on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of Iberian Anisolabididae (Dermaptera) is provided. Former catalogues reported in the Iberian Peninsula three genera of Anisolabididae: Aborolabis, Anisolabis, and Euborellia. A revision of 487 specimens of Iberian and North African Anisolabidoidea permit to exclude the genus Aborolabis from the Iberian fauna, the re-assignation of inland Euborellia annulipes Iberian records to Euborellia moesta, and the exclusion of Aborolabis angulifera from Northwestern Africa. Examination of type materials of Aborolabis mordax and Aborolabis cerrobarjai allows to propose the treatment of A. cerrobarjai as a junior synonym of A. mordax. The diagnostic characters of Euborellia hispanica are included within the local variability found in E. moesta. I propose that E. hispanica should be treated as a junior synonym of E. moesta., I thank the projects CGL2014-53332-C5-1-P and CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) of the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Peer Reviewed

The new species, Limobius winkelmanni sp. n. is described, keyed, and illustrated. This enigmatic new species has seven desmomeres as other Hyperini-species, but according to shape of elytra and aedeagus, which are typical for representatives of Limobius, it is treated in this genus. The actualised key and check-list of Limobius is presented. The taxonomical position and status of the genus Limobius within the tribe Hyperini is also discussed here., The study of Jiří Skuhrovec was supported by a grant from the Ministry of Agriculture (Mze ČR) RO0416 and a SYNTHESYS (ES-TAF-3511)., Miguel A. Alonso-Zarazaga was partly supported by project CGL2015‐66571‐P (MINECO/FEDER) (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain)., Peer reviewed

The nucleotide sequence of the complete mitogenome of the trilobite beetle, Platerodrilus sp. was determined. This is the first complete mitogenome reported for the family Lycidae (Elateroidea: Coleoptera). The newly determined sequence is 16,394 bp long and shows a relatively high AT content (76.2%). The gene arrangement of the trilobite beetle mt genome is the same found in other related beetle mitogenomes. The reconstructed tree recovered Elateroidea as a strongly supported monophyletic group but could not resolve phylogenetic relationships among studied elateroid families, including Lycidae., Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, 10.13039/501100004837
[CGL2013-45211-C2-2-P], [BES-2011-051469,CGL2013-45211-C2-2-P] and
[CGL2015-66571-P MINECO/FEDER]., Peer reviewed

Three of the five European species of Branchinecta have a disjunct distribution. In this study, we analyze populations of B. ferox and B. orientalis for mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) molecular markers. We compare intraspecific genetic divergences between geographically distant populations of B. orientalis, from its only known Spanish population (originally described as B. cervantesi) and from a Hungarian population (assigned to B. orientalis since its discovery), with data from two relatively close Iberian populations of B. ferox. Results indicate that isolation between B. ferox and B. orientalis clades is ancient, and that the clade including the two Iberian populations of B. ferox is geographically structured. Conversely, Iberian and Hungarian populations of B. orientalis do not show geographical structure for the mitochondrial fragment. Lack of geographic structure coupled with very low genetic distances indicates that current Iberian and Hungarian populations of B. orientalis originated from a common population stock, and that the time elapsed since their separation has not been long enough to render the clades reciprocally monophyletic. We hypothesize that colonization of the Iberian Peninsula by B. orientalis is probably the consequence of a single recent dispersal event, and consequently we confirm the synonymy between B. cervantesi and B. orientalis., This work was supported by Project Grant CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) of Spain., Peer Reviewed

Poster presentado a las XXXIII Jornadas de la Asociación española de Entomología, celebradas en Almería los días 15 al 18 de noviembre de 2017, Los nidos de las aves no son solo un lugar de cría para éstas, sino que también constituyen un
hábitat adecuado para multitud de insectos. Muchos de estos insectos son dípteros cuyas larvas se
alimentan del detritus existente en los nidos y pupan en este medio. Tanto las larvas como las pupas
de estos dípteros pueden servir como hospedadores para diversas especies de himenópteros
parasitoides, particularmente calcídidos de la Familia Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea).
El objetivo de este estudio es describir las relaciones entre dípteros hallados en nidos de diversas
especies de aves nidificantes en el Desierto de Tabernas y sus himenópteros parasitoides. También
se estudia la incidencia de la parasitación sobre dos especies concretas de dípteros en distintos
tipos de hábitat.
Se muestreó detritus de nidos naturales de paloma bravía (Columba livia) y de nidos naturales y
cajas nido ocupadas por carraca europea (Coracias garrulus). También se muestrearon
himenópteros localizados en el interior de las cajas nido al final de la temporada reproductora de
las aves. Tras el tamizado del material recogido se identificaron pupas de dos especies de dípteros:
Carnus hemapterus (Familia Carnidae), especie parásita de aves, y Hemeromyia anthracina
(Familia Carnidae). A su vez, se registró la emergencia de himenópteros de las muestras, todos de
la superfamilia Chalcidoidea; 4 especies de la familia Pteromalidae y 1 de la familia Signiphoridae.
Las especies de himenópteros detectadas son: i) Hemitrichus seniculus (Nees) y Lariophagus
distinguendus (Foerster), ambos emergidos de nidos de Paloma; ii) Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae
(Rondani), emergido de pupas de Hemeromyia anthracina; iii) Chartoceros conjugalis (Mercet),
emergido de pupas de Carnus hemapterus; iv) Nasonia vitripennis (Walker), capturada en nidos de
Carraca.
La incidencia de la parasitación de Chartoceros conjugalis (Signiphoridae) (estimada mediante el
examen de pupas) sobre Carnus hemapterus no varió entre pupas recogidas en nidos naturales y
aquellas encontradas en cajas nido. Tampoco se encontraron diferencias significativas en la
incidencia de Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae sobre Hemeromyia anthracina y de Chartoceros
conjugalis sobre Carnus hemapterus en el hábitat compartido por los dos dípteros (cajas nido).
Esta información es útil para esclarecer las interacciones tróficas entre ambos organismos en el
ecosistema formado por los nidos de aves en el sureste de la península ibérica., FVH agradece la financiación del Proyecto MICINN/FEDER (UE) (CGL2008-00562). JLNA agradece la financiación del Proyecto MINECO/FEDER (UE) CGL2015-66571-P. J.V. fue financiado por una beca predoctoral (BES-2015-075951) del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad., Peer reviewed

Two new species of the genera Haplophallonella Serban and Coineau, 1975a and Racovitzaibathynella Serban and Coineau, 1994 are described from Africa. This is the first record of the members of the order Bathynellacea Chappuis, 1915 from Chad. Representatives of the genus Haplophallonella have hitherto been known only from the Ivory Coast type locality, and Racovitzaibathynella only from South Africa. Representatives of Haplophallonella irenae sp. nov. and Racovitzaibathynella dumonti sp. nov. have a unique combination of morphological characters. Haplophallonella irenae sp. nov. includes: seven-segmented antennule; five-segmented antenna; labrum with special morphology, clefted; mandible without proximal tooth; no epipodite on thoracopod I; bidentated exopod of male thoracopod VIII; triangular female thoracopod VIII; presence of basal seta on exopod of uropod and three plumose setae on endopod of uropod. Racovitzaibathynella dumonti sp. nov. includes: seven-segmented antennule; five-segmented antenna with sexual dimorphism and without seta on segment two; no epipodite on thoracopods I and II; outer lobe of male thoracopod VIII almost square, does not cover the posterior part of dentate lobe; the posterior lobe covers one part of dentate lobe, exopod with pointed distal end, basipod with distal end bilobed and endopod as two unequal smooth setae; almost triangular female thoracopod VIII and five to seven similar spines on sympod of uropod. Sequences of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene from 12 specimens of Racovitzaibathynella dumonti sp. nov. and two specimens of Haplophallonella irenae sp. nov. were obtained and analysed to complete the morphological description with molecular data. We have used these data to make a preliminary phylogenetic analysis with all genera of the world for those whose sequences are available (18S). Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Parabathynellidae family shows how the new African species remain clearly separated from European and Australian genus groups., This work was supported by project CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain)., Peer Reviewed

Bathynella natans Vejdovsky, 1882, the first described Bathynellidae species, was found in a well in Prague. Its original description was short and incomplete, and the holotype was already damaged in 1899. The lack of type material resulted in the poor description of the type genus of the morphologically very homogeneous family. This troubled beginning is the basis of a taxonomic problem that has led to the assignment of many species in Europe and other continents to the genus Bathynella. As currently understood, the genus is cosmopolitan, with more than 50 species and subspecies, most of them insufficiently described. We analyse the systematic position of the 29 genera and approximately 100 species. This analysis includes genera from Europe, USA and Western Australia, which have been characterized with molecular data (18S and COXI). In most cases, the genetic distances among genera and species are congruent with detected morphological differences. This is the first world molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of Bathynellidae, and it creates a framework for (1) confirming or discarding the cosmopolitan status of the genus Bathynella, (2) clarifying taxonomic uncertainties, (3) adequately describing new species, (4) advancing knowledge of the family’s real diversity and (5) describing the phylogenetic relationships among genera from different continents., We gratefully acknowledge C. Puch and X. Eekhout, who helped us in different ways. This work was supported by CGL2015-66571-P, MINECO/FEDER projects., Peer Reviewed

The anaspidacean syncarid shrimps of the genera Anaspides Thomson, 1894, Allanaspides Swain, Wilson, Hickman & Ong, 1970, and Paranaspides Smith, 1908, have long been placed in the family Anaspididae Thomson, 1893. Anaspididae Thomson, 1893, however, was formed on a homonymous type genus, Anaspis Thomson, 1893, preoccupied by Anaspis Geoffroy, 1762 (Insecta: Coleoptera), and is therefore invalid. Anaspididae is also a junior homonym of Anaspidinae Mulsant, 1856 (Coleoptera), and is likewise invalid. There being no synonyms available in place of Anaspididae, we establish a new family, Anaspidesidae, to accommodate taxa previously placed in Anaspididae., This study was partially funded by a grant from the Australian Biological Resources Study and is a contribution from the Australian Museum Research Institute. M.A. Alonso-Zarazaga was partly supported by project CGL2015‐66571‐P (MINECO/FEDER) (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain)., Peer Reviewed

© the Author(s), Earliest dates of publication (not-after dates) are presented for the original 109 Hefte of Panzer’s Faunae insectorum Germanicae initia. Deutschlands Insecten. Dates are also given for the 37 Hefte of the second edition of this work., The project CGL2015‐66571‐P (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) partly supported the first author in this research., Peer Reviewed

[EN]: The eighty-four species of Eupelmidae known from the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands are listed with distributional data and host records. A new species of Calosota, C. carmenae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey sp. n. is described. The previously unrecognised males of Calosota bolivari Askew, 2006, C. nitens Askew, 2006, Anastatus oscari (Ruthe, 1859) and A. uromeni Ferrière, 1968 are also described. Neanastatus africanus Ferrière, 1938, Eupelmus confusus Al khatib, 2015, E. gemellus Al khatib, 2015, E. kiefferi De Stefani, 1898, E. martellii Masi, 1941 and E. stramineipes Nikol’skaya, 1952 are added to the list of Spanish Eupelmidae, and E. fulvipes Förster, 1860 is removed., [ES]: Se presenta un listado taxonómico comentado de las ochenta y cuatro especies de Eupelmidae que se conocen de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares, incluyendo nuevos datos de distribución y de especies hospedadoras. Se describe una nueva especie de Calosota, C. carmenae Askew & Nieves-Aldrey sp. n. Se describen también los machos, hasta ahora no reconocidos, de cuatro especies: Calosota bolivari Askew, 2006, C. nitens Askew, 2006, Anastatus oscari (Ruthe, 1859) and A. uromeni Ferrière, 1968. Neanastatus africanus Ferrière, 1938, Eupelmus confusus Al khatib, 2015, E. gemellus Al khatib, 2015, E. kiefferi De Stefani, 1898, E. martellii Masi, 1941 y E. stramineipes Nikol’skaya, 1951 se incorporan al listado de Eupelmidae de España, mientras que E. fulvipes Förster, 1860 se elimina de dicha lista., Financial support of RRA at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) in Madrid was provided by the European Community’s Programme ‘Research Infrastructure Action’ under SYNTHESYS (ES-TAF-4868). JLNA was supported in part by research projects (MINECO/ FEDER, UE) CGL2015-66571-P, (AEI/FEDER, UE) AGL2016-76262-R and Encomienda de Gestión del MAPAMA a la Agencia Estatal CSIC, exp. 16MNES003., Peer Reviewed

[EN]: Three new species of Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Panama and Costa Rica: Neuroterus elvisi sp. n., Neuroterus pulchrigalla sp. n., and Neuroterus glandiphilus sp. n. The new species are the first of the genus Neuroterus recorded from Central America and the Neotropical region. The new species induce galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus, White Oaks). Additional evidence of the presence of other unidentified species of Neuroterus in the sampled area is presented. Diagnostic morphological characters, gall descriptions, distributions, host plant and other biological data of the new species are given and discussed, [ES]: Se describen tres nuevas especies del género Neuroterus Hartig, 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) de Panamá y Costa Rica: Neuroterus elvisi sp. n., Neuroterus pulchrigalla sp. n. y Neuroterus glandiphilus sp. n.. Las nuevas especies representan el primer registro del género Neuroterus para América Central y la región neotropical. Se presenta también evidencia adicional de la presencia de otras especies de Neuroterus no identificadas. Las nuevas especies inducen agallas en Quercus bumelioides Liebm. (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus , robles blancos). Se aportan caracteres diagnósticos, descripciones de las agallas, datos de su distribución, de las plantas hospedadoras y otros datos de biología de las nuevas especies., E. M. was funded by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación of the SENACYT in Panama, the University of Panama and research project 52-2016-4-ITE1505. JLNA was supported in part by research projects CGL2010-15786/BOS and MINECO/FEDER, UE) CGL2015-66571-P., Peer Reviewed

As part of a wider study on the morphology and systematics of the terminal-instar larvae of Chalcidoidea parasitoids of gall wasps (Hym., Cynipidae) in Europe, a comparative study of the larval morphology of three species of Eulophidae, Aprostocetus eurytomae (Nees), Aulogymnus skianeuros (Ratzeburg) and Dichatomus acerinus Förster; and three species of Eupelmidae, Eupelmus aseculatus (Kalina), E. cerris Förster and E. microzonus Förster is presented. The studied taxa are key components of the communities associated with different galls on herbs, shrubs and oaks in different ecosystems of Mediterranean area. Main characters of interest found on the studied species were larval body shape, head capsule structure, mouthparts, mandibles and chaetotaxy pattern of body and head. Diagnostic characters of the families and species are described and illustrated for the first time with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Information on the biology of each species is discussed and illustrated with photographs, including new rearing records., Financial support for this paper was provided from Spanish Government by means of research projects CGL2005-01922/BOS, CGL2009-10111 and MINECO/FEDER (UE) CGL2015-66571-P to JLNA., Peer Reviewed

The genus Pimelia Fabricius is the most speciose in the tribe Pimeliini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). It consists of approximately 320 species distributed mainly in xeric environments in the western Palaearctic region and northern deserts in the Afrotropical region. Pimelia is a very heterogenous group despite its conserved morphology. Based on two mitochondrial (cox1 and 16S) and five nuclear markers (ITS1, ITS2, 18S, Wg and H3), we carried out a phylogenetic and biogeographic study to: (i) provide a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis for the relationships within Pimelia; (ii) re‐evaluate the taxonomic status and organization of clades (subgenera) within the genus; and (iii) establish a temporal framework and historical scenario for the evolution and diversification of Pimelia in the western Mediterranean Region. Pimelia presents a high degree of morphological conservatism and possibly stasis, often resulting in complexes of cryptic species. Repetitive patterns of variation are found recurrently between and within groups, which resulted in a conundrum of nonmonophyletic taxonomic assemblages based on morphological homoplastic characters. Based on our results, we propose a new taxonomic arrangement for Pimelia with 14 clades, treated as subgenera, with the description of six new subgenera: Iberomelia subgen.n., Italomelia subgen.n., Magrebmelia subgen.n., Hispanomelia subgen.n., Massadraamelia subgen.n. and Amblypteraca subgen.n. Our results also indicate an Oligocene (Rupelian) origin for Pimelia, and North Africa as the most likely area of origin. The complex geological and climatic history in the western Mediterranean region has shaped the distribution and diversity of species in the area. The current faunal assemblages observed in Pimelia are the result of complex patterns of recurrent processes of dispersal and vicariance, including in situ diversification through time in different areas of the Mediterranean basin. Pimelia is a fascinating yet very challenging group, and the phylogenetic and systematic framework developed here will pave the way for further ecological, taxonomic, and evolutionary studies at local and regional scales., PMP is supported by MINECO‐FEDER through contract BES‐2016‐077777. This work has been funded by the project‐grant CGL2015‐66571‐P (MINECO‐FEDER) to MGP., Peer Reviewed

Phylogenetic studies of globally distributed taxa are crucial to estimate the mode and tempo of common intercontinental biogeographic processes. However, few of these studies have focused on invertebrates, mainly because their taxonomy and species richness generally are highly neglected. Here we performed a morphological and mtDNA sequence-based species delineation analysis for 111 specimens of the cosmopolitan, speciose parasitoid wasp genus Spathius (Braconidae) and assessed its phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography adding two nuclear markers. Seventy-one species of Spathius were delimited. Neither the monophyly of Spathiini, Spathius, nor its species groups were recovered. Based on the relaxed molecular clock and ancestral area reconstruction analyses, the Oriental appears as the most plausible region of origin for Spathius, whereas various intercontinental dispersal events probably played an important role in its species diversification. At least three and two dispersal events from the Oriental to the Ethiopian and Australian regions, respectively, were estimated to occur during the late Oligocene to mid-Miocene, c. 25–15 Mya. Dispersal to the Palaearctic and Nearctic from the Ethiopian region probably occurred during the early Miocene, c. 20 Mya. Our results overall reflect that the worldwide distribution of Spathius was acquired early in the evolutionary history of the lineage., This study was funded by grants given by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT; Proyecto Ciencia Básica No. 220454; Proyecto Cooperación Bilateral CONACyT-CONICET No. 207072; Red Temática del Código de Barras de la Vida) and PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM (Convocatoria 2016) to A.Z.-R.; by the grant CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) to M.G.-P.; and by grants given by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (projects nos 15-29-02466 and 16-04-00197) and the Russian State Research Project No. AAAA-A17-117030310210-3 to S.A.B. A.Z.-R. is thankful to the DGAPA-UNAM for the financial support received during his sabbatical stay at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain (DGAPA-PASPA, Convocatoria 2015)., Peer Reviewed

The taxonomy and nomenclature of Iberian Algyroides are problematic. The first taxon described, A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916, was based on a single specimen that was subsequently lost. The description of the second taxon, A. marchi Valverde, 1958, was based on the comparison of a newly discovered population with the original description of A. hidalgoi. However, A. hidalgoi specimens have never been recorded since for any locality. Therefore, three questions need to be addressed: Is A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916 a morphologically diagnosable taxon different from all non-Iberian species of Algyroides? are A. hidalgoi and A. marchi conspecific? And if so, which is the correct name for the species? To clarify the taxonomic status of the Iberian Algyroides we (1) compare Boscá’s A. hidalgoi original description against the descriptions of all other species of Algyroides, (2) test the accuracy of Boscá’s A. hidalgoi by comparing it against 204 Iberian museum specimens, and (3) designate a neotype of A. hidalgoi that fits the head pholidosis described in the original description. We show that none of the diagnostic characters used by Valverde to differentiate between A. hidalgoi and A. marchi are actually diagnostic, as we found high levels of variability on those characters in the studied specimens. Our results validate Boscá’s description of A. hidalgoi, which fits within the morphological variability observed for southern Iberian Algyroides. As a result, we propose the strict synonymy of A. marchi Valverde, 1958 with A. hidalgoi Boscá, 1916., This study was supported by grant CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO-FEDER)., Peer Reviewed

By mechanisms that are still unknown, gall wasps (Cynipidae) induce plants to form complex galls, inside which their larvae develop. The family also includes inquilines (phytophagous forms that live inside the galls of other gall inducers) and possibly also parasitoids of gall inducers. The origin of cynipids is shrouded in mystery, but it has been clear for some time that a key group in making progress on this question is the ‘figitoid inquilines’. They are gall-associated relatives of cynipids, whose biology is poorly known. Here, we report the first detailed data on the life history of a figitoid inquiline, the genus Parnips. Dissections of mature galls show that Parnips nigripes is a parasitoid of Barbotinia oraniensis, a cynipid that induces single-chambered galls inside the seed capsules of annual poppies (Papaver rhoeas and P. dubium). Galls with pupae of Parnips nigripes always contain the remains of a terminal-instar larva of B. oraniensis. The mandibles of the terminal-instar larva of P. nigripes are small and equipped with a single sharp tooth, a shape that is characteristic of carnivorous larvae. The weight of P. nigripes pupae closely match that of the same sex of B. oraniensis pupae, indicating that Parnips makes efficient use of its host and suggesting that ovipositing Parnips females lay eggs that match the sex of the host larva. Dissection of young galls show that another species of Parnips, hitherto undescribed, spends its late larval life as an ectoparasitoid of Iraella hispanica, a cynipid that induces galls in flowers of annual poppies. These and other observations suggest that Parnips shares the early endoparasitic-late ectoparasitic life history described for all other cynipoid parasitoids. Our findings imply that gall wasps evolved from parasitoids of gall insects. The original hosts could not have been cynipids but possibly chalcidoids, which appear to be the hosts of several extant figitoid inquilines. It is still unclear whether the gall inducers evolved rapidly from these ancestral parasitoids, or whether they were preceded by a long series of intermediate forms that were phytophagous inquilines., This research was supported by the Swedish Research Council, grant 2014-6521 (to FR). JLNA was supported by research projects CGL2010-15786/BOS and (MINECO/FEDER, UE) CGL2015-66571-P, Peer Reviewed

Genetic characterization of species using phylogeographic approaches represents a basic reference to understand their evolutionary history as well as to identify conservation priorities to protect areas of particular interest regarding evolutionary potential. Even in well-studied regions such information is lacking for the majority of species, including many endemic species with reduced distribution ranges. We investigate the phylogeographic pattern of the Iberian frog Rana iberica, an endemic amphibian restricted to Central and North-Western Iberian Peninsula. Using mitochondrial sequences, we reconstruct the phylogeographic history of the species to test the effect of Quaternary climate changes on the evolutionary diversification of lineages, that is, the differentiation of mitochondrial lineages and the formation of genetic diversity melting pots, and integrate phylogeographic evidence for future conservation planning. Our results indicate the existence of 3 main mitochondrial lineages differentiated during the Upper Pleistocene. Both historical demographic analyses and climatic niche modeling show a strong effect of glacial climate changes, suggesting recurrent range contractions and expansions. Under such circumstances, differentiation took place most likely by isolation in allopatric interglacial refugia. Secondary lineage admixture in northern Portugal generated a broad mixed zone with highest nucleotide diversity. Given its particular evolutionary potential, its reduced distribution and eventual threats under current climate change scenario, conservation priorities should focus on the isolated lineage from Sierra de Guadalupe., This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through post doc grants (SFRH/BPD/27173/2006 to J.T.) and (SFRH/BPD/26555/2006 to H.G.). Currently, H.G. is supported by a postdoctoral Grant from FCT (SFRH/BPD/102966/2014). Additional support was provided from project CGL2015-66571-P by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO/FEDER)., Peer Reviewed

Despite many faunistic, taxonomic and phylogenetic works on the family Meloidae in North America (see Pinto 1983, 1984, 1991, 2009; Pinto & Bologna 1999; GarcíaParís et al. 2007; Bologna et al. 2008, Cline & Huether 2001, Marschalek & Young
2015), the Mexican fauna is still far from adequately known, even at basic levels (faunistic, bionomic, alfa-taxonomic). Geographic distributions are not properly known for most Mexican taxa, and new discoveries or wide range extensions have
been recently published (García-París & Ruiz 2013, García-París et al. 2009, 2013a, b; Pinto 2009, 2010; López-Estrada & García-París 2014)., This work was supported by project grants CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) to MGP, and by grants given by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Mexico, proyecto CB 220454, Red temática del Código de Barras de la Vida No. 271108) and PAPIIT-UNAM (convocatoria 2016, proyecto no. IN207016) to AZR., Peer Reviewed

A preliminary molecular phylogenetic framework for 12 genera (23 species) of the family Parabathynellidae from Europe, Australia, North Africa and India is presented based on mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Cox1 and 18S). The generated hypothesis places the Southeast Asia genus Paraeobathynella closer to European genera (Iberobathynella, Paraiberobathynella and Parabathynella) than to the Australian (Brevisomabathynella, Atopobathynella, Billibathynella, Octobathynella, Arkaroolabathynella and Lockyerenella) or Indian genera (Habrobathynella), or to the cosmopolitan genus Hexabathynella (Spain and Australia). Three new species of the genus Paraeobathynella from Thailand, P. ratensis n. sp., P. siamensis n. sp. and P. hanjavanitiana n. sp., are described based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first record of the genus from Thailand and extends its range of distribution within Asia, where it was previously known only from Vietnam. The new species are clearly separated as independent units at least since the Middle Miocene., We gratefully acknowledge C. Puch who has helped us in different ways. Thanks also to Damián Jaume who has provided us with specimens of three species for molecular analysis. Thanks to Arabia Sánchez for the help in the producing of microscope photographs. We thank the reviewers Damián Jaume, Fred Schram, Nicole Coineau, and one anonymous person for their constructive comments. This work was supported by CGL2015-66571-P, MINECO/FEDER project and the National Research Council of Thailand (Grant No. 2559A13402007)., Peer Reviewed

A new genus and species of Bathynellidae is described from Texas (USA). Hobbsinella gen. nov. displays a unique combination of morphological characters including seven-segmented antenna lacking medial seta on exopod, antennule much longer than antenna, three-segmented mandibular palp with sexual dimorphism, four segments on endopod of thoracopods I–VII, five spines on sympod of uropod and three lobes on the penial region of male thoracopod VIII.

Partial sequences of cytochrome oxidase I (Cox1) and 18S have been obtained from several specimens of the new species. The mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data complement the traditional morphological taxonomic description supporting the validity of the new genus. Global molecular data for the Bathynellidae demonstrate the presence of three highly divergent genetic units corresponding to three subfamilies, with the new genus confidently placed in the subfamily Gallobathynellinae., This work was supported by MINECO/FEDER, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain [project CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER)]., Peer reviewed

Accurate determination of species diversity in areas of high endemicity, particularly those lacking comprehensive systematic knowledge, represents a challenge for both taxonomists and conservationists. This need is particularly evident in areas greatly affected by anthropogenic disturbances such as the Eastern Mediterranean and its freshwater environments. To improve our knowledge of Eastern Mediterranean freshwater fishes, we phylogenetically studied Western Palearctic Cobitis species, focusing on those found in Turkey. Overall, our results provide a robust framework to assess the number of species of Cobitis. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on mitochondrial (cyt b) and nuclear (RAG1) sequences show seven
major clades (Clades 1–7) grouping all Western Palearctic Cobitis species, except C. melanoleuca. In general, each major clade comprises Cobitis species that inhabit geographically close areas and have similar secondary sexual characters. Multiple divergent lineages were identified in our analyses, some of which were highly divergent such as the ones inhabiting Turkish freshwaters. Moreover, in some analyses, several of the identified lineages were incongruent with a priori defined species. Furthermore, our analyses identified eight potentially new candidate species, six that had been suggested in previous studies and two that are reported here for the first time. Our results reveal Turkey as the area with the greatest diversity of spined loaches in the Mediterranean, This study was funded by project CGL2007-61010 by the Ministerio Ciencia e Innovación, and partially supported by SYNTHESYS3 CZ-TAF6293, MINECO/FEDER CGL2015–66571-P, and Intramural special project Fundación General 200630l125., Peer reviewed

[EN]: This work is an update of the knowledge of Bathynellacea in the world. On the one hand, the scarce knowledge of this group of subterranean crustaceans is due to the lack of sampling in ground water in most regions of the world; on the other hand, the underestimation of the diversity of this group in areas where the samples abound is due to the difficulties of the taxonomic study of these tiny crustaceans that offer a great morphological homogeneity and the low number of specimens usually captured. Morphological and molecular data show the high genetic divergence (due to isolation) and the morphological convergence (due to the retention of primitive traits and the loss of complex characteristics) exhibited by the group which give rise to a complex taxonomy with multiple cryptic species. Such a situation results from the strong selection pressure inherent in the adoption of subterranean life, as it has always been postulated. But the opposite is also found: low genetic divergence between very different morphotypes. We show the morphological disparity and the genotypic diversity which we know today as well as the evolutionary novelties (e.g. sexual dimorphism) in the Bathynellacea set of the world, trying to understand the evolutionary dynamics that gives rise to the observed diversity. Data are provided to try
to evaluate if Bathynellacea is a clade that has become “evolutionary dead ends”, with limited morphological disparity, low species richness and small geographic range size and that inexorably tends to its extinction. Combining the estimated rate of diversification with the morphological change within a lineage can explain contrasting cases of extreme morphological diversity and scarce species richness, or allows to know the effect that the appearance of an evolutionary novelty has in the process of speciation and extinction. The estimation of speciation and extinction rates is one of the most used tools to explain the species richness, despite the effectiveness of these tools has been poorly applied in subterranean Crustacea. With the updating of data and the identification of knowledge gaps in the group, we offer a starting point to apply morphological and molecular tools and to be able to have plausible estimates of Bathynellacea diversity in the medium term., [FR]: Ce travail est une mise à jour de la connaissance des Bathynellacea dans le monde. Il met en évidence d’une part, la faible connaissance de ce groupe de Crustacés souterrains due à l’absence de prélèvements dans les eaux souterraines dans la plupart des régions du monde; d’autre part, la sousestimation de la diversité de ce groupe dans les zones où les prélèvements abondent, en raison des difficultés de l’étude taxonomique de ces minuscules. Crustacés qui offrent une grande homogénéité morphologique et du faible nombre de spécimens généralement récoltés dans les prélèvements effectués dans les eaux souterraines. Nous montrons, à l’aide de données morphologiques et moléculaires, la divergence génétique élevée due à l’isolement, et la convergence morphologique due à la rétention de caractères primitifs et à la perte de caractéristiques complexes dans ce groupe, ce qui rend la taxonomie complexe, d’autant plus qu’il existe de nombreuses espèces cryptiques. Une telle situation est due à la forte pression sélective liée à l’adaptation à la vie souterraine, ainsi qu’il l’a toujours été postulé. Mais nous avons également trouvé un résultat opposé: une faible divergence génétique entre des morphotypes très différents. Nous montrons, à l’aide d’exemples la disparité morphologique et la diversité génotypique connues jusqu’à maintenant, ainsi que les nouveautés évolutives (par exemple le dimorphisme sexuel) chez les Bathynellacés en essayant de comprendre la
dynamique évolutive qui mène à la diversité observée. Nous proposons des données afin d’essayer de comprendre si les Bathynellacea correspondent à un clade en fin d’évolution doté d’une disparité morphologique limitée, d’une faible richesse spécifique et d’une répartition géographique de faible extension, et qui tendrait inexorablement vers une extinction. Combiner le taux de diversification estimé et le changement morphologique au sein d’une lignée pourrait permettre d’expliquer les cas de forte diversité morphologique et de faible richesse spécifique, ou bien de reconnaître l’effet de nouveautés évolutives dans le processus de spéciation et d’extinction ayant l’apparence d’une nouveauté évolutive. L’estimation du taux de spéciation
et d’extinction est l’un des outils les plus utilisés en vue d’expliquer la richesse spécifique, bien que l’efficacité de ces outils ait été peu appliquée aux Crustacés souterrains. Avec la mise à jour des données disponibles et l’identification des données manquantes dans le groupe des Bathynellacés, nous présentons un point de
départ permettant d’appliquer les outils morphologiques et moléculaires en vue de pouvoir obtenir une estimation plausible de la diversité de ce groupe., This work was supported byproject CGL2015-66571-P, (MINECO/FEDER, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain)., Peer reviewed

[EN]: The present paper is a result of the project “Inventory and study of the invertebrate fauna of the Caldera de Taburiente National Park on La Palma, Canary Islands. Among the four species of Pipunculidae recorded, Chalarus guanche Kehlmaier sp. nov. is described and also recorded from Madeira, whereas Tomosvaryella freidbergi De Meyer, 1995 and T. parakuthyi De Meyer, 1995 are first records for La Palma. The morphological and molecular variability of C. guanche sp. nov. is studied and the presence of intragenomic variation in ITS2 rDNA is discussed., [ES]: Este trabajo es el resultado del proyecto “Inventario y estudio de la fauna invertebrada del Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente” en la isla de La Palma, Islas Canarias. De las cuatro especies recogidas, se describe Chalarus guanche sp. nov. que se registra asimismo de Madeira, y Tomosvaryella freidbergi De Meyer, 1995 y T. parakuthyi De Meyer, 1995 son nuevos registros para La Palma. Se estudia la variabilidad morfológica y molecular de C. guanche sp. nov. y se discute la presencia de variación intragenómica en el ADNr ITS2., The first author is grateful for the financial support received from the SYNTHESYS Project http://www. synthesys.info/ financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP6 ‘Structuring the European Research Area’ programme to carry out part of the laboratory work at MNCN in Madrid. The second author wants to thank the Direction and staff of the Park for their help during the two years collecting. He has been partly supported by project CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain).

[EN] A new species of Andricus Hartig 1840 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) is described from Panama: Andricus barriosi sp. nov. The new species induces galls on Quercus bumelioides Liebm. and Q. insignis M. Martens & Galeotti (Fagaceae, sect. Quercus) and is the first species of the genus Andricus ‘sensu lato’ recorded from Panama. Andricus barriosi is part of a species complex that includes A. nievesaldreyi Pujade-Villar, A. georgei Pujade-Villar and A. maesi Pujade-Villar, which differ from the other species of the genus Andricus by having a characteristic striate-reticulate sculpture on the second metasomal tergum that is typically smooth in the other Andricus species. The diagnostic characters, gall description, distribution and biological data of the new species are given, and a key for the differentiation of the new species from related species is also provided.

[EN] The diversity of insect antennal structures involved in communication is still poorly known because of
the limited number of comparative studies and as such studies often exclusively focus on one sex. Within
Cynipoidea, a recent study on female gall-wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and some of their non-gall
associated relatives (Ibaliidae and Figitidae) showed a great diversity of the antennal sensillar equipment
both between and within lineages. In order to better understand possible patterns of this diversity, we
here present a study in males. By Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis of 45 species of Cynipoidea (30
of them gall-wasps) from most known lineages, we found that the male antennal flagellum is generally
filiform and bears overall eight types of sensilla: s. placoidea (SP), s. coeloconica (SCo-A), s. campaniformia
(SCa), s. basiconica (SB) and s. trichoidea (ST-A, ST-B, ST-C, ST-D) (5e8 types per species). The
number, size and arrangement of sensilla greatly varied among and within cynipoid lineages, with only a
partial effect of phylogeny on this variation. By using data of 27 species for which both sexes were
analysed, we found that males generally possess a lower number of sensillar types than females in gallinducers
and a greater number of sensillar types than females in non-gall-inducers. Sexes shared 40
e100% of sensillar types independently from their biology. Males seem to possess an overall greater
number of SP than females, with a weak tendency of such difference to be larger in gall-inducers. A
possible hypothesis is that gall-inducing female cynipids may have evolved a richer sensillar equipment
in response to female-only activities (e.g. plant host recognition), while cynipid males may have evolved
higher density of sensilla devoted to mate recognition.

The amphibians and reptiles collected by Zoltán Kaszab in Mongolia between 1963-1968, deposited in the Collection of Amphibians and Reptiles of the Hungarian Natural History Museum, are reviewed. The 786 studied specimens belong to 15 species (Bufotes pewzowi, Strauchbufo raddei, Rana amurensis, Alsophylax pipiens, Paralaudakia stoliczkana, Phrynocephalus versicolor, P. kulagini, P. hispidus, Eremias argus, E. arguta, E. multiocellata, E. dzungarica, E. przewalskii, Elaphe dione, Gloydius halys) representing 57% of amphibian and reptile species of Mongolia. Our identification and map representation provide new distribution data for the fitteen species and represent a source of information for the status of the Mongolian herpetofauna in the mid-20th century., This work was partially supported by project grant CGL2015-66571-P MINECO/FEDER/UE of Spain

Galls are plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism for the inducer's benefit. 30,000 arthropod species induce galls, and in most cases the inducing effectors and target plant systems are unknown. Cynipid gall wasps are a speciose monophyletic radiation that induce structurally complex galls on oaks and other plants. We used a model system comprising the gall wasp Biorhiza pallida and the oak Quercus robur to characterise inducer and host plant gene expression at defined stages through the development of galled and ungalled plant tissues, and tested alternative hypotheses for the origin and type of galling effectors and plant metabolic pathways involved. Oak gene expression patterns diverged markedly during development of galled and normal buds. Young galls showed elevated expression of oak genes similar to legume root nodule Nod factor-induced early nodulin (ENOD) genes and developmental parallels with oak buds. In contrast, mature galls showed substantially different patterns of gene expression to mature leaves. While most oak transcripts could be functionally annotated, many gall wasp transcripts of interest were novel. We found no evidence in the gall wasp for involvement of third-party symbionts in gall induction, for effector delivery using virus-like-particles, or for gallwasp expression of genes coding for plant hormones. Many differentially and highly expressed genes in young larvae encoded secretory peptides, which we hypothesise are effector proteins exported to plant tissues. Specifically, we propose that host arabinogalactan proteins and gall wasp chitinases interact in young galls to generate a somatic embryogenesis-like process in oak tissues surrounding the gall wasp larvae. Gall wasp larvae also expressed genes encoding multiple plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). These have functional orthologues in other gall inducing cynipids but not in figitid parasitoid sister groups, suggesting that they may be evolutionary innovations associated with cynipid gall induction., [Author summary] Plant galls are induced by organisms that manipulate host plant development to produce novel structures. The organisms involved range from mutualistic (such as nitrogen fixing bacteria) to parasitic. In the case of parasites, the gall benefits only the gall-inducing partner. A wide range of organisms can induce galls, but the processes involved are understood only for some bacterial and fungal galls. Cynipid gall wasps induce diverse and structurally complex galls, particularly on oaks (Quercus). We used transcriptome and genome sequencing for one gall wasp and its host oak to identify genes active in gall development. On the plant side, when compared to normally developing bud tissues, young gall tissues showed elevated expression of loci similar to those found in nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. On the wasp side, we found no evidence for involvement of viruses or microorganisms carried by the insects in gall induction or delivery of inducing stimuli. We found that gall wasps express many genes whose products may be secreted to the host, including enzymes that degrade plant cell walls. Genome comparisons between galling and non-galling relatives showed cell wall-degrading enzymes are restricted to gall inducers, and hence potentially key components of a gall inducing lifestyle., This study was supported by a NERC studentship awarded to Jack Hearn, a NERC NBAF grant (NBAF375 2009-2010) awarded to Graham Stone, and NERC grant NE/J010499. Jose-Luis Nieves Aldrey was supported by project CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO, Spain).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Untangling the relationship between morphological evolution and lineage diversification is key to explain global patterns of phenotypic disparity across the Tree of Life. Few studies have examined the relationship between high morphological disparity and extinction. In this study, we infer phylogenetic relationships and lineage divergence times within Eupomphini (Meloidae), a tribe of blister beetles endemic to the arid zone of North America, which exhibits a puzzling pattern of very low species richness but wild variation in morphological diversity across extant taxa. Using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference, we estimate diversification and phenotypic evolutionary rates and infer the time and magnitude of extinction rate shifts and mass extinction events. Our results suggest that Eupomphini underwent an event of ancient radiation coupled with rapid morphological change, possibly linked to the loss of the evolutionary constraint in the elytral shape. A high extinction background associated to the Miocene-Pliocene transition decimated the diversity within each major clade, resulting in the species-poor genera observed today. Our study supports a connection between high extinction rates and patterns of decoupled phenotypic evolution and lineage diversification, and the possibility of a radiation in the absence of ecological release., This work was supported by grants given by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico [CONACyT, Mexico, Proyecto SEP- Ciencia Básica no. 220454] and UNAM [DGAPA-PAPIITno. IN207016] to AZR, and Project Grants from Spain to IS and MGP: CGL2015-67849-P (MINECO/FEDER) & CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER).

Forficula auricularia (the European earwig) is possibly a complex of cryptic species. To test this hypothesis, we performed: (1) a phylogeographic study based on fragments of the mitochondrial COI and the nuclear ITS2 markers on a wide geographic sampling, (2) morphometric analyses of lineages present in Spain and (3) niche overlap analyses. We recovered five reciprocally monophyletic ancient phylogroups with unique historical patterns of distribution, climatic niches and diversification. External morphology was conserved and not correlated with speciation events, except in one case. Phylogenetic placement of the morphologically distinct taxon renders F. auricularia paraphyletic. Based on the congruence of the phylogenetic units defined by mtDNA and nuclear sequence data, we conclude that phylogroups have their own historical and future evolutionary trajectory and represent independent taxonomic units. Forficula auricularia is a complex of at least four species: the morphologically diagnosable Forficula aeolicaGonzález-Miguéns & García-París sp. nov., and the cryptic taxa: Forficula mediterranea González-Miguéns & García-París sp. nov., Forficula dentataFabricius, 1775 stat. nov. and Forficula auriculariaLinnaeus, 1758 s.s. New synonymies of F. dentata are also proposed., PMP is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (MICIU-FEDER) through contract BES-2016-077777. This work was funded by the project grant CGL2015-66571-P (MICIN-FEDER) of Spain to MG-P.

nostraca are known by their ability for long-distance dispersal, but the existence in several spe-cies of deep, geographically structured mtDNA lineages suggests their populations are subjectedto allopatric differentiation, isolation, and prevalence of local scale dispersion.Tanymastix stagna-lisis one of the most widespread species of Anostraca and previous studies revealed an uncleargeographical pattern of mtDNA genetic diversity. Here, we analyze populations from the Iberianand Italian Peninsulas, Central Europe, and Scandinavia, with the aim to characterize the patternsof genetic diversity in a spatio-temporal framework using mtDNA and nuclear markers to test geneflow among close populations. For these aims we built a time-calibrated phylogeny and carried outBayesian phylogeographic analyses using a continuous diffusion model. Our results indicated thatT. stagnalispresents a deeply structured genetic diversity, including 7 ancient lineages, some ofthem even predating the Pleistocene. The Iberian Peninsula harbors high diversity of lineages, withstrong isolation and recent absence of gene flow between populations. Dispersal at local scaleseems to be the prevailing dispersal mode ofT. stagnalis, which exhibits a pattern of isolation-by-distance in the Iberian Peninsula. We remark the vulnerability of most of these lineages, giventhe limited known geographic distribution of some of them, and the high risk of losing importantevolutionary potential for the species., This work was supported by the Project Grant CGL2015-66571-P (MINECO/FEDER) of Spain.

Delimiting species boundaries is a complex challenge usually hindered by overlooked morphological diversification or misinterpretation of geographically structured phenotypic variability. Independent molecular data are extremely useful to characterize and understand such morphological diversity. Morphological and molecular variability of the non-phoretic and apterous, widely distributed, giant blister beetles of the genus Berberomeloe, were investigated within and between lineages across most of the distributional range of the genus. We used two mtDNA gene fragments to characterize genetic variability and to produce a time-calibrated phylogeny of the genus. Our results reveal several mitochondrial lineages, allopatrically, parapatrically and sympatrically distributed. Most clades are not distinguishable between each other based on morphometrics. However, no morphometric overlap is observed between two closely related clades, one of them occurring in sympatry with a distantly congeneric species (B. insignis), suggesting that sympatry could trigger morphological diversification. Although most species share a morphometric space, they can be morphologically identified by a combination of easily observed characteristic qualitative features. Based on the concordance between mtDNA clades and morphological units, we describe six new species of Berberomeloe (B. castuo sp. nov., B. comunero sp. nov., B. indalo sp. nov, B. yebli sp. nov., B. payoyosp. nov. and B. tenebrosus sp. nov.), revalidate two taxa (B. maculifrons comb. nov. and B. laevigatus comb. nov.) and redefine B. majalis., The visits of MGP to the Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum of Budapest (HU-TAF) and to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris (FR-TAF) were supported by the European Union SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/) ‘European Community Research Infrastructure Action’ within package FP7 ‘Capacities’. This work has been funded by the Spanish Government project-grant CGL2015-66571-P (Ministerio de Economía y Empresa-Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional) to MGP. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., Peer reviewed

[EN] First world record of a crustacean (Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) that lives exclusively in groundwater in an unusual habitat, the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS). The MSS is a terrestrial subterranean medium with high and constant relative humidity. Specimens of the family Parabathynellidae have been found in sam- pling devices set to collect terrestrial subterranean fauna in the MSS of Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (Madrid, Spain). Two species belonging to two different genera, Hexabathynella nicoleiana Camacho, 1986 and Hexaiberobathynella mateusi (Galhano, 1967), already known to occur in the province of Madrid, have been identified by morphological study, whereas their 18S gene sequences confirmed their generic ascription, [ES] En este trabajo se documenta por primera vez el hallazgo de ejemplares de un crustáceo (Malacostraca, Bathynellacea) que vive exclusivamente en las aguas subterráneas de todo el mundo, en un hábitat inusual: el medio subterráneo superficial (MSS),un medio terrestre sin luz y saturado de humedad. Especímenes de la familia Parabathynellidae han sido encontrados en dispositivos de muestreo dispuestos para la recogida de fauna subterránea terrestre en el MSS del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid, España). Se han identificado dos especies, de dos géneros diferentes, Hexabathynella nicoleianaCamacho, 1986 y Hexaiberobathynella mateusi (Galhano, 1967),mediante estudio morfológico. Las secuencias del gen 18S de varios ejemplares confirman su adscripción genérica. Estas especies eran ya conocidas en la provincia de Madrid., This work was funded by the project “Study of the diversity and distribution of the animal species of the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum in enclaves of high Mountain (Sierra de Guadarrama National Park)”, conceded by the Autonomous Organism of National Parks of Spain Ref. (1143/2014). This work has also been supported by CGL2015-66571-P, MINECO/FEDER projects.

Three new species of oak gall wasps of the genus Amphibolips Reinhard, 1865 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from Mexico: Amphibolips magnigalla Nieves-Aldrey & Castillejos-Lemus, Amphibolips kinseyi Nieves-Aldrey & Castillejos-Lemus and Amphibolips nigrialatus Nieves-Aldrey & CastillejosLemus. The specimens of the first two species were representative of sexual generations and come from the State of Oaxaca, while only a female, collected in the State of Veracruz, is described for A. nigrialatus. The new species induces galls on Quercus zempoaltepecana and Q. sapotifolia (Fagaceae, section Lobatae, red oaks). Descriptions of the diagnostic morphological characteristics of the three species and a key for their identification are provided. The taxonomic relationships of the new species with other species of Amphibolips are discussed; the three new species are closely allied amongst themselves and are related to A. dampfi Kinsey, 1937. With the three newly-described species, the number of Amphibolips in Mexico is increased to 23., JLNA was supported by the research project MINECO/FEDER, UE, CGL2015-66571-P; This project is a partial requirement for the doctoral studies of DECL in the Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas at UNAM. DECL received funds through a scholarship (330529) from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT).

Mating behaviour in insects is largely mediated by chemical signals emitted by one sex and recognized by the other (sex pheromones). A particular type of integumentary gland produces a sex pheromone in the antennae of male Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera), a rich and diverse wasp group consisting of species forming galls on plants, species which act as inquilines or parasitoids of these galls, and non-gall-associated parasitoids. This gland is connected to the surface by a modified structure which releases and spreads the chemicals on females (release and spread structure (RSS)). Here, we performed a scanning electron microscope investigation to evaluate the diversity of RSS in detail through an analysis of 49 species spanning almost all extant lineages, with special emphasis on the family Cynipidae (gall-wasps). Up to three strongly modified flagellomeres harboured the RSS in Cynipoidea, more often the first (proximal) flagellomere (F). The Fwas in most cases cylindrical or slightly flattened laterally, in this case often with a longitudinal ridge present, with few cases of a distinctly excavated (only in Cynipidae and the basal parasitoid family Ibaliidae) or strongly distally inflated (only in the cynipid gall-inquiline tribe Synergini) shape. The RSS ranged from long and narrow to short and wide. Pores of the RSS, more often scattered than closely spaced, were well visible in most of species. The observed conspicuous variability in RSS morphology seemed very weakly associated both with phylogenetic relationships among lineages and with life-history (galler, gall-associated inquilines or parasitoids, and non-gall-associated parasitoids). New studies are necessary to shed light on the evolution of this structure., CP was funded by a SECTI-post-doctoral contract from the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) and by a SYNTHESYS grant (ES-TAF 5333) from the European Union. JLNA was supported in part by research projects CGL2015-66571-P from MINECO/FEDER-UE and Encomienda de Gestión from MAPAMA to Agencia Estatal CSIC (16MNES003).

[EN] A revised checklist of eight of the twelve known palaearctic species in the subgenus Macroneura of Eupelmus occurring in the Iberian Peninsula, Balearic and Macaronesian islands (Azores, Balearics, Canaries, Madeira) is presented. Records of the distribution in the region of all the revised species are given with new biological notes, including host insects and plants. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus is a new record for the Canary Islands and Eupelmus(Macroneura) vesicularis is recorded for the first time in Portugal. Additionally, a study of Malaise trap captures of species of Macroneura in an arid habitat in south-east Spain is presented and discussed. 358 individuals belonging to six species were collected and identified. Eupelmus (Macroneura)muellneri comprised 43.5% of the Macroneura and was the most abundant species followed by E. (M.) barai (25.4%)., [ES] Se presenta la revision y una lista anotada de ocho de las doce especies paleárticas de Eupelmus (Macro-neura) que se conocen de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Macaronesia (Canarias, Madeira y Azores). Se aportan para cada especie las citas en cada ámbito geográfico, incluyendo nuevos datos biológicos, como los de sus insectos y plantas hospedadoras. Eupelmus (Macroneura) seculatus es nueva cita para las Islas Canarias y Eupelmus(Macroneura) vesicularis se cita por primera vez de Portugal. Como complemento a esta revisión, se presentan los resultados de las capturas de especies de Macroneura efectuadas con una trampa Malaise que se mantuvo operativa en primavera y verano de 2013 en una zona árida del sureste español (Mojácar, Almería). Se capturaron 358 ejemplares de seis especies, siendo Eupelmus (Macroneura)muellneri (43,5% del total) la especie más abundante en las muestras, seguida de E. (M.)barai (25,4%)., Financial support of RRA at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) in Madrid was provided by the European Community’s Programme ‘Research Infrastructure Action’ under SYNTHESYS (ES-TAF-4868). JLNA was supported in part by research projects (MINECO/FEDER, UE) CGL2015-66571-P, (AEI/FEDER, UE) AGL2016-76262-R and Encomienda de Gestión del MAPAMA a la Agencia Estatal CSIC, exp. 16MNES003., Peer reviewed

The monophyly and taxonomic validity of some currently accepted genera of gall wasps in the Cynipini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are being challenged by recent systematic studies. Here we used morphological and molecular data to redescribe and revise the taxonomic limits of the monotypic genus Kokkocynips Pujade-Villar & Melika, previously recorded only from Mexico. We describe a new species from Panama, Kokkocynips panamensis Medianero & Nieves-Aldrey, reared from galls on
Quercus salicifolia Neé, and add new records from Mexico for the type species of the genus K. doctorrosae Pujade-Villar. Six Nearctic species, Dryocosmus rileyi (Ashmead, 1896), D. imbricariae (Ashmead, 1896), D. coxii (Basset, 1881), D. deciduus (Beutenmueller, 1913), Callirhytis difficilis (Ashmead, 1887) and C. attractans (Kinsey, 1922) are transferred to Kokkocynips. Species of Kokkocynips are associated only with red oaks (Quercus section Lobatae (Fagaceae)) and
are distributed in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, from Canada through Mexico and Panama. Taxonomic limits of Kokkocynips are discussed in light of the molecular phylogenetic relationships of the studied species. Diagnostic characters, gall description, distribution, and biological data of Kokkocynips species are given, including a key for the identification of the asexual generations of seven species., EM was funded by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación of the SENACYT in Panama, the University of Panama and research project SENACYT 52-2016-4-ITE15-05 and No. 266-20218. JLNA was supported by the research project MINECO/FEDER, UE CGL2015-66571-P. CTT was supported by USFS agreement 60-8042-8-002/8042-22000- 289-01-S., Peer reviewed

The host range of parasitoids varies greatly among species: Some only parasitize one to a few hosts (specialists), while others parasitize multiple species or a va-riety of host types (generalists). The direction of most host range shifts in parasi-toid groups, that is from generalist to specialist or, alternatively, from specialist to generalist, is unknown. To explore the origin of host range shifts, we studied a clade within the genus Torymus(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) that includes both generalist and specialist parasitoids of Cynipidae (Hymenoptera). We ana-lysed the phylogenetic relationships of the species of Torymuson the basis of two gene fragments (cox1and ITS2) of 246 specimens and performed an ancestral state reconstruction of the specialist/generalist trait. Our results revealed the fol-lowing: (a) The ancestral state of this group of Torymusis specialist, with the generalist state evolving through a loss of specialization. (b) The species Torymus cyaneusand Torymus flavipesboth have a strong genetic structure, suggesting the existence of different biological identities. (c) There has been a host plant shift in the lineage(s) leading to Torymus rubiand Torymus bedeguarisfrom galls on Quercusto those on Rosaceae. (d) The alien species Torymus sinensisand the native European species Torymus notatusare phylogenetically closely related. (e) Speciation within Torymuswas likely associated with the diversification of their cynipid hosts, which itself was driven by the dramatic changes in climate and vegetation that occurred during the Miocene., The molecular work was funded by the project grants CGL2015-66571-P MINECO- FEDER and PID2019- 110243GB- 100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) to MG- P; and the field samplings by AGL2016-76262-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and Encomienda de Gestión from MAPAMA to Agencia Estatal CSIC, 16MNES003 to JLNA., Peer reviewed

Hymenoptera evolved structures on the legs which are able to remove particles from their antennae through grooming behaviour. The antenna cleaner (strigil) consists of an apical and modified protibial spur (calcar, composed of a trunk and a velum) and a modified basitarsus including a fine comb made up of setae and a notched inner surface. In “Terebrantia”, the non-aculeate Apocrita, large comparative studies of strigil are scarce, especially within lineages. Here, we studied in detail this structure in Cynipoidea, a group of wasps including parasitoids (Ibaliidae, Liopteridae and Figitidae), gall-inducers (Cynipidae) and gall-inquilines (Cynipidae), through a SEM analysis. We found some traits quite conserved across species and lineages. For example, the shape of protibia is almost invariably broadening towards apex, and one single, straight rather than curved, dorso-apical socketed spur on apical margin of protibia occurs in almost all species. Other characters roughly differentiate families. For example, thick and long setae on the protibia are arranged in one row especially in Figitidae, Ibaliidae and Liopteridae, while they more often occur in more than one rows in Cynipidae, which was the family with the shortest calcar. Figitidae have shorter basitarsal notch, but had longer and denser setae on the notch, compared with Cynipidae and Ibaliidae. Further characters were extremely variable across and within lineages. The observed morphological variation did not seem to reflect the phylogeny of Cynipoidea, and a role of life-history traits on such variation was not suggested, at least with the methodological approach used here., CP was funded by a SYNTHESYS grant (ES-TAF 5333) from the European Union. JLNA was supported in part by research projects CGL2015-66571-P from MINECO/FEDER-UE and Encomienda de Gestión from MAPAMA to Agencia Estatal CSIC (16MNES003)., Peer reviewed

De acuerdo a los trabajos que se han publicado desde los inicios de la Biología Evolutiva, entender qué factores favorecen los procesos de especiación y extinción, y el cuándo y por qué ocurren cambios drásticos en dichos procesos, es uno de los principales objetivos de esta rama de la Biología. A lo largo de mi tesis, titulada “Historia evolutiva y patrones de diversificación de coleópteros vesicantes (Coleoptera: Meloidae)
con notas sobre su taxonomía y distribución”, se emplean diferentes métodos para estimar las tasas de especiación y extinción, identificar posibles eventos de extinción masiva, y la asociación entre la aparición de algunos caracteres y cambios en la dinámica de la diversificación de linajes, para entender la historia evolutiva de los coleópteros vesicantes, familia Meloidae. De forma paralela, se incrementa el conocimiento taxonómico, biogeográfico y biólogico del grupo de estudio. Los resultados sugieren que los procesos de especiación en Meloidae pueden ser tanto de a elevadas tasas de extinción históricas, lo que supone un mayor riesgo de extinción en el presente. Finalmente, se obtiene evidencia de que algunos linajes dentro de la familia experimentaron la pérdida de restricciones genéticas, selectivas, funcionales o de desarrollo, es decir, de restricciones evolutivas que daban forma a estructuras como los élitros y el abdomen. Esto permitió la
exploración de nuevos fenotipos, que dio lugar a una copiosa diversidad morfológica. A través de este caso de estudio se puede entender mejor y cuantificar las consecuencias que alteraciones en las restricciones evolutivas pueden tener en la evolución morfológica. Finalmente, se establecen los límites de la distribución geográfica de Spastonyx nemognathoides, un taxón con una historia taxonómica compleja y se revisa la fauna de Epicauta en Venezuela., Todo el material biológico, así como la obtención de datos moleculares y su procesamiento se realizaron los recursos económicos otorgados por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) a los proyectos CGL2015-66571-P y PID2019-110243GB-100 concedidos a Mario García París por la Agencia Española de Investigación. La realización de esta tesis no hubiera sido posible sin el apoyo económico del CONACYT (México) quien otorgó una beca al extranjero durante los cuatro años de formación a la autora de esta memoria., Peer reviewed

[Aim]: Discerning the relative role of geographical and ecological factors in promoting diversification is central to our understanding of the origin and maintenance of biodi-versity. We explore the roles of geology and ecological tolerance in the diversification of a group of wingless beetles with low dispersal potential.
[Location]: Western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and North Africa)., [Taxon]: Darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae: Misolampus)., [Methods]: We sequenced nine gene fragments from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in all extant Misolampus species to reconstruct their phylogeny, evaluate species boundaries and potential contact zones and estimate divergence times. We modelled species distributions for different time periods to infer ecological preferences and assess the effects of climatic changes since the last interglacial. We used a time-stratified process-based biogeographical model to estimate ancestral areas of origin and the evolution of geographical ranges., [Results]: The palaeoclimatic model projections show contractions of favourable areas during the last interglacial period and mid-Holocene, and wide stretches of suitable areas during the last glacial maximum. Analyses of ancestral bioclimatic preferences reveal ecological adaptations in isolated lineages within three species. The phylog-eny of Misolampus is strongly supported and unveils deep divergences within the six species. Two well-supported clades were recovered, one distributed in North Africa- Balearic Islands and another in the Iberian Peninsula. The divergence between the North African and Iberian clades occurred during the early Miocene. The geographical ranges of species are dynamic, shaped by biotic (e.g. life history, demography, species interactions) and abiotic (e.g. tectonic events, climatic variables) factors that vary through space and time. This variation ultimately dictates differential patterns of population viability, connectivity and growth through time in dif-ferent sections of species ranges, with important consequences for species diversification processes (Bellard et al., 2012; Gouveia et al., 2014; Thuiller et al., 2005; Wiens, 2011). Following climatic changes, species can respond by contracting their ranges into cli-matic refugia and/or dispersing to areas where their environmen-tal preferences are maintained (niche tracking), by adapting to new environmental conditions in situ (niche evolution), and often by undergoing extinction in environmentally unsuitable areas (Kozak & Wiens, 2006; Yesson & Culham, 2006a). The fragmentation of ancestral distributions because of tectonic or climatic changes pro-motes allopatric speciation, sometimes associated with niche evolution, whereas demographic expansion of populations tracking climatic changes can lead to range fusion and admixture between formerly isolated population groups. Discerning the relative role of biotic and abiotic factors in promoting diversification is central to our understanding of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity (Wiens & Graham, 2005).The ability of different taxa to track climatic conditions or evolve new adaptations depends on life-history traits like dispersal. Dispersal limitation can result in geographical isolation and ecolog-ical specialization, by promoting species persistence in small areas, which could lead to some resilience to changing climatic conditions and might accelerate the consolidation of a species' ecological niche even at the population level (Baselga et al., 2011). Usually, local adaptation to extrinsic ecological factors is initiated by the presence of a barrier to gene flow. Additionally, dispersal limitation may lead to ecological specialization and reinforce restrictions to gene flow, promoting speciation even in the face of future demographic pro-cesses such as population contractions, fragmentations or expan-sions (Wiens, 2004).Addressing the question of how much lineage diversification is affected by range expansions/contractions through historical biogeography is often tackled by reconstructing ancestral range shifts using phylogenetic analyses (Ree & Smith, 2008 ; Ronquist & Sanmartín,2011). However, the question often remains partially an-swered because of the lack of information on the timing of range shifts regarding the speciation process itself (Recuero et al., 2012; Recuero & García-París, 2011). Robust, accurate estimates of di-vergence times between species and intraspecific lineages are key to consider evolutionary processes at different temporal scales that lead to diversification, which is controlled by multiple extrin-sic ecological factors and intrinsic organismal traits (Wiens, 2004). Therefore, assessing the temporal scale of demographic processes such as range contractions, fragmentations and expansions and their impact on lineage divergence provides decisive evidence to reconstruct the evolutionary history of species. Within a temperate region such as the Western Mediterranean, the influence of demographic processes under climatic oscillations has been well studied, providing evidence for two major evolutionary patterns. On the one hand, allopatric fragmentation, or demographic contraction into refugial areas during glacial periods have allowed species to persist as isolated populations over long peri-ods of time (Gutiérrez-Rodríguez et al., 2017 ; Hewitt, 2004, 2011; Martínez- Freiría et al.,2020; Martínez-Solano et al., 2006; Recuero & García-París, 2011). On the other hand, during interglacial periods many species have expanded their ranges through newly available colonization routes, sometimes forming secondary contact areas with related species or lineages (Branco et al., 2000; Gómez & Lunt, 2007 ; Gonçalves et al., 2009; Miraldo et al., 2011). These two scenarios involve periods without effective contact or gene flow be-tween isolated populations, which has consequences on the process of lineage divergence. For instance, intraspecific divergence could be either indicative of allopatric cladogenetic events (cladogenesis), or ecological specialization (niche differentiation) (Hewitt, 2011).The Western Mediterranean hunchback darkling beetles Misolampus (Tenebrionidae: Stenochiinae: Misolampinii) are well suited for studies on the contribution of geology-driven processes and ecological divergence to diversification in species groups with limited dispersal capacity. These flightless beetles are ecologically linked to woodlands and live mainly beneath the bark or inside dead logs of Pinus, Quercus and other tree species along a broad altitudinal analyses infer an ancestral range including the Iberian, Betic and Rifean Plates, with subsequent splits followed by dispersal events., [Main conclusions]: Our results favour a dual role of vicariance and dispersal in driving the historical biogeography and diversification of Misolampus since the early Miocene. We also found evidence for incipient speciation events, underscoring the role of tectonic events and adaptation to local climatic conditions in the diversification of the group., This study was supported by the Spanish government (MINECO/MIUC/AEI) and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) under grants CGL2015-66571-P (collecting and Museum visits) and PID2019-110243GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) (molecular analyses) to MGP. Support of the publication fee was granted by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)., Peer reviewed

[Background]: A common strategy to limit the negative impact of biological invasions is biological control through the release of specialized alien natural enemies. However, biological control plans are not without risks, which include parasitism of native hosts and hybridization with related native species, particularly those that are potential natural enemies of the invasive species. Here, we evaluate these potential risks resulting from the introduction of the parasitoid wasp Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) in Europe to control the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)., [Results]: We found that, under laboratory conditions, the physiological host range of T. sinensis includes several native non-target species of Cynipidae, with oviposition observed on the galls of 8 of the 11 species tested. However, physiological host range of T. sinensis appears to be limited under field conditions, as we observed only one parasitized gall of Andricus curvator in the field. Regarding hybridization, inter-species mating between T. sinensis and its phylogenetically closest native Torymus species was not observed in the laboratory. Moreover, discordance between nuclear (ITS2) and mitochondrial (coxI) data does not support the presence of genetic introgression, suggesting that hybridization between T. sinensis and native Torymus species does not occur. In addition, we cite and discuss the unexpected presence of one individual of the related alien species Torymus beneficus in Spain., [Conclusion]: Our results suggest that T. sinensis may negatively impact several non-target species, highlighting the need for careful monitoring of the extent of such undesired behaviour and its effects on the native fauna., The molecular part of this study was funded by the project grants CGL2015-66571-P, MINECO-FEDER and PID2019-110243GB-100 /AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) to JLNA and JFG. The field work and lab experiments were funded by AGL2016-76262-R (AEI/FEDER, UE) and Encomienda de Gestión from MAPAMA to Agencia Estatal CSIC, 16MNES003 to JLNA and JFG., Peer reviewed

Aim: Discerning the relative role of geographical and ecological factors in promoting diversification is central to our understanding of the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. We explore the roles of geology and ecological tolerance in the diversification of a group of wingless beetles with low dispersal potential. Location: Western Mediterranean (Iberian Peninsula and North Africa). Taxon: Darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae: Misolampus). Methods: We sequenced nine gene fragments from the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in all extant Misolampus species to reconstruct their phylogeny, evaluate species boundaries and potential contact zones and estimate divergence times. We modelled species distributions for different time periods to infer ecological preferences and assess the effects of climatic changes since the last interglacial. We used a time-stratified process-based biogeographical model to estimate ancestral areas of origin and the evolution of geographical ranges. Results: The palaeoclimatic model projections show contractions of favourable areas during the last interglacial period and mid-Holocene, and wide stretches of suitable areas during the last glacial maximum. Analyses of ancestral bioclimatic preferences reveal ecological adaptations in isolated lineages within three species. The phylogeny of Misolampus is strongly supported and unveils deep divergences within the six species. Two well-supported clades were recovered, one distributed in North Africa-Balearic Islands and another in the Iberian Peninsula. The divergence between the North African and Iberian clades occurred during the early Miocene. Biogeographical analyses infer an ancestral range including the Iberian, Betic and Rifean Plates, with subsequent splits followed by dispersal events. Main conclusions: Our results favour a dual role of vicariance and dispersal in driving the historical biogeography and diversification of Misolampus since the early Miocene. We also found evidence for incipient speciation events, underscoring the role of tectonic events and adaptation to local climatic conditions in the diversification of the group., Visit of PMP to the Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM) was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain (MICINN-FEDER) through contract BES-2016-077777. This study was supported by the Spanish government (MINECO/MIUC/AEI) and the European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER) under grants CGL2015-66571-P (collecting and Museum visits) and PID2019-110243GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) (molecular analyses) to MGP. Support of the publication fee was granted by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).