BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

En la literatura económica cuantitativa y aplicada es frecuente encontrar referencias a la medición estadística del capital y la depreciación. En este trabajo presentamos una forma diferente de estimar el stock de capital y la tasa de depreciación. Las ecuaciones que resuelven el problema de optimización de la empresa también permiten calcular endógenamente las variables tasa de depreciación y stock de capital, obteniendo una estimación económica de ambas. Nuestro método de cálculo usa los valores bursátiles de la ratio q de Tobin, y genera unos resultados que difieren de los obtenidos al aplicar el método del inventario permanente para el conjunto de la economía española y sus regiones durante el
periodo 1964-2011. La tasa de depreciación económica fluctúa alrededor de la tasa estadística. El stock de capital económico ofrece un perfil temporal diferente del que muestra la medida estadística, y esto se visualiza en unas diferencias claras en sus correspondientes tasas de crecimiento. Los shocks económicos desvían la tasa de depreciación económica de la tasa estadística con diferente intensidad
en las regiones españolas. Ello permite aproximar la resiliencia regional relativa centrada en el comportamiento de la depreciación y establecer tres grupos de regiones en función de su capacidad de absorción y adaptación ante los diferentes shocks., In the quantitative and applied economic literature it is frequent to find references to the statistical measurement of capital and depreciation. In this paper we present an alternative method of estimating the capital stock and the depreciation rate. The equations that solve the dynamic optimization problem of the neoclassical firm also enable us to endogenously calculate the rate of depreciation and capital stock variables, yielding an economic estimate of both. Our calculation method uses profitability indicators such as distributed profits and Tobin’s q ratio. Our results differ from those obtained by applying the permanent inventory method for Spanish economy and its regions during the period 1964-2011. The economic depreciation rate fluctuates around the statistical rate. Two time profiles for the economic and statistical capital are markedly different, as attested to by the disparity of their growth rates. The paper also shows that economic shocks turn aside the economic depreciation rate of the statistical rate with different intensity in the Spanish regions. This allows us to approximate the relative regional resilience based on the behaviour of depreciation and to establish three groups of regions according to their capacity of absorption and adaptation to the different shocks., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad

This study explores the relationship between railroad integration and regional development on the European periphery between 1870 and 1910, based on a regional dataset including 291 spatial units. Railroad integration is proxied by railroad density, while per capita GDP is used as an indicator of economic development. The period under study is of particular relevance as it has been associated with the second wave of railroad construction in Europe and also coincides with the industrialization of most of the continent. Overall, we found that railroads had a significant and positive impact on the growth of per capita GDP across Europe. The magnitude of this relationship appears to be relatively modest, but the results obtained are robust with respect to a number of different specifications. From a geographical perspective, we found that railroads had a significantly greater influence on regions located in countries on the northern periphery of Europe than in other outlying areas. They also helped the economies of these areas to begin the process of catching up with the continent's industrialized core. In contrast, the regions on the southern periphery showed lower levels of economic growth, with this exacerbating the pre-existing divergence in economic development. Furthermore, these phenomena were not only observed between states but also between, and even within, the regions of individual countries. The most northerly located countries began their networks by first connecting their main cities. After that, they expanded them outwards, and into their more rural, northern territories, in a process that facilitated the spread of development. In the states of southern Europe, on the other hand, the expansion of the railroad network was unable to homogenize the diffusion of economic development and, if anything, tended to further benefit the regions that were already industrialized. In all of the cases studied, the capital effect was magnified, and this contributed to the consolidation of newly created nation states., Funding was provided by Ministerio de Economía y Competitvidad (ECO2015 65049 C12-1-P; ECO2015 71534 REDT), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PGC2018-095821-B-I00), and University of Lleida-INDEST.

The contributions to this special issue share important themes and methodologies in their quest to explicate economic development and its effects. Nonetheless, each area under examination has its own peculiarities and warrants its own scope of analysis. The result is a special issue that pursues an innovative line of research, exploring parallels and contrasts in economic growth and inequality based on new data at the regional, rather than simply the national, level., The authors are grateful to the following institutions for their financial support of the
research in this special issue of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History: (1) European Union (EU— Jean Monnet Action); (2) ICREA—Generalitat de Catalunya; (3) MINECO CSO2015-65733-P,
CO2015-65049-C2-1-P, ECO2015-71534-REDT; and (4) Fundación BBVA.

Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e innovacion (Spain) under grants HAR2015-64076-P, ECO2017-86793-R, ECO2015-65049-C12-1-P, HAR2016-76814-C2-1P (AEI/FEDER, EU) and by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) (grant PROMETEO/2019/095).

Se han propuesto diferentes factores para explicar por qué en algunas regiones hay una mayor propensión a formar cooperativas que en otras. Aunque el debate sigue abierto, la literatura ofrece varias interpretaciones. Por un lado, algunos estudios han enfatizado el papel desempeñado por el capital humano, el acceso al mercado y las instituciones, entre otros factores, mientras que otros estudios han señalado la path dependence, es decir, el desarrollo del capital social y la confianza dentro de una sociedad en el pasado ha podido incentivar la cooperación. Diferenciar ambos efectos está lejos de ser trivial y requiere un análisis cuidadoso. En este estudio observamos la propagación del cooperativismo en Cataluña desde 1860 hasta 1939. Cataluña no era solo la región industrial líder en España, sino también donde las cooperativas surgieron por primera vez y tuvieron una mayor presencia. De acuerdo con la evidencia existente, encontramos que el cooperativismo se extendió desde los municipios costeros hacia el interior. En este sentido, parece que la alfabetización y la accesibilidad facilitaron este proceso. Además, el capital social no se puede descartar como un factor relevante, especialmente en contextos rurales., Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. Although the debate remains open, the literatura offers several interpretations. On the one hand, some studies have stressed the role played by human capital, market Access and institutions, among other factors, while other studies have pointed to path dependence, that is to say, the development of social capital and trust within a society in the past encourages cooperation. Disentangling both effects is far from trivial and requires a careful analysis. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial región in Spain, but also where cooperatives first emerged and had agreater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In this regard, it appears that literacy and accessibility facilitated this process. Besides, social capital can not be discarded as a relevant factor, especially in rural contexts., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Grants HAR2015-64076-P, ECO2017-86793-R; ECO2015-65049-C12-1-P and HAR2016-76814-C2-1-P (AEI/FEDER, EU).