BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

En la literatura económica cuantitativa y aplicada es frecuente encontrar referencias a la medición estadística del capital y la depreciación. En este trabajo presentamos una forma diferente de estimar el stock de capital y la tasa de depreciación. Las ecuaciones que resuelven el problema de optimización de la empresa también permiten calcular endógenamente las variables tasa de depreciación y stock de capital, obteniendo una estimación económica de ambas. Nuestro método de cálculo usa los valores bursátiles de la ratio q de Tobin, y genera unos resultados que difieren de los obtenidos al aplicar el método del inventario permanente para el conjunto de la economía española y sus regiones durante el
periodo 1964-2011. La tasa de depreciación económica fluctúa alrededor de la tasa estadística. El stock de capital económico ofrece un perfil temporal diferente del que muestra la medida estadística, y esto se visualiza en unas diferencias claras en sus correspondientes tasas de crecimiento. Los shocks económicos desvían la tasa de depreciación económica de la tasa estadística con diferente intensidad
en las regiones españolas. Ello permite aproximar la resiliencia regional relativa centrada en el comportamiento de la depreciación y establecer tres grupos de regiones en función de su capacidad de absorción y adaptación ante los diferentes shocks., In the quantitative and applied economic literature it is frequent to find references to the statistical measurement of capital and depreciation. In this paper we present an alternative method of estimating the capital stock and the depreciation rate. The equations that solve the dynamic optimization problem of the neoclassical firm also enable us to endogenously calculate the rate of depreciation and capital stock variables, yielding an economic estimate of both. Our calculation method uses profitability indicators such as distributed profits and Tobin’s q ratio. Our results differ from those obtained by applying the permanent inventory method for Spanish economy and its regions during the period 1964-2011. The economic depreciation rate fluctuates around the statistical rate. Two time profiles for the economic and statistical capital are markedly different, as attested to by the disparity of their growth rates. The paper also shows that economic shocks turn aside the economic depreciation rate of the statistical rate with different intensity in the Spanish regions. This allows us to approximate the relative regional resilience based on the behaviour of depreciation and to establish three groups of regions according to their capacity of absorption and adaptation to the different shocks., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad

Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. The debate remains open. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial region in Spain but also where cooperatives first emerged and had a greater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In particular, it seems that local conditions (literacy and social capital) facilitated this process, while accessibility to the transport network and neighbouring effects also played a significant role., This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e innovacion (Spain) under grants HAR2015-64076-P, ECO2017-86793-R, ECO2015-65049-C12-1-P, HAR2016-76814-C2-1P (AEI/FEDER, EU) and by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) (grant PROMETEO/2019/095).

Se han propuesto diferentes factores para explicar por qué en algunas regiones hay una mayor propensión a formar cooperativas que en otras. Aunque el debate sigue abierto, la literatura ofrece varias interpretaciones. Por un lado, algunos estudios han enfatizado el papel desempeñado por el capital humano, el acceso al mercado y las instituciones, entre otros factores, mientras que otros estudios han señalado la path dependence, es decir, el desarrollo del capital social y la confianza dentro de una sociedad en el pasado ha podido incentivar la cooperación. Diferenciar ambos efectos está lejos de ser trivial y requiere un análisis cuidadoso. En este estudio observamos la propagación del cooperativismo en Cataluña desde 1860 hasta 1939. Cataluña no era solo la región industrial líder en España, sino también donde las cooperativas surgieron por primera vez y tuvieron una mayor presencia. De acuerdo con la evidencia existente, encontramos que el cooperativismo se extendió desde los municipios costeros hacia el interior. En este sentido, parece que la alfabetización y la accesibilidad facilitaron este proceso. Además, el capital social no se puede descartar como un factor relevante, especialmente en contextos rurales., Different factors have been proposed to explain why in some regions there is a greater tendency to form cooperatives. Although the debate remains open, the literatura offers several interpretations. On the one hand, some studies have stressed the role played by human capital, market Access and institutions, among other factors, while other studies have pointed to path dependence, that is to say, the development of social capital and trust within a society in the past encourages cooperation. Disentangling both effects is far from trivial and requires a careful analysis. In this study, we look at the spread of cooperativism within Catalonia from 1860 to 1939. Catalonia was not just the leading industrial región in Spain, but also where cooperatives first emerged and had agreater presence. In line with the existing evidence, we find that cooperativism spread from coastal municipalities to the hinterland. In this regard, it appears that literacy and accessibility facilitated this process. Besides, social capital can not be discarded as a relevant factor, especially in rural contexts., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under Grants HAR2015-64076-P, ECO2017-86793-R; ECO2015-65049-C12-1-P and HAR2016-76814-C2-1-P (AEI/FEDER, EU).

Trabajo presentado a Iberometrics VIII: Eight Iberian Cliometrics Workshop. Organizado por el Institute of Advanced Research in Business and Economics (INARBE) de la Universidad Pública de Navarra, en colaboración con Glocred y expertos de instituciones de España y Portugal. Celebrado en la Upna el 20-21 de abril de 2017., This article attempts to quantify how the effect of agglomeration economies on
population growth has evolved over time. Using district population in Spain
between 1860 and 1991, recorded approximately every decade, this article
examines whether initial population affects subsequent population growth. Our
results show that, while the relationship between these two variables hardly
existed during the second half of the 19th century, this link increased
significantly between 1910 and 1970, although this trend was abruptly
interrupted by the Civil War and the
autarkic period that followed. The
intensity of this relationship debilitated in the 1970s, a process that continued
during the 1980s as rural out-migration diminished and de-industrialisation hit
traditional manufacturing sectors. Our findings also stress that agglomeration
economies were stronger in medium-size
districts, especially from 1960
onwards, thus suggesting that congestion costs began to mitigate the benefits
arising from agglomeration economies in the largest locations., This research received financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and
Innovation (projects HAR2012-30732, ECO2012-
33286 and ECO2015-65049-C12-1-P).