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The traditional process of finding a vacant parking slot is often inefficient: it increases driving time, traffic congestion, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. To address such problems, smart parking systems have been proposed to help drivers to find available parking slots faster using latest sensing and communications technologies. However, the deployment of the communications infrastructure of a smart parking is not straightforward due to multiple factors that may affect wireless propagation. Moreover, a smart parking system needs to provide not only accurate information on available spots, but also fast responses while guaranteeing the system availability even in the case of lacking connectivity. This article describes the development of a decentralized low-latency smart parking system: from its conception, design and theoretical simulation, to its empirical validation. Thus, this work first characterizes a real-world scenario and proposes a fog computing and Internet of Things (IoT) based communications architecture to provide smart parking services. Next, a thorough analysis on the wireless channel properties is carried out by means of an in-house developed deterministic 3D-Ray Launching (3D-RL) tool. The obtained results are validated through a real-world measurement campaign and then the communications architecture is implemented by using ZigBee sensor nodes. The implemented architecture also makes use of Bluetooth Low Energy beacons, an Android app, a decentralized database and fog computing gateways, whose performance is evaluated in terms of response latency and processing rate. Results show that the proposed system is able to deliver information to the drivers fast, with no need for relying on remote servers. As a consequence, the presented development methodology and communications evaluation tool can be useful for future smart parking developers, which can determine the optimal locations of the wireless transceivers during the simulation stage and then deploy a system that can provide fast responses and decentralized services., This work was supported in part by the School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, in part by the Xunta de Galicia under Grant ED431G2019/01, in part by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Spain under Grant TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R, Grant RED2018-102668-T, and Grant PID2019-104958RB-C42, in part by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) funds of the European Union (EU) (AEI/FEDER, UE), and in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCI-U/AEI/FEDER,UE) under Grant RTI2018-095499-B-C31.

The development of multiple cultural and social related activities, such as shows related with the performing arts, conferences or presentations rely on facilities such as auditoriums, theatres and conference sites, which are progressively including multiple technological features in order to enhance user experience. There are still however situations in which user experience is limited owing to lack of environment adaption, such as people with disabilities. In this sense, the adoption of Context Aware paradigms within auditoriums can provide adequate functionalities in order to comply with specific needs. This work is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility in enhancing user experience (e.g., improving the autonomy of disabled people) within auditorium and theatre environments, by means of an Augmented Reality (AR) device (HoloLens smart glasses) with wireless system integration. To carry out the demonstration, different elements to build AR applications are described and tested. First, an intensive measurement campaign was performed in a real auditorium in the city of Pamplona (Baluarte Congress Center) in order to evaluate the feasibility of using Wi-Fi enabled AR devices in a complex wireless propagation scenario. The results show that these environments exhibit high levels of interference, owing to the co-existence and non-coordinated operation of multiple wireless communication systems, such as on site and temporary Wi-Fi access points, wireless microphones or communications systems used by performers, staff and users. Deterministic wireless channel estimation based in volumetric 3D Ray Launching have been obtained for the complete scenario volume, in order to assess quality of service metrics. For illustration purposes, a user-friendly application to help hearing impaired people was developed and its main features were tested in the auditorium. Such an application provides users with a 3D virtual space to visualize useful multimedia content like subtitles or additional information about the show, as well as an integrated call button. © 2013 IEEE., This work was supported in part by the Article Processing Charges (APC) from the Xunta de Galicia under Grant ED431G 2019/01; in part by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Spain under Grant TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R, Grant RED2018-102668-T, and Grant PID2019-104958RB-C42; in part by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Union (EU) [Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), UE]; and in part by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Gobierno de España (MCIU/AEI/FEDER,UE) under Project RTI2018-095499-B-C31.

Climate change is driving new solutions to manage water more efficiently. Such solutions involve the development of smart irrigation systems where Internet of Things (IoT) nodes are deployed throughout large areas. In addition, in the mentioned areas, wireless communications can be difficult due to the presence of obstacles and metallic objects that block electromagnetic wave propagation totally or partially. This article details the development of a smart irrigation system able to cover large urban areas thanks to the use of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) sensor nodes based on LoRa and LoRaWAN. IoT nodes collect soil temperature/moisture and air temperature data, and control water supply autonomously, either by making use of fog computing gateways or by relying on remote commands sent from a cloud. Since the selection of IoT node and gateway locations is essential to have good connectivity and to reduce energy consumption, this article uses an in-house 3D-ray launching radio-planning tool to determine the best locations in real scenarios. Specifically, this paper provides details on the modeling of a university campus, which includes elements like buildings, roads, green areas, or vehicles. In such a scenario, simulations and empirical measurements were performed for two different testbeds: a LoRaWAN testbed that operates at 868 MHz and a testbed based on LoRa with 433 MHz transceivers. All the measurements agree with the simulation results, showing the impact of shadowing effects and material features (e.g., permittivity, conductivity) in the electromagnetic propagation of near-ground and underground LoRaWAN communications. Higher RF power levels are observed for 433 MHz due to the higher transmitted power level and the lower radio propagation losses, and even in the worst gateway location, the received power level is higher than the sensitivity threshold (–148 dBm). Regarding water consumption, the provided estimations indicate that the proposed smart irrigation system is able to reduce roughly 23% of the amount of used water just by considering weather forecasts. The obtained results provide useful guidelines for future smart irrigation developers and show the radio planning tool accuracy, which allows for optimizing the sensor network topology and the overall performance of the network in terms of coverage, cost, and energy consumption., This work has been funded by the Xunta de Galicia (by Grant No. ED431C 2020/15, and Grant No. ED431G 2019/01 to support the Centro de Investigación de Galicia 'CITIC'), the Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Spain (by grants RTI2018-095499-B-C31, TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R, RED2018-102668-T, and PID2019-104958RB-C42) and ERDF funds of the EU (FEDER Galicia 2014-2020 and AEI/FEDER Programs, UE).

The development of multiple cultural and social related activities, such as shows related with the performing arts, conferences or presentations rely on facilities such as auditoriums, theatres and conference sites, which are progressively including multiple technological features in order to enhance user experience. There are still however situations in which user experience is limited owing to lack of environment adaption, such as people with disabilities. In this sense, the adoption of Context Aware paradigms within auditoriums can provide adequate functionalities in order to comply with specific needs. This work is aimed at demonstrating the feasibility in enhancing user experience (e.g., improving the autonomy of disabled people) within auditorium and theatre environments, by means of an Augmented Reality (AR) device (HoloLens smart glasses) with wireless system integration. To carry out the demonstration, different elements to build AR applications are described and tested. First, an intensive measurement campaign was performed in a real auditorium in the city of Pamplona (Baluarte Congress Center) in order to evaluate the feasibility of using Wi-Fi enabled AR devices in a complex wireless propagation scenario. The results show that these environments exhibit high levels of interference, owing to the co-existence and non-coordinated operation of multiple wireless communication systems, such as on site and temporary Wi-Fi access points, wireless microphones or communications systems used by performers, staff and users. Deterministic wireless channel estimation based in volumetric 3D Ray Launching have been obtained for the complete scenario volume, in order to assess quality of service metrics. For illustration purposes, a user-friendly application to help hearing impaired people was developed and its main features were tested in the auditorium. Such an application provides users with a 3D virtual space to visualize useful multimedia content like subtitles or additional information about the show, as well as an integrated call button., Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431G 2019/01, Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. TEC2016-75067-C4-1-R, Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RED2018-102668-T, Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-104958RB-C42, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RTI2018-095499-B-C31

Cursos e Congresos, C-155, [Abstract] The article shows the design and development of a pair of mobile applications for Apple Watch and iPhone devices to reinforce and control tasks for children with autism disorders. This work takes advantage of the possibilities of smartwatches, such as internet connectivity, access to biometric sensors and ease of communication with users, to improve their autonomy in carrying out everyday routines. The application has been designed taking into account the needs and characteristics of this group, collaborating with two non-profit organisations in the area of AI, Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2020/15, This work has been supported by grant ED431C 2020/15 funded by Xunta de Galicia and ERDF Galicia 2014-2020; by grant PID2019-104958RB-C42 (ADELE) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033; and by project TED2021-130240B-I00 (IVRY) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR

Aprendizaje y servicio es un modelo pedagógico orientado a la adquisición de competencias transversales y específicas de los títulos a través de la colaboración con entidades sin ánimo de lucro. Este artículo muestra una experiencia, iniciada en el curso académico 2019-2020, para el desarrollo de Trabajos Fin de Grado (TFG) en el Grado en Ingeniería Informática. Los tres objetivos básicos de esta experiencia son: 1) garantizar la adquisición de las competencias específicas y transversales; 2) formar profesionales con responsabilidad social y 3) prestar un servicio adaptado a las necesidades específicas de entidades de nuestro entorno dedicadas a personas con diversidad funcional y/o cognitiva. La experiencia que se ha desarrollado a lo largo de este curso académico abarca dos proyectos realizados en colaboración con asociaciones que trabajan con personas con parálisis cerebral y con niños con trastorno de espectro autista., Service-Learning is a pedagogical method focused on the acquisition of transversal and specific competences with the collaboration of non-profit entities. This paper shows an experience of service-learning, initiated in the academic year 2019-2020, for the development of Bachelor’s Thesis (BT) in the Degree in Computer Engineering. The three basic objectives of this experience are: 1) to ensure the acquisition of specific and transversal competences; 2) to train professionals with social responsibility and 3) to provide a service adapted to the specific needs of entities in our environment dedicated to people with functional and/or cognitive diversity. The experience that has been developed throughout this academic year includes two projects carried out in collaboration with two entities working with people with cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorder., Este trabajo fue financiado parcialmente por Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/15, ED431G2019/01), la Agencia Estatal de Investigación de España (RED2018-102668-T y PID2019-104958RB-C42) y fondos ERDF de la EU (FEDER Galicia 2014-2020 & AEI/FEDER Programs, UE). Agradecemos la inestimable colaboración de las entidaes ASPACE Coruña y DISMACOR.

Con el objetivo de fomentar la adquisición tanto de competencias transversales y profesionales como de valores sociales, las prácticas de la asignatura de Tecnología del máster de profesorado han sido realizadas mediante pequeños proyectos de ingeniería orientados a colectivos con diversidad funcional y cognitiva. De esta forma, los estudiantes adquieren las competencias curriculares mediante un servicio a la comunidad de su entorno más próximo, lo que se conoce como aprendizaje-servicio. Esta iniciativa comenzó en el curso académico 2019-2020, en el que tanto la docencia universitaria como el servicio a los usuarios de una entidad del entorno pudieron realizarse íntegramente de forma presencial. La situación sanitaria del curso 2020-2021 supuso un reto para la educación del siglo XXI, en general, y para este tipo de actividades, en particular. En nuestro caso, con el objetivo de eludir las probables cancelaciones de las actividades propuestas, fue necesario replantear todo el proceso, incorporando mecanismos que soportasen la enseñanza y evaluación virtual, y un servicio no necesariamente presencial. Con estas lecciones aprendidas, en el curso 2021-2022 se optó por un método híbrido que aprovecha las ventajas de cada una de esas modalidades docentes. Este artículo pretende divulgar a otros educadores las experiencias desarrolladas con estas tres modalidades y los resultados obtenidos., With the aim of promoting the acquisition of transversal and professional competences as well as social values, the internships of the Technology course of the master’s degree in teaching have been carried out through small engineering projects aimed at groups with functional and cognitive diversity. In this way, students acquire the curricular competences through a service to the community in their immediate environment, known as learning-service. This initiative began in the 2019-2020 academic year, in which both the university teaching and the service to the users of an entity of the environment could be carried out entirely in person. The health situation in the 2020-2021 academic year was a challenge to 21st century education, in general, and to this type of activities, in particular. In our case, in order to circumvent the probable cancellations of the proposed activities, it was necessary to rethink the entire process, incorporating mechanisms that support virtual teaching and evaluation, and a service that is not necessarily face-to-face. With these lessons learned, a hybrid method has been chosen in the 2021-2022 academic year, taking advantage of the benefits of each of these teaching modalities. This article aims to disseminate to other educators the experiences developed with these three modalities and the results obtained., El trabajo fue financiado por la Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2020/15, ED431G 2019/01 del CITIC), la Agencia Estatal de Investigación de España (PID2020-118857RA-I00 y PID2019-104958RB-C42) y fondos ERDF de la UE (FEDER Galicia 2014–2020 & programa AEI/FEDER).

This paper deals with the selection of the training dataset in kernel-based methods for function reconstruction, with a focus on kernel ridge regression. A functional analysis is performed which, in the absence of noise, links the optimal sampling distribution to the one minimizing the difference between the kernel matrix and its low-rank Nyström approximation. From this standpoint, a statistical passive sampling approach is derived which uses the leverage scores of the columns of the kernel matrix to design a sampling distribution that minimizes an upper bound of the risk function. The proposed approach constitutes a passive method, able to select the optimal subset of training samples using only information provided by the input set and the kernel, but without needing to know the values of the function to be approximated. Furthermore, the proposed approach is backed up by numerical tests on real datasets., This work has been funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) of the Spanish Government and by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and ERDF funds (PID 2019-104958RB-C41/C43, RED2018-102668-T); and by the Catalan Government (2017 SGR 578)., Peer Reviewed