BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

In this work, context aware scenarios applied to e-Health and m-Health in the framework of typical households (urban and rural) by means of deploying Social Sensors will be described. Interaction with end-users and social/medical staff is achieved using a multi-signal input/output device, capable of sensing and transmitting environmental, biomedical or activity signals and information with the aid of a combined Bluetooth and Mobile system platform. The devices, which play the role of Social Sensors, are implemented and tested in order to guarantee adequate service levels in terms of multiple signal processing tasks as well as robustness in relation with the use wireless transceivers and channel variability. Initial tests within a Living Lab environment have been performed in order to validate overall system operation. The results obtained show good acceptance of the proposed system both by end users as well as by medical and social staff, increasing interaction, reducing overall response time and social inclusion levels, with a compact and moderate cost solution that can readily be largely deployed., The authors wish to acknowledge funding of project NASISTIC, from the Government of Navarra, Spain; Project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness; collaboration and support from Red Cross Navarra; and D2D, AH and ID corporations, in Spain.

We study some of the main features of Fractional Step Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods when they are used to integrate Initial–Boundary Value Problems of second order in time, in combination with a suitable spatial discretization. We focus our attention on the order reduction phenomenon, which appears if classical boundary conditions are taken at the internal stages. This drawback is specially hard when time dependent boundary conditions are considered. In this paper we present an efficient technique, very simple and computationally cheap, which allows us to avoid the order reduction; such technique consists in modifying the boundary conditions for the internal stages of the method., M.J. Moreta had financial support from MTM 2015-66837-P. B. Bujanda had financial support from TEC 2013-45585-C2-1-R. J.C. Jorge had financial support from MTM 2014-52859.

In this article, the design and performance analysis of wireless body area network–based systems for the transmission of
medical information readable in an android-based application deployed within complex indoor e-Health scenarios is presented.
The scenario under analysis is an emergency room area, where a patient is being monitored remotely with the
aid of wearable wireless sensors placed at different body locations. Due to the advent of Internet of Things, in the near
future a cloud of a vast number of wireless devices will be operating at the same time, potentially interfering one
another. Ensuring good performance of the deployed wireless networks in this kind of environment is mandatory and
obtaining accurate radio propagation estimations by means of a computationally efficient algorithm is a key issue. For that
purpose, an in-house three-dimensional ray launching algorithm is employed, which provides radio frequency power distribution
values, power delay profiles, and delay spread values for the complete volume of complex indoor scenarios.
Using this information together with signal-to-noise estimations and link budget calculations, the most suitable wireless
body area network technology for this context is chosen. Additionally, an in-house developed human body model has
been developed in order to model the impact of the presence of monitored patients. A campaign of measurements has
been carried out in order to validate the obtained simulation results. Both the measurements and simulation results illustrate
the strong influence of the presented scenario on the overall performance of the wireless body area networks:
losses due to material absorption and the strong influence of multipath components due to the great number of obstacles
and the presence of persons make the use of the presented method very useful. Finally, an android-based application
for the monitoring of patients is presented and tested within the emergency room scenario, providing a flexible solution
to increase interactivity in health service provision., The authors acknowledge the support received from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Government of Spain, under grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

In this paper, the influence of topology and morphology of a particularly
complex scenario for the deployment of ZigBee wireless sensor networks is analyzed.
This complex scenario is a car. The existence of loss mechanisms such as material
absorption (seats, dashboard, etc.) and strong multipath components due to the great
number of obstacles and the metallic environment (bodywork), as well as the growing
demand for wireless systems within a vehicle emphasizes the importance of the
configuration of the heterogeneous intra-car wireless systems. Measurement results
as well as simulation results by means of an in-house 3D ray launching algorithm
illustrate the strong influence of this complex scenario in the overall performance of
the intra-car wireless sensor network. Results also show that ZigBee is a viable
technology for successfully deploying intra-car wireless sensor networks., This work was supported by projects TEC2013-45585-C2-
1-R, funded by the Ministry of Economy and Com petiviness,
Government of Spain.

We consider the confluent hypergeometric function M(a, b; z) for z ∈ C and Rb >Ra > 0, and the confluent hypergeometric function U(a, b; z) for b ∈ C, Ra > 0, and Rz > 0. We derive two convergent expansions of M(a, b; z); one of them in terms of incomplete gamma functions γ(a, z) and another one in terms of rational functions of ez and z. We also derive a convergent expansion of U(a, b; z) in terms of incomplete gamma functions γ(a, z) and Γ(a, z). The expansions of M(a, b; z) hold uniformly in either Rz ≥ 0 or Rz ≤ 0; the expansion of U(a, b; z) holds uniformly in Rz > 0. The accuracy of the approximations is illustrated by means of some numerical experiments., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economía y Competitividad, projects MTM2014-53178-P and TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R. The Universidad Pública de Navarra is acknowledged for its financial support.

We consider the incomplete gamma function γ(a,z) for Ra>0 and z∈C. We derive several convergent expansions of z−aγ(a,z) in terms of exponentials and rational functions of z that hold uniformly in z with Rz bounded from below. These expansions, multiplied by ez, are expansions of ezz−aγ(a,z) uniformly convergent in z with Rz bounded from above. The expansions are accompanied by realistic error bounds., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economía y Competitividad, projects
MTM2014-53178-P and TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R. The Universidad Pública de Navarra is
acknowledged by its financial support.

In this work, the characterization of the radio channel for ISM 2.4GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for judo applications is presented. The environments where judo activity is held are usually complex indoor scenarios in terms of radiopropagation due to their morphology, the presence of humans and the electromagnetic interference generated by personal portable devices, wireless microphones and other wireless systems used by the media. For the assessment of the impact that the topology and the morphology of these environments have on electromagnetic propagation, an in-house developed 3D ray-launching software has been used in this study. Time domain results as well as estimations of received power level have been obtained for the complete volume of a training venue of a local judo club’s facilities with a contest area with the dimensions specified by the International Judo Federation (IJF) for international competitions. The obtained simulation results have been compared with measurements, which have been carried out deploying ZigBee-compliant XBee Pro modules at presented scenario, using approved Judogis (jacket, trousers and belt). The analysis is completed with the inclusion of an in-house human body computational model. Such analysis has allowed the design and development of an in house application devoted to monitor the practice of judo, in order to aid referee activities, training routines and to enhance spectator experience., This work has been supported by the Spanish Government: TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R and TIN2011-28347-CO1-02.

Trabajo presentado al 3rd International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, noviembre 15-30, 2016; Available online: https://sciforum.net/conference/ecsa-3., In this work, a method to analyze the performance of Bluetooth-based Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) deployed within hospital environments is presented. Due to the complexity that this kind of scenarios exhibit in terms of radio propagation and coexistence with other wireless communication systems and other potential interference sources, the deployment of WSNs becomes a complex task which requires an in-depth radio planning analysis. For that purpose, simulation results obtained with the aid of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code are presented. The scenarios under analysis are located at the Hospital of Navarre Complex (HNC), in the city of Pamplona. As hospitals have a wide variety of scenarios, the analysis has been carried out in different zones such as Boxes, where different medical sensors based on Bluetooth communication protocol have been deployed. The simulation results obtained have been validated with measurements within the scenario under analysis, exhibiting Bluetooth-based WSNs performance within hospital environments in terms of coverage/capacity relations. The proposed methodology can aid in obtaining optimal network configuration and hence performance of Bluetooth-based WSNs within medical/health service provision environments., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

Wireless communications systems are growing rapidly during the last two decades and they are gaining a significant role for multiple communication tasks within public transportation buses. In this work, the impact of topology and morphology of different types of urban buses is analyzed with the aid of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code and compared with on-board measurements of a deployed Wireless Sensor Network. The presence of human beings has been taken into account, showing a significant influence in the signal attenuation in the case of considering persons. In addition, the statistical analysis of simulation results considering both large and small-scale fading has been performed, providing good agreement with statistics for typical indoor environments. In addition, a Wireless Sensor Network has been programmed and deployed within the buses in order to analyze topological impact with overall system performance, with the aim of minimizing the energy consumption as well as non-desired interference levels. The use of deterministic techniques destined to consider the inherent complexity of the buses can aid in wireless system planning in order to minimize power consumption and increase overall system capacity., This work was supported by
Projects TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R and TIN2011-28347-CO1-02.

The use of wireless networks has experienced exponential growth due to the improvements in terms of battery life and low consumption of the devices. However, it is compulsory to conduct previous radio propagation analysis when deploying a wireless sensor network. These studies are necessary to perform an estimation of the range coverage, in order to optimize the distance between devices in an actual network deployment. In this work, the radio channel characterization for ISM 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) in an inhomogeneous vegetation environment has been analyzed. This analysis allows designing environment monitoring tools based on ZigBee and WiFi where WSN and smartphones cooperate, providing rich and customized monitoring information to users in a friendly manner. The impact of topology as well as morphology of the environment is assessed by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching code, to emulate the realistic operation in the framework of the scenario. Experimental results gathered from a measurement campaign conducted by deploying a ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network, are analyzed and compared with simulations in this paper. The scenario where this network is intended to operate is a combination of buildings and diverse vegetation species. To gain insight in the effects of radio propagation, a simplified vegetation model has been developed, considering the material parameters and simplified geometry embedded in the simulation scenario. An initial location-based application has been implemented in a real scenario, to test the functionality within a context aware scenario. The use of deterministic tools can aid to know the impact of the topological influence in the deployment of the optimal Wireless Sensor Network in terms of capacity, coverage and energy consumption, making the use of these systems attractive for multiple applications in inhomogeneous vegetation environments., The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the Spanish Government: TIN2010-17170 UbiTrust, TIN2011-28347 and TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

One of the main challenges in the implementation and design of context-aware
scenarios is the adequate deployment strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),
mainly due to the strong dependence of the radiofrequency physical layer with the surrounding
media, which can lead to non-optimal network designs. In this work, radioplanning analysis
for WSN deployment is proposed by employing a deterministic 3D ray launching technique
in order to provide insight into complex wireless channel behavior in context-aware indoor
scenarios. The proposed radioplanning procedure is validated with a testbed implemented with
a Mobile Ad Hoc Network WSN following a chain configuration, enabling the analysis and
assessment of a rich variety of parameters, such as received signal level, signal quality and
estimation of power consumption. The adoption of deterministic radio channel techniques
allows the design and further deployment of WSNs in heterogeneous wireless scenarios with
optimized behavior in terms of coverage, capacity, quality of service and energy consumption., The authors wish to thank the support given under project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain.

Simulation techniques based on deterministic methods such as Ray Tracing and Ray Launching, are widely used to perform radioplanning tasks. However, the quality of the simulations depends on the number of rays and the angular resolution. The computational cost of these simulations in High Definition prevents their use in complex environments and their Low Definition counterparts are used instead. In this article we propose a technique based on collaborative filtering to lessen the poor quality problems of Low Definition simulations. We show that our approach obtains results very similar to those of High Definition in much less time. Also, we compare our approach with other well-known techniques and we show that it performs better in terms of accuracy and precision. The use of combined deterministic/collaborative filtering techniques allows the estimation of radioplanning tasks in large, complex scenarios with a potentially large amount of transceivers., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of Project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

Trabajo presentado al 2nd International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, 15-20 noviembre de 2015., The flexibility of new age wireless networks and the variety of sensors to measure a high number of variables, lead to new scenarios where anything can be monitored by small electronic devices, thereby implementing Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Thanks to ZigBee, RFID or WiFi networks the precise location of humans or animals as well as some biological parameters can be known in real-time. However, since wireless sensors must be attached to biological tissues and they are highly dispersive, propagation of electromagnetic waves must be studied to deploy an efficient and well-working network. The main goal of this work is to study the influence of wireless channel limitations in the operation of a specific pet monitoring system, validated at physical channel as well as at functional level. In this sense, radio wave propagation produced by ZigBee devices operating at the ISM 2.4 GHz band is studied through an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching simulation tool, in order to analyze coverage/capacity relations for the optimal system selection as well as deployment strategy in terms of number of transceivers and location. Furthermore, a simplified dog model is developed for simulation code, considering not only its morphology but also its dielectric properties. Relevant wireless channel information such as power distribution, power delay profile and delay spread graphs are obtained providing an extensive wireless channel analysis. A functional dog monitoring system is presented, operating over the implemented ZigBee network and providing real time information to Android based devices. The proposed system can be scaled in order to consider different types of domestic pets as well as new user based functionalities., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are currently under
intense research and development for making transportation safer and
more efficient. The development of such vehicular communication
systems requires accurate models for the propagation channel. A key
characteristic of these channels is their temporal variability and
inherent non-stationarity, which has major impact on electromagnetic
propagation prediction. This article investigates the channel
properties of a wireless communication system within a vehicular
communication environment with deterministic modeling. An analysis
of the physical radio channel propagation of an ultra high frequencyradio
frequency identification (UHF-RFID) system for a vehicle to
infrastructure scattering environment is presented. A new module has
been implemented in the proposed site-specific tool which takes into
account the movement of the vehicles, leading to time and spacefrequency
models. The strong dependence with the environment due to
multipath propagation is presented. These results can aid in the
identification of the optimal location of the transceivers, in order to
minimize power consumption and increase service performance,
improving vehicular communications within ITS., Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, funding provided by Grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

In this paper, intra-wagon wireless communication
performance is analyzed, in order to account for inherent
scenario complexity in the deployment phase of wireless systems
toward the implementation of a context-aware environment.
A real commercial passenger wagon has been simulated by means
of an in-house-developed 3-D ray launching code, accounting
for embedded wagon elements as well as variable user densities within the passenger wagon. Onboard measurements of a
designed and deployed wireless sensor network are obtained,
showing good agreement with wireless channel estimations for
two different frequencies of operation. Energy consumption
behavior and user density impact have also been analyzed and
estimated as a function of network topology and the operational
mode. These results can aid in wireless transceivers deployment
configurations, in order to minimize power consumption, optimize interference levels, and increase overall service performance., This work
was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Government
of Spain, under Grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R

Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) enable vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with roadside units (RSUs). Although there is a significant research effort in radio channel modeling focused on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), not much work has been done for vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) using 3D ray-tracing tools. This work evaluates some important parameters of a V2I wireless channel link such as large-scale path loss and multipath metrics in a typical urban scenario using a deterministic simulation model based on an in-house 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) algorithm at 5.9 GHz. Results show the high impact that the spatial distance; link frequency; placement of RSUs; and factors such as roundabout, geometry and relative position of the obstacles have in V2I propagation channel. A detailed spatial path loss characterization of the V2I channel along the streets and avenues is presented. The 3D-RL results show high accuracy when compared with measurements, and represent more reliably the propagation phenomena when compared with analytical path loss models. Performance metrics for a real test scenario implemented with a VANET wireless sensor network implemented ad-hoc are also described. These results constitute a starting point in the design phase of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) radio-planning in the urban V2I deployment in terms of coverage., The authors would like to acknowledge the support and collaboration of the Focus Group of Telecommunications and Networks at Tecnologico de Monterrey. This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness under the Research Grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

In this work, the performance of ISM 2.4 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in judo training venues is analyzed. Judo is a very popular martial art, which is practiced by thousands of people not only at the competition level, but also as part of physical education programs at different school levels. There is a great variety of judo training venues, and each one has specific morphological aspects, making them unique scenarios in terms of radio propagation due to the presence of furniture, columns, equipment and the presence of human beings, which is a major issue as the person density within this kind of scenarios could be high. Another key aspect is the electromagnetic interference created by other wireless systems, such as WiFi or other WSNs, which make the radio planning a complex task in terms of coexistence. In order to analyze the impact of these features on the radio propagation and the performance of WSNs, an in-house developed 3D ray launching algorithm has been used. The obtained simulation results have been validated with a measurement campaign carried out in the sport facilities of the Public University of Navarre. The analysis is completed with the inclusion of an application designed to monitor biological constants of judokas, aimed to improve their training procedures. The application, that allows the simultaneous monitoring of multiple judokas (collective workouts) minimizing the efforts of the coach and medical supervisor, is based on commercial off-the-shelf products. The presented assessment of the presence of interfering wireless systems and the presence of human beings within judo training venues shows that an in-depth radio planning is required as these issues can have a great impact in the overall performance of a ISM 2.4 GHz WSN, affecting negatively the potential applications supported by wireless channel., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

This paper presents a novel hybrid simulation method based on the combination of an in-house developed 3D ray launching
algorithm and a collaborative filtering (CF) technique, which will be used to analyze the performance of ZigBee-based wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) to enable ambient assisted living (AAL). The combination of Low Definition results obtained by means
of a deterministic ray launching method and the application of a CF technique leads to a drastic reduction of the time and
computational cost required to obtain accurate simulation results. The paper also reports that this kind of AAL indoor complex
scenario withmultiple wireless devices needs a thorough and personalized radioplanning analysis as radiopropagation has a strong
dependence on the network topology and the specific morphology of the scenario. The wireless channel analysis performed by
our hybrid method provides valuable insight into network design phases of complex wireless systems, typical in AAL-oriented
environments.Thus, it results in optimizing network deployment, reducing overall interference levels, and increasing the overall
system performance in terms of cost reduction, transmission rates, and energy efficiency., The authors wish to acknowledge the support provided
under Grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by theMinistry
of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain. URV authors are
partly supported by La Caixa Foundation through Project
SIMPATIC and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness
under Project “Co-Privacy, TIN2011-27076-C03-
01” and by the Government of Catalonia under Grant 2014-
SGR-537.

The advent of fully interactive environments within Smart Cities and Smart Regions requires the use of multiple wireless systems. In the case of user-device interaction, which finds multiple applications such as Ambient Assisted Living, Intelligent Transportation Systems or Smart Grids, among others, large amount of transceivers are employed in order to achieve anytime, anyplace and any device connectivity. The resulting combination of heterogeneous wireless network exhibits fundamental limitations derived from Coverage/Capacity relations, as a function of required Quality of Service parameters, required bit rate, energy restrictions and adaptive modulation and coding schemes. In this context, inherent transceiver density poses challenges in overall system operation, given by multiple node operation which increases overall interference levels. In this work, a deterministic based analysis applied to variable density wireless sensor network operation within complex indoor scenarios is presented, as a function of topological node distribution. The extensive analysis derives interference characterizations, both for conventional transceivers as well as wearables, which provide relevant information in terms of individual node configuration as well as complete network layout., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness under the Research Grant TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R.

With the growing demand of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for safer and more efficient transportation, research on and development of such vehicular communication systems have increased considerably in the last years. The use of wireless networks in vehicular environments has grown exponentially. However, it is highly important to analyze radio propagation prior to the deployment of a wireless sensor network in such complex scenarios. In this work, the radio wave characterization for ISM 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed taking advantage of the existence of traffic light infrastructure has been assessed. By means of an in-house developed 3D ray launching algorithm, the impact of topology as well as urban morphology of the environment has been analyzed, emulating the realistic operation in the framework of the scenario. The complexity of the scenario, which is an intersection city area with traffic lights, vehicles, people, buildings, vegetation and urban environment, makes necessary the channel characterization with accurate models before the deployment of wireless networks. A measurement campaign has been conducted emulating the interaction of the system, in the vicinity of pedestrians as well as nearby vehicles. A real time interactive application has been developed and tested in order to visualize and monitor traffic as well as pedestrian user location and behavior. Results show that the use of deterministic tools in WSN deployment can aid in providing optimal layouts in terms of coverage, capacity and energy efficiency of the network., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.

An interactive shopping cart to enable context
aware environments within large commercial areas is presented.
A wireless sensor network was designed, with specific nodes
embedded within the shopping carts and infrastructure nodes in
the shopping area. Due to the complexity of wireless propagation,
given the large amount of obstacles and the inclusion of users, an
in house deterministic method based on 3D Ray Launching was
employed, providing results in terms of adequate transceiver
deployment to minimize interference, energy consumption and
maximize data throughput. The proposed system was tested in a
real commercial scenario, with the implementation of an ad-hoc
monitor shopping application, exhibiting successful detection
rates in order of 99%. The proposed systems provides an
interactive shopping experience for users as well as for
commercial managers., The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of
Project TEC2013-45585-C2-1-R, funded by the Spanish
Ministry of Economy and Competiveness.