Resultados de investigación

LC50 tests: Naturally infected and uninfected adults of A. parthenogenetica were collected with a plankton net (0.5 mm) within the Odiel saltpan complex. Sampling was carried out on two dates (14th of April and 15th of May 2014). Toxicity experiments were conducted after 24 h of acclimation of the Artemia at 100 g/l salinity. Two experiments were carried out. The first (with Artemia collected on 14th of April) was conducted at 25ºC. The second (Artemia collected on 15th of May) was conducted at both 25 and 29ºC. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was used to quantify Aresenic toxicity in infected and uninfected adult Artemia. Ten concentrations of As between 5 and 140 mg/l were used for the experiments at 25ºC (0, 5, 20, 35, 50, 65, 85, 95, 110, 125, 140 mg/l), and ten between 4 and 67 mg/l were used for the experiment at 29°C (0, 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, 46, 53, 60, 67 mg/l) in order to estimate the LC50. Three replicates were used per concentration, with each replicate made up of a group of 10 individuals. Prevalence (P) and mean abundance (MA) were calculated separately for the “infected group” on both dates. Oxidative stress analysis and lipid droplet quantification: Artemia were sampled in May 2015 from Odiel salt ponds. A subsample was used to characterize the exact parasite composition (n = 60 infected individuals) and quantify the number of lipid droplets (n = 20 infected and 20 uninfected Artemia). The numbers of cysticercoids, prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity were calculated for each cestode species. The number of lipid droplets was estimated according to Wurtsbaugh & Gliwicz 2001 [86]. We quantified lipid levels by inspecting individuals at 30x magnification and counting the number of lipid droplets along the right side of the 5th and 6th segments of the body. The rest of the specimens were acclimated during 24h to the experimental salinity with continuous aeration and fed ad libitum with lyophilized Tetraselmis chuii algae. The toxic concentrations of 4.69 mg/l As was selected on the basis of preliminary LC50 tests. Infected and uninfected A. parthenogenetica of the same size range were allocated to 1L glass vials (100 individuals per vial) with 600 ml of experimental solution (either control (no toxic solution) or 4.69 mg/L As) during 24h at 25 ºC (12:12 photoperiod) without food. After 24h exposure, individuals were stored at ‒80℃ until biochemical analysis. We performed the biochemical analysis on pools of 20 individuals per treatment. Number of replicates varied from 1 to 12 depending on Artemia availability. The different biomarkers were determined in the whole soft tissues after homogenization and centrifugation. We quantified five parameters as a proxy for oxidative status of Artemia: activity of four enzymes (catalase CAT, superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione peroxidase GPx and glutathione reductase GR) and lipid peroxidation levels (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TBARS). Total protein content in the supernatant fluid was determined following a standard Bradford’s procedure. Enzyme activity was determined colorimetrically., Peer reviewed

Triplicate samples of Posidonia oceanica were randomly collected at 26 locations along the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) during the summers of 2005 and 2006. Roots were subjected to a surface-sterilization protocol prior to nucleic acid extraction. The nitrogenase was amplified by PCR using degenerate primers for nifH gene sequences. The PCR products were checked by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gels. The youngest leaf (free of epiphytes) of three shoots and three young rhizome fragments were dried at 60ºC for 48 h and ground to a fine powder. All isotopic analyses were measured using standard elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS) procedures. Isotopic ratios (R) are reported in the standard delta notation (‰), deltasample=1000((Rsample/Rstandard)-1), where R = 15N/14N. These results are presented with respect to the International standard of atmospheric nitrogen (AIR, N2). Analytical reproducibility of the reported delta values, based on sample replicates, was better than ±0.2‰., This dataset compiles information regarding the detection of nitrogen-fixing bacteria by amplification of the nifH gene coding for nitrogenase enzyme in meadows of an endemic Mediterranean seagrass (Posidonia oceanica). This dataset includes the nitrogen isotopic signature (δ15N) measured on leaves and rhizomes., This study was funded by the projects MEDEICG and ESTRESX of the Spanish Marine Science and Technology Program (CTM2009-07013, CTM2012-32603) under the framework of Spanish Plan Nacional 2008-2012., Peer reviewed

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.3 (http://hdl.handle.net/10261/104742).-- What’s new in version 2.4: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2014 (it was 1901-2013 in v 2.3), based on the CRU TS3.23 dataset.-- For more details on the SPEI visit https://spei.csic.es/., This work was not supported by any external funding., Peer reviewed

Distribution of the great and the little bustard in the study area that comprises the majority of Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia according to Hagemeijer & Blair (1997), Eken & Magnin (2000), Alonso et al. (2005) and Palacin & Alonso (2009). Regarding climatic variables, raw temperature and precipitation data were extracted from WorldClim (http://www.worldclim.org/) according to the Climgen Statistical Downscaling for the ‘current’ period 1961-1990 and for the future periods 2050 and 2080, the latter periods according to the emission scenario A1B in three different general circulation models (GCMs): CGCM31, ECHAM5 and HADCM3. We calculated three bioclimatic variables: cumulative annual rainfall, temperature range between July and January, and the mean temperature during the reproductive period for both species, i.e. between April and July. We also obtained the mean slope of the UTM cell (derived from GLOBE et al. 1999) and the percentage of dry crops and pasturelands in each cell (obtained from the USGS Land Cover, http://edc2.usgs.gov/glcc/glcc.php). Additionally, we included the mean value of human population density (obtained from ORNL 2009)., Distribution of the great and the little bustard and values of environmental and geographic variables in each 50 km x 50 km UTM cell of the Western Palearctic., Peer reviewed

Sampling procedures: In September 1997, we haphazardly selected 15 fruit-bearing Corema females in each population. Minimum distance among selected plants was 5 m, covering an approximately along-seaside transect of more than 200 m. We collected 30 ripe fruits from each of the plants, one by one and from the whole canopy of the plant, ensuring we sampled fruits along the entire perimeter of the plant and at all possible heights. All fruits were measured in the field or few hours after collecting them. In September 1998, we repeated the same sampling procedure on 15 newly selected females per population., These data can be accessed at Digital.CSIC. URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10261/129512 Access and reuse conditions: This database and its components are subject to a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike International licence 4.0., Seven populations along the whole distributional range of Corema album: Praia Trece (A Coruña, Spain; 9.1484˚W, 43.1865˚N), Caminha (Viana do Castelo, Portugal; 8.8647˚W, 41.8633˚N), Marinha Grande (Leiría, Portugal; 9.0336˚W, 39.7613˚N), Peniche (Leiría, Portugal) 9.3491˚W, 39.3611˚N), Sao Vicente (Faro, Portugal; 8.9898˚W, 37.0255˚N) and Matalascañas (Huelva, Spain; 6.5929˚W, 37.0204˚N), in the Iberian Peninsula, and Manhenha (Illa de Pico, Portugal; 28,0447ºW, 38.4091ºN) in Açores., We aimed at quantifying fruit size and shape variability of Corema album at within-plant, among-plant, among-population and among-year levels. For two years, we measured fruit size and shape along the geographic range along Atlantic coast of Iberian Peninsula. Most variance concentrated on within- and among-individual levels for size, showing higher values for among-individual variation in fruit shape. While fruit size retained important variation among populations, this source of variance was negligible for fruit shape. This difference could arise from contrasting mechanical or developmental constraints. Despite the marked climatic differences along the latitudinal range of the species, latitude did not affect the ratio of within- to among- plant variation., Fruit_variation_Corema_album_BJLS_2016.xls : excel file containing the following sheets: - Variable Names: contains variable definition; - Corema: contains original data. Variables: Year, Site, Plant, Length, Diameter, Volume, cuberoot_Volume, Latitude_dd, SquareLat, No

Although related, Cataglyphis floricola and C. tartessica show very different responses to colony orphaning. In the laboratory, under queenless conditions, C. tartessica workers produced male offspring via arrhenotoky, while C. floricola workers produced female offspring, including new queens, via thelytoky. In the field, C. floricola colonies were more likely than C. tartessica colonies to be orphaned in the late spring. Worker thelytoky could have evolved in C. floricola as an adaptive response to the species’ significantly higher probability of queen loss., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and FEDER (projects CGL2012-36181 to XC and RB, CGL2015-65807-P to XC, RB and FA)., No

This data set compiles 159 papers that contain statements about jellyfish population trends or papers used to support these statements, from all available papers (n=225) published on jellyfish ecology between 1987 and April 2012 (prior to Brotz et al., 2012, the first global analysis of jellyfish populations). All these papers were collated through an exhaustive search on Google Scholar (GS) and Web of Knowledge (WOK). The search terms used were: “jellyfish” or “jellyfish blooms” or “ctenophore” or “gelatinous zooplankton”; “population” or “abundance” or “distribution”; “change” or “trend”; “increase” or “increasing” or “rise” or “rising”; “global” or “worldwide” or “regional” or “region”. Papers making statements that referenced other sources were defined as ‘citing papers’ and papers used to support these statements were ‘cited papers’ (continue reading the file Sanz-Martínetal_Dataset_Details.pdf)., This dataset compiles 159 papers that contain statements about jellyfish population trends or papers used to support these statements. Statements of the citing papers were classified into spatial categories and degrees of affirmation. Each citation has been evaluated adapting the method proposed by Todd et al. (2007). A network of citation has been produced (see Fig. 1) and the resulting specific properties of every paper (or node) are detailed in the dataset., No

The dataset contains the results of the trials of nest detectability using 25 volunteers as "experimental conspecifics” to estimate the detectability of black kite nests to trespassers. The dataset include the ID of Volunteers; Id of the images; ID of the nest; Distance to the nest (measured in AGL and meters); Position of the UAV when taking the image (zenithal, lateral or approaching snapshots); Decoration of the nests (Decorated (1) vs. non-decorated (0)); Detection of the nest by the volunteer (Detected (1) vs. non-detected (0)); Time to detection (seconds); Detection_pair (coded as 1, if the images from the same position and both treatments were detected in a nest, or 0, in the opposite case) and nest dimensions: lenght, width and opening angles, defined as the three angles of unobstructed view of the sky (see main text for further details), In this study, we used UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) technology to simulate the aerial perspective of trespassing, flying black kites, and assess whether decorated nests were more conspicuous than undecorated ones to a human observer. To this end, we flew at pre-determined distances from actual nests built by black kites a UAS, equipped with a digital high-resolution camera, and gathered images of the nests with and without an experimentally placed decoration. The images were later standardized using ad hoc prepared software and shown to volunteers through a standardized routine to determine whether detection rate varied according to nest decoration status and distance, Peer reviewed

Material complementario - anexos del volumen 37 de la serie CAPA, La forma más habitual de enseñanza del patrimonio cultural en educación secundaria obligatoria consiste en ofrecer a los alumnos y alumnas una visión del patrimonio elaborada por expertos que estos deben aprender y reproducir de forma pasiva. Nuestra propuesta, por el contrario, intenta que los alumnos se conviertan en agentes patrimonializadores capaces de activar el proceso de patrimonialización en su entorno más próximo. Para ello se ha diseñado una propuesta educativa basada en una visión abstracta y transdisciplinar del patrimonio cultural, el uso del modelo de referencia CHARM y el concepto de paisaje cultural., Peer reviewed

Artemia franciscana vs A. parthenogenetica. Artemia sampling was conducted during November 2012 in two different salt pan complexes located along the Atlantic coast of South West Spain. Native A. parthenogenetica was collected from Odiel saltpans (Huelva 37°15'29"N, 6°58'25"W). Invasive A. franciscana were collected from La Tapa saltpans (Cádiz Bay 36º35’52”N, 06º13’07”W). In each locality, Artemia were collected from two separate evaporation ponds with distinct salinities (90 and 145 g/l). Artemia was sampled using a 0.5 mm mesh net, then they were immediately transported to the laboratory and transferred to plastic tanks containing aerated water from the same pond, and subjected to a natural photoperiod. Feeding rates were quantified at two salinities (90 and 145 g/l) and two temperatures (15 and 24 ºC). Prior to measuring feeding, individuals were acclimated for 12 hours in climatic chambers under experimental conditions (15ºC-90g/l, 15ºC-145g/l, 24ºC-90g/l or 24ºC-145g/l). Individuals were assigned to the experimental salinity that matched what they were exposed to in the field. We then selected 48 adult brine shrimps of similar size for each temperature-salinity treatment. We transferred them to Petri plates containing filtered (0.45 μm) and autoclaved water from the pond at the same salinity and temperature during 1h without food, in order to increase feeding motivation. To measure feeding rates, brine shrimps were placed individually into multi-well plates filled with 2.5 ml of freeze-dried green algae Tetraselmis chuii (EasyAlgae®, Spain) solution (algal concentration 0.2 mg/ml) and placed in climatic chambers at 24ºC and 15ºC. We prepared control and blank samples in triplicate for each treatment. Artemia individuals grazed during 4 hours under continuous light conditions. During this period, we gently agitated the water every 30 min with a plastic Pasteur pipette, to avoid food particle sedimentation at the bottom of the plates. At the end of the experiment we collected 1ml from each well and counted remaining algal particles using an EasyCyte Plus System flow cytometer (Guava Express Plus software). The number of consumed cells was calculated by subtracting the final number of cells from the initial number. For triplicate controls and blanks, samples of 1 ml were taken and counted before and after the experiment. Brine shrimps were anaesthetized with carbonated water before being mounted (sacrificed) in a temporary glycerol mount and examined under the microscope to confirm that no cestode parasites were present. We measured the length of each individual from the end of the abdomen (furca) to the top of the head using a stereomicroscope coupled with a videocamera (Axiovision software). Infected vs uninfected A. parthenogenetica. Artemia sampling was conducted at Odiel saltpans in spring 2013, from ponds of intermediate salinity where the prevalence of the cestodes Flamingolepis liguloides (hereafter FL), Anomotaenia tringae (AT, a shorebird parasite) and Confluaria podicipina (CP) was high (FL: pond E15 at 130g/l on 02/05/2013; AT and CP: pond E18 at 170g/l on 04/06/2013). We used the above experimental setup but with fixed temperature and salinity conditions. We conducted two independent experiments on the above dates, one for FL and another for CP-AT under similar conditions. Experiments were carried out at 130g/l salinity with a 0.2mg/l concentration of Tetraselmis chuii, calculating feeding rates as described above. Individuals collected from pond E18 were first acclimated to the experimental salinity for 12h. After 4 hours, all individuals were measured and their parasitic status confirmed as described above. Parasite identification followed Georgiev et al., 2005. For the first experiment we used 43 non-infected (hereafter NI) individuals and 55 infected with FL; for the second experiment we used 40 NI Artemia, 14 infected with CP and 27 with AT., Field study Temporal variation of chlorophyll-a concentration in relation to Artemia density and species. Samples of A. parthenogenetica (from Odiel) and A. franciscana (from La Tapa) were collected monthly (from April to December 2011) from three to four ponds of different salinity, by sweeping water at each point during 15 seconds from the entire water column (15-30 cm depth) using a net of 0.1 mm mesh. Given the highly patchy distribution of Artemia in the field, 10 to 20 points were selected at random from different parts of the pond including the center and shoreline. In some ponds there were no Artemia, for reasons that are unclear but are likely to include the abundance of predators such as fish at low salinities. At each pond, we measured temperature and salinity (with a refractometer) and collected unfiltered water samples for analysis of concentrations of chlorophyll-a (as a measure of phytoplankton abundance) and nutrients. Total nitrogen concentration (Total N) was measured by digestion with potassium persulfate (Sims, Ellsworth & Mulvaney, 1995). Total phosphorus concentration (Total P) was measured by the phosphomolybdate method (APHA, 1995). Chlorophyll-a analysis was performed by spectrophotometry using the trichromatic method (Strickland and Parsons 1968). Total (including all developmental stages: metanauplii, juveniles and adults) and adult Artemia density were determined in the laboratory. Spatial variation in chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity in relation to A. parthenogenetica density and parasite prevalence. On 23/04/2013 we sampled A. parthenogenetica (at Odiel) by filtering 20 l through a 0.5 mm mesh net, at nine different ponds covering a wide range of salinities (75-235 g/l, S1 Table). Samples of water (1 l) were taken for chlorophyll-a analysis, following the above procedure. Salinity was measured with a refractometer and turbidity with a Snell tube (a modified Secchi disc suitable for shallow waters). In the laboratory the density of Artemia (adult density, plus total density including metanauplii and juveniles) as well as the total biomass (dry mass after 24h at 50ºC) was determined. Adult individuals (n = 100) from each pond were then randomly selected for calculation of parasite prevalence (using the above methods) so as to explore the effect of parasite infection on chlorophyll-a concentration and turbidity., Peer reviewed