Resultados de investigación

El presente proyecto pretende evaluar los mecanismos de fijación del carbono orgánico en humedales hipersalinos afectados por prácticas agrícolas poco sostenibles a través de la formación y transformación sucesiva de arcillas magnésicas y carbonatos inertes autigénicos. Con este fin, se examinarán aguas, sedimentos y costras formadas sobre tapetes de algas del humedal hipersalino de Laguna Honda situado en un entorno agrícola de olivar mediterráneo andaluz. La evaluación de las variables mineralógicas, geoquímicas, hidroquímicas y geomicrobiológicas que controlan la formación y estabilidad de las fases autigénicas inertes que evitan la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero

Data corresponds to two experimental campaigns using the pull-out test. One campaign involved PET fibers in gypsum matrices,while the other used fibers from different sources in both gypsum and cement mortar matrices. Files starting with "1" refer to the first campaign, and those starting with "2" refer to the second. Files containing "DIC" have data obtained via digital image correlation, while those with "load-displacement" contain diagrams from the universal testing machine., Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain

This collection IDS-5-FCV-datasets contains (5-fold stratified cross-validation applied to several IDS-related datasets) the most relevant standardized datasets for IDS studies. The repository contains pre-processed, normalized datasets that can be used in further studies. The collection is only one in the literature: KDD Cup 99 This is the data set used for The Third International Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Tools Competition, which was held in conjunction with KDD-99 The Fifth International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. The competition task was to build a network intrusion detector, a predictive model capable of distinguishing between malicious connections and benign normal connections. This database contains a standard set of data to be audited, which includes a wide variety of intrusions simulated in a military network environment. The corrected version of this dataset includes over 300.000 examples in total and four malicious classes: DoS, Probe, URL and U2R, as well as benign connections. Each example contains 42 attributes that mostly refer to connection information, such as error rates, number of consecutive attempts, protocols and several flags, among others. The original dataset can be found here: https://kdd.ics.uci.edu/databases/kddcup99/kddcup99.html UNB ISCX 2012 The UNB ISCX 2012 dataset was generated following a systematic approach to generate and provide information about attacks and benign connections, creating a dataset that is modifiable, extensible and reproducible. This dataset is based around profiles which contain detailed descriptions of intrusions and abstract models for protocols, applications or other network entities, generating real traffic for several commonplace web protocols such as HTTP, SMTP and SSH among others. This information is further complemented by multi-stage attack scenarios to generate malicious traffic, completing the dataset. The result is a dataset that contains much more information than any of the previously mentioned ones, including a complete capture of all network traffic and data, including all interactions within and between LANs as we all as the full packet load in PCAP formats, providing a vast amount of information for researchers to use. The tabular data in itself contains only 21 attributes that mostly refer to information about the source and destination, as well as packet sizes and payloads. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ids.html UNSW-NB15 This dataset was created by the IXIA PerfectStorm tool in the Cyber Range Lab of UNSW Canberra in Australia, aiming to generate a hybrid of real modern-day internet activities combined with synthetic attack behaviors. This dataset includes a total of 9 types of attack: fuzzers, analysis, backdoor, DoS, exploit, generic, reconnaissance, shellcode and worms. Furthermore, each connection includes 49 attributes generated using tools such as Argus and Bro-IDS. In total, there are roughly 2,540,044 examples. These attributes include information about both the source and destination of packet loads, statistical information on their size and contents, information about interpacket arrival time and number of connections that share the same service and address, among others. The original dataset can be found here: https://research.unsw.edu.au/projects/unsw-nb15-dataset NSL-KDD This dataset was created to fix some of the problems detected in the KDD Cup 99 dataset. As such, it follows the same structure, labels and format as this dataset. The main issues it solves are the following: Redundant records were removed, thus preventing bias towards frequent records. The number of selected records from each group is inversely proportional to the percentage of records in the original dataset, allowing for a wider range and a more accurate evaluation of different learning techniques. As a consequence of previous changes, the amount of data that the dataset presents is reasonable, allowing for the use of the complete set instead of a portion of it. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/nsl.html WSN DS This dataset includes information about data traffic in wireless sensor networks (WSN), which consist of a large number of autonomous sensor nodes distributed in areas of interest to gather data and transmit it to a central node in which it can be processed. Due to their nature, they are highly susceptible to attacks: an attacker can easily be injected into a WSN, and since they are permanently online sending and receiving data, they can be easily shut down using a DoS or DDoS attack. Due to this, IDS research can be applied to WSN easily, allowing to alert sensor nodes in case they are attacked, though it is usually a harder task due to the limited hardware resources that sensor nodes make use of. Regardless of the requirements of sensor nodes, the data they gather and the attacks that they may suffer can provide valuable information when detecting certain attacks. In order to properly represent this data, the WSN DS is created, modelling four types of DoS attacks: Blackhole, Grayhole, Flooding and Scheduling, including 23 features, including the node that was attacked, a timestamp, several flags, and specific information about the messages that are sent and received to and from other nodes. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/bassamkasasbeh1/wsnds CIC-IDS2017 This dataset contains connection data on attacks that are common nowadays, as well as benign information gathered by the Canadian Institute of Cybersecurity (CIC). This real-world data was obtained by using CICFlowMeter, which is able to obtain web traffic and underlying information such as data flows, origin and destination IP, connection flags and packet flows. The dataset is stored throughout several CSV files, each of which has a specific date assigned. Each date contains information on several specific attacks. Included attacks on the dataset include SSH and FTP Bruteforce, DoS, DDoS, Heartbleed, Web Attacks, infiltrations, and bots. Each example contains 78 attributes and a label that defines it as either benign or malicious, and the specific attack type in the latter case. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ids-2017.html CIC-CSE-IDS2018 Along the previous dataset, the CIC also created CIC-CSE-IDS2018 in collaboration with the Communications Security Establishment (CSE). This dataset is structured much like the previous one, presenting several attack environments that affect over 400 computers and 30 servers. Logs with traffic information for each of these environments is provided, as well as 80 attributes extracted by using CICFlowMeter. These attributes are the same as the previous dataset, though the connection protocol and timestamp of the connection have been added. Attacks included in this dataset are more limited than in the previous dataset, containing only FTP and SSH Bruteforce and several denial of service attacks. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ids-2018.html CIC-DDoS2019 The CIC created another dataset focusing on distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. This dataset includes malicious data for both reflection-based DDoS and exploitation-based attacks. Reflection-based DDoS allows attackers to keep their identity hidden by using third-party components that seem legitimate. Packets are sent to reflection servers that focus all traffic towards the victim’s IP in an attempt to crash their connection with response packets. These attacks can be made from the transport layer protocols such as UDP, TCP, etc. On the other hand, exploitation-based attacks work much like the previous ones, though the intent is different, as they aim to send a massive amount of packets, such as SYN or UDP, to cause the victim’s connection to be severely slowed down or crash the system by exhausting the available bandwidth. The dataset includes examples of both types of DDoS and also benign traffic. Unlike previous CIC datasets, all data is included in one single file. Used attributes are exactly those of CIC-CSE-IDS2018. Moreover, two labels are present for each example: the first one specifies the type of attack, while the second one determines the type of connection (benign or malicious). The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/ddos-2019.html CIC-IoT2023 The last dataset created by the CIC is CIC-IoT2023, acting as a benchmark for the detection of large-scale attacks on IoT environments. This dataset includes 33 attacks in total, which are executed on an IoT topology composed of 105 devices. These attacks are furthermore divided into seven groups: DoS, DDoS, Recon, Web-based attacks, Brute Force, Spoofing and Mirai. Much like the previous CIC datasets, all gathered data is generated by using real connections and attacks on a controlled environment, guaranteeing a high-quality dataset. It includes a total of 46 attributes related to IoT connection data, including flow durations, header lengths, several connection flags and information on several other protocol-dependent parameters. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.unb.ca/cic/datasets/iotdataset-2023.html DS2OS This dataset includes connection traces extracted from the DS2OS IoT environment. It should be noted that the traces that were gathered are extracted from the application layer instead of the network layer, therefore granting different information when compared to that provided by the other presented datasets. As it is based on an IoT network, it contains information associated with different sensors, such as thermometers, light controllers and movement sensors, as well as several smart items such as washing machines and mobile phones. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/francoisxa/ds2ostraffictraces CIDDS-001 CIDDS, or Coburg Intrusion Detection Data Sets, is a concept to create evaluation datasets for anomaly-based network intrusion detection systems that was started by researchers from Hochschule Coburg in Germany. CIDDS-001 is the first dataset that was created under such a concept, and it emulates a small business environment that is targeted by malicious actors, and it includes Denial of Service, Brute Force attacks, and Portscans that were executed within the networks. The purpose of this dataset is to be as realistic as possible, so that different workers connect to different webs or applications based on their jobs, time of connection is considered to include breaks, and so on. The dataset includes 10 attributes, as well as the class and supporting information for it, such as unique attack IDs, specific attack type, and a description of the attack that provides further information. Other attributes include source and destination IP and port, protocol, start time of the first flow, flow duration, flow size in bytes, flow packets, and flags. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.hs-coburg.de/forschen/cidds-coburg-intrusion-detection-data-sets/ TON-IoT Much like the UNB ISCX 2012 dataset, this dataset was created by the UNSW to provide both information and a benchmark that researchers may use to test the behavior of several algorithms and models to detect malicious connections in the context of IoT networks. The dataset contains a vast amount of supplemental information, including information on Windows and Linux systems connected through the network, which were afterwards processed to obtain the final dataset. This dataset includes 45 attributes, which include information about the source and destination, the specific protocol that was used for communication, size and duration of the packet flows and DNS, HTTP and SSL information. The original dataset can be found here: https://research.unsw.edu.au/projects/toniot-datasets Kaggle Network Intrusion Dataset This dataset was generated by simulating a US Air Force military network environment, then simulating several attacks over the resulting network, acquiring the corresponding TCP/IP dump. The resulting dataset has a total of 41 attributes and it presents a binary classification problem, in which each connection is labelled as either normal or anomalous. The information in the dataset includes the duration and size of the packet flows, the protocol used in it, which service it is associated with, several flags, information on both successful and unsuccessful logins and shell access, and server information, among others. The original dataset can be found here: https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/sampadab17/network-intrusion-detection, This collection contains the most relevant standardized datasets for IDS studies. The repository contains pre-processed, normalized datasets that can be used in further studies. The collection is only one in the literature.

El proyecto se centra en analizar cómo los adolescentes perciben los sesgos presentes en la inteligencia artificial (IA) y las redes sociales (RRSS), y en desarrollar un programa educativo que los capacite para identificar y mitigar dichos sesgos. El objetivo es fomentar una ciudadanía digital crítica, inclusiva y responsable, abordando problemáticas como la polarización, la perpetuación de estereotipos de género y la desinformación. Se prioriza la educación digital crítica para adolescentes, quienes son especialmente vulnerables a los efectos negativos de estos sesgos., Proyecto presentado a Convocatoria Ministerio

En plantas superiores, el sulfuro de hidrógeno (H₂S) se ha convertido en una molécula de señalización clave en diversos procesos fisiológicos y de respuesta al estrés. Uno de los mecanismos mediante los cuales el H₂S regula la función proteica es mediante una modificación postraduccional denominada persulfidación, que altera la función de las proteínas. La importancia de H₂S está solo al comienzo de esta atractiva área de investigación en fisiología vegetal, ya que muchos aspectos Bioquímicos y Fisiológicos están escasamente estudiados. Los datos obtenidos en este proyecto demostraron que el tratamiento de plantas de Arabidopsis con cadmio y con hidrosulfuro de sodio (NaHS, donador de H₂S) incrementó la intensidad de las bandas que corresponden a las proteínas persulfidadas (biotiniladas) y la actividad de la enzima L-cisteína desulfhidrasa (LCD), en comparación con plantas tratadas solo con cadmio. Sin embargo, en las plantas cultivadas en presencia de cromo y NaHS, se observó una disminución en la intensidad de las bandas persulfidadas y la actividad de la enzima LCD, en comparación con las plantas tratadas solo con cromo. Además, las proteínas persulfidadas fueron identificadas mediante espectrometría de masas (nanoLC-MS/MS). El análisis informático reveló que estas proteínas están involucradas en diversos procesos biológicos, destacando la fijación de carbono, el ciclo reductor de las pentosas-fosfato, fotosíntesis, entre otros. De este conjunto de proteínas, se seleccionaron la ascorbato peroxidasa (APX), la monodeshidroascorbato reductasa (MDHAR), la glutatión reductasa (GR) y la glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa (G6PDH) para evaluar el efecto de la persulfidación mediante análisis in vitro. La actividad de las enzimas del ciclo Ascorbato-Glutation se redujo tras el tratamiento con NaHS, este efecto fue revertido mediante el tratamiento con ditiotreitol. No obstante, la actividad de G6PDH se incrementó tras el tratamiento con NaHS. En resumen, el sulfuro de hidrógeno mejora la tolerancia al estrés por cadmio mediante la activación de las enzimas G6PDH y L-cisteína desulfhidrasa. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian un comportamiento diferencial de las proteínas persulfidadas en respuesta al estrés por metales pesados, abriendo nuevas vías para el estudio del metabolismo del H₂S en plantas., Referencia del proyecto del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades: PID2020-117774GA-I00

Background: Several studies have examined the impact of leadership on employee well-being and health. However, this research has focused on a variable-centred approach. By contrast, the present study adopts a person-centred approach. Aims: To (a) identify latent ‘resources’ profiles among two samples combining vigour at work, work engagement and physical activity levels; (b) examine the link between the identified profiles and indicators of psychological/physical health; and (c) test whether different levels of transformational leadership determine the probability of belonging to a particular profile. Method: Two samples of workers, S1 and S2 (NS1 = 354; NS2 = 158), completed a cross-sectional survey before their annual medical examination. Results: For S1, the results of latent profile analysis yielded three profiles: spiritless, spirited and high-spirited. Both high-spirited and spirited profiles showed a positive relationship with mental health, whereas spiritless showed a negative relationship. For S2, two profiles (spirited and spiritless) were replicated, with similar effects on mental health, but none of them was related to total cholesterol. In both samples, transformational leadership determined the probability of belonging to a particular profile. Conclusions: Transformational leadership increased the probability of belonging to a more positive profile and, therefore, to better workers’ health., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project PID2020-116521RB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and by a predoctoral fellowship (FPU18/00302).

Diseño Experimental, procedimiento, registro de conducta, expresión de cFos, datos SPSS, publicación aceptada (pre-print)., Convergent results suggest that lateral habenula (LHb) activity reduces reward value and enhances aversive learning. Electrical stimulation of LHb neurons reduces sucrose intake and cocaine/morphine seeking, whereas LHb lesions attenuate taste aversion learning and avoidance of predator odor, retard appetitive extinction, and interfere with appetitive conditioned inhibition training. However, the role of the LHb in consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC), an animal model of acute anxiety/frustration induced by reward loss, remains unknown. We hypothesized that a surprising reward downshift would enhance activity in the LHb. Three groups of rats received access to sucrose during eleven 5-min sessions. Group 32-2 had access to 32% sucrose for 10 sessions followed by a downshift to 2% sucrose on session 11. Groups 2-2 and 32-32 (unshifted controls) had access to 2% and 32% sucrose, respectively, in each of 11 sessions. After session 11, all animals were perfused and brains were prepared for immunohistochemistry of c-Fos expression, a marker of neuronal depolarization. There was less sucrose consumption on session 11 in Group 32-2 than in Groups 2-2 and 32-32—the cSNC effect (p<0.04). Cell density was elevated in the lateral and medial sections of the LHb in Group 32-2, relative to unshifted groups (ps<0.02). No group differences were observed in the medial habenula (p>0.60). These results suggest that the LHb is involved in the cSNC effect, but its precise function remains to be determined, whether it affects cSNC by detecting the mismatch between obtained and expected rewards (reward relativity) or triggers negative emotion (frustrative nonreward) elicited by the reward loss event. Further studies involving integrated assessment of c-Fos in a wide range of brain regions, including the LHb, may clarify the fit of the LHb activity in the connectome underlying the response to reward downshift., Agencia Estatal de Investigación. Proyectos de investigación no orientada. PID2021-123338NB-I00

The present project puts forward a pioneering and systematic study with the aim of comprehensively evaluating the fundamental mechanisms of recognition memory in a novel experimental subject: the common earthworm, Dendrobaena veneta. Recognition memory, defined as the ability to identify previously encountered objects or events, constitutes a fundamental component of episodic memory (concerning the time, place and circumstances of events) and is imperative for adaptation and survival. Its decline is a hallmark of severe degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. While a substantial body of research has been dedicated to humans and vertebrates, compelling evidence of episodic-like memory has emerged in various invertebrates, including cuttlefish and octopuses. These findings contribute to the growing scientific consensus that complex cognitive abilities are not necessarily linked to the possession of a large brain. In order to comprehend the evolution and origins of higher cognitive functions, it is necessary to investigate them in evolutionarily "simpler" species, such as the earthworm. It is important to note that this research goes beyond the theoretical controversy surrounding recognition memory (dual-process vs. single-process theories) that has not yet been resolved. The present study proposes an innovative associative framework, modelled on the SOP/AESOP model, which elucidates recognition through two discrete, testable priming mechanisms: self-generated priming (decay) and retrieval-generated priming (associative). Empirical dissociations identified in rodent studies conducted previously lend support to the predictions derived from the associative model under consideration. The present project has been designed to rigorously test this associative structure in the earthworm. The experiment will involve adapting standard mammalian recognition tasks, such as Spontaneous Object Recognition (SOR), Relative Recency (RR), Object-in-Context (OIC), and Object-in-Place (OIP), to make use of the earthworm's strong sense of smell. Essential odours will be used as experimental stimuli, which will be placed beneath a perforated grid. The objectives of this proposal can be distilled into two overarching aims. Firstly, the objective is to establish a standardised, robust procedure for evaluating all facets of recognition memory (i.e. what, when and where) in earthworms. Secondly, the associative structure should be directly evaluated by comparing the effect of temporal intervals on tasks dependent on different priming mechanisms (e.g. RR vs. OIP) and analysing the interaction of these priming mechanisms using modified RR and OIC designs. Achieving these objectives will provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms of memory and establish an appropriate, standardised comparative procedure for future memory studies across diverse animal species. This will transform our understanding of cognition in the phylogenetic tree.

Research about factors affecting workers’ physical and mental fatigue has mainly focused on job characteristics. However, as the extended demands-resources model acknowledges, the family, work, and organizational domains are interconnected. In this study, we analyze whether self-undermining behaviors can induce work-family conflict, leading to fatigue. Moreover, we examine the moderating role of a physically active, healthy climate within the family on the above relationships. Two hundred sixteen workers from different industry sectors completed self-reported measures at two-time points. At Time 1 (T1), self-undermining and family health climate regarding physical activity; and at Time 2 (T2), work-family conflict and fatigue were measured. SPSS’s PROCESS macro was used to conduct moderated mediation analyses. Albeit selfundermining (T1) did not have a direct effect on fatigue (T2), it had an indirect effect through work-family conflict (T2), moderated by the family climate (T1). Specifically, an increase on physical activity behaviors at the family level buffered the effect of selfundermining on work-family conflict. This study highlights the interconnection between work and family, discovering strategies at the family level to buffer the impact of self-undermining behaviors on work-family conflict, thereby reducing fatigue. As stressors on one domain can hurt another, positive effects may also influence each other., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through project PID2020-116521RB-I00, MCIN/AEI/10.13039/5011000110