Resultados de investigación

Extracts containing Stempholone A are framed in red., Peer reviewed

Table S1: Primers used in real time quantitative PCR experiments, including name of oligonucleotide, reference or sequence (5′–3′), specie and product size (pb)., Peer reviewed

GC-MS analysis of the Aa22 extracts fermented in Rice, PDB or PDB plus talcum media (7, 14 and 20 days). Data are shown as percent abundance., Peer reviewed

Excel file contains a global dataset of plant-frugivory interactions in 59 networks, plant traits (i.e., fruit diameter and lipid content of fruits), bird traits (i.e., beak width and degree of frugivory), a matrix with phylogenetic correlations of bird species, and a matrix of phylogenetic distances of plant families. Information of all variables are in the read_me Excel Sheet., The compressed file contains all scripts used to fit the global avian frugivory model, to obtain model ouputs and create figures., Changes in the current version (from https://zenodo.org/records/12543685). We now include simulations of the frugivory model to estimate the complementarity and irreplaceabillity of birds within communities., All versions are available at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12543684, National Agency for Technological Development“ Using the community assembly framework to elucidate the mechanisms of naturalization of fleshy fruited species”. PICT 2018-01566 project; Foundation for the Promotion of Applied Scientific Research and Technology in Asturias REWILDING project, FEDERGRUPIN AYUD/2021/51261, Peer reviewed

[Study Design & Site Characterization] Five semi-natural Nardus stricta grasslands in Serra da Estrela, Portugal (1546–1875 m a.s.l.) were monitored from October 2020 to September 2023. All sites are characterized by Nardus stricta as the dominant species and are subject to traditional extensive summer grazing by sheep, with no mowing, fertilization, or other management practices applied. Sites spanned two partially independent environmental gradients: an elevational-thermal gradient separating three high-altitude plateau sites (> 1800 m; ALX, COB, CUM; MAT ≈ 7.5 °C) from two lower, warmer sites (NSA and LAC; MAT 8.2 °C and 9.3 °C, respectively), and an edaphic gradient of soil water content and organic matter, grouping sites into high (ALX, NSA), intermediate (COB, CUM), and low (LAC) moisture and organic content. Soils across all sites are classified as Umbrisols, characterized by a coarse texture, low pH (4.3–4.9), and high organic matter content. Site-level soil properties — pH, gravimetric soil water content, soil organic matter, nitrogen content, and texture — were measured from samples collected in November 2020 and used to characterize the edaphic gradient across sites. ALX and COB present wet, organic, sandy-loam soils; CUM a moderately moist loam; NSA a waterlogged depression with high organic content; and LAC the warmest and driest conditions with the lowest soil organic matter. At each site, five paired open-top chambers (OTCs; warming) and fenced control plots were established in October 2020; 50 experimental units total., [Microclimate Monitoring] Air temperature (15 cm height), soil temperature, and volumetric water content (VWC %, 6 cm depth) were recorded continuously at 15-minute intervals using TMS-4 dataloggers (TOMST). Data were aggregated to daily means. Growing Degree Days (GDD) and Freezing Degree Days (FDD) were calculated for the meteorological growing season (March–July; base threshold 5 °C)., [Plant Sampling] Species cover (%), plant biomass (Robel pole method, g/m2), and species richness were assessed annually at peak growing season (July 2021–2023)., [Leaf Traits] Nardus stricta leaves were collected in July 2022, dried (60 °C, 48 h), and ground. Carbon and nitrogen were measured by elemental analysis (CN 802, VELP Scientifica); phosphorus by ICP-OES following aqua regia digestion., [Data Analysis] All models included site and treatment (warming vs. control) as fixed effects. Interaction terms were retained when they improved model fit based on AIC. For variables measured repeatedly across years — microclimate, plant community metrics, and biomass — plot identity nested within site was included as a random intercept to account for the hierarchical structure of the experiment and repeated measurements over time. Species-specific responses to warming were quantified as the difference in mean cover between warming and control plots (Δ % cover = warming − control) within each site × year combination, and classified as increased, decreased, gained, or lost under warming., Nardus stricta L. grasslands are designated a priority habitat under the European Union Habitats Directive, reflecting their role in biodiversity conservation and soil and water regulation. However, these grasslands are listed as vulnerable in the European Red List of Habitats, primarily due to threats associated with global change. Despite their conservation importance, subalpine Nardus grasslands in Iberian mountains remain poorly studied, and responses to climate warming are largely unknown. We experimentally tested the effects of warming in five semi-natural N. stricta grasslands (1545–1875 m a.s.l.) in Serra da Estrela, Portugal, located at the transition between Mediterranean and Atlantic climates. In 2020, five paired open-top chambers (OTCs) and control plots were established at each site. Community composition and aboveground biomass were monitored annually from 2021 to 2023, and leaf nutrient content of N. stricta was analysed in 2022. Warming increased mean air temperature by ~1.9 °C on average, reduced freezing exposure, and enhanced thermal accumulation during growing season. These changes were associated with higher aboveground biomass and increased species richness, accompanied by moderate turnover. The dominant grass N. stricta increased in cover across site × year combinations, whereas the snow-associated endemic Festuca henriquesii, restricted to the high-elevation site COB, declined under warming. Warming also reduced leaf nitrogen concentration in N. stricta, altering the nutrient balance of the dominant grass and potentially leading to cascading ecological effects. Responses were site-dependent, with weaker biomass increases at drier, lower-elevation sites, suggesting baseline water availability modulated warming effects. Our results demonstrate a consistent thermal signal but context-dependent ecological responses. Although warming enhanced productivity and richness, it also altered species composition and reduced leaf nitrogen content, suggesting early restructuring of Iberian subalpine grasslands under climate change. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating site-specific environmental context, particularly soil moisture, into conservation strategies for Mediterranean mountain ecosystems., Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia: Project UID/04004/2025, Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for the People & the Planet., Peer reviewed

Excel file contains a global dataset of plant-frugivory interactions in 59 networks, plant traits (i.e., fruit diameter and lipid content of fruits), bird traits (i.e., beak width and degree of frugivory), a matrix with phylogenetic correlations of bird species, and a matrix of phylogenetic distances of plant families. Information of all variables are in the read_me Excel Sheet., The compressed file contains all scripts used to fit the global avian frugivory model, to obtain model ouputs and create figures., Changes in the current version (from https://zenodo.org/records/14040064). We now include a script with simulations to evaluate the relationship between normalized degree and species abundances., All versions are available at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12543684, National Agency for Technological Development“ Using the community assembly framework to elucidate the mechanisms of naturalization of fleshy fruited species”. PICT 2018-01566 project; Foundation for the Promotion of Applied Scientific Research and Technology in Asturias REWILDING project, FEDERGRUPIN AYUD/2021/51261, Peer reviewed

All versions are available at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.12543684, Data and codes of the paper "Global trends of trait matching in avian frugivory and its consequences for the complementarity and irreplaceability of birds", which quantifies trait-matching in avian frugivory from 59 communities across the globe in order to (i) evaluate if trait-matching is generalizable, (ii) if its strengths varies with latitude and insularity, (iii) and explore the functional consequences of such trait-matching between birds and plants., The data contains information of 6883 pairwise interactions between 799 plant and 733 bird species from 84 and 76 families. It also contains information about interaction-relevant traits of birds (beak width, degree of frugivory in birds) and plants (fruit diameter and lipid content of fruit pulps), and matrices of species phylogenectic correlations and distances. We also include the scripts to generate the joint species frugivory model in stan and fit it to data., National Agency for Technological Development“ Using the community assembly framework to elucidate the mechanisms of naturalization of fleshy fruited species”. PICT 2018-01566 project; Foundation for the Promotion of Applied Scientific Research and Technology in Asturias REWILDING project, FEDERGRUPIN AYUD/2021/51261, Peer reviewed

All versions are available at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17456032, This notebook documents a standardized and reusable data analysis workflow developed for the manuscript: "GPS-tracked vultures indicate a relaxation of conservation commitments in renewable energy development", These analyses are designed to compare space use by GPS-tracked wildlife with official planning tools for activities with an environmental impact, e.g., in our case study, we used official environmental sensitivity planning tools to wind energy development., 1. Strategic and well-informed environmental planning tools are instrumental to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Given the boost in renewable energy facilities, different planning tools are being proposed to identify low-sensitive areas for the installation of these infrastructures, where environmental impact assessment procedures are simplified. However, the effectiveness of these tools is rarely scrutinized and, therefore, if they are fit for purpose remains unsolved., 2. We used data from 90 GPS-tracked griffon and bearded vultures to assess the level of spatial agreement between vultures’ space use at heights with a risk of collision with wind turbines and the environmental sensitivity to wind energy identified by official planning tools., 3. Despite relatively high agreements (>0.6 out of 1), these tools still misclassified up to ~88% of vultures’ home ranges, with strong disagreements observed in foraging grounds, movement corridors and near breeding colonies. Furthermore, the spatial agreement decreased when considering the legally-binding categories (>0.6 out of 1) in contrast with the non-statutory categories (>0.9 out of 1)., 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the need to evaluate and improve official spatial planning tools developed to minimize environmental impacts such as those of renewable energies. GPS-tracking data from vulnerable species help identifying risk areas misclassified by the planning tools, which should also be founded in a proper legal background (e.g., constraining development in the most sensitive areas) to avoid limiting their effectiveness in practice., Peer reviewed

All versions are available at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17456032, Version 1.1 updates the uploaded workflow to correct a mistake in line 455 that did not allow to correctly calculate the population MKDE with the parameter weighted_column. The analyses and results reported in the published article were performed correctly and are not affected by this error. This update ensures that the workflow files available for download are accurate and fully functional for reuse., This notebook documents a standardized and reusable data analysis workflow developed for the manuscript: "GPS-tracked vultures indicate a relaxation of conservation commitments in renewable energy development", These analyses are designed to compare space use by GPS-tracked wildlife with official planning tools for activities with an environmental impact, e.g., in our case study, we used official environmental sensitivity planning tools to wind energy development., 1. Strategic and well-informed environmental planning tools are instrumental to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Given the boost in renewable energy facilities, different planning tools are being proposed to identify low-sensitive areas for the installation of these infrastructures, where environmental impact assessment procedures are simplified. However, the effectiveness of these tools is rarely scrutinized and, therefore, if they are fit for purpose remains unsolved. 2. We used data from 90 GPS-tracked griffon and bearded vultures to assess the level of spatial agreement between vultures’ space use at heights with a risk of collision with wind turbines and the environmental sensitivity to wind energy identified by official planning tools. 3. Despite relatively high agreements (>0.6 out of 1), these tools still misclassified up to ~88% of vultures’ home ranges, with strong disagreements observed in foraging grounds, movement corridors and near breeding colonies. Furthermore, the spatial agreement decreased when considering the legally-binding categories (>0.6 out of 1) in contrast with the non-statutory categories (>0.9 out of 1). 4. Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the need to evaluate and improve official spatial planning tools developed to minimize environmental impacts such as those of renewable energies. GPS-tracking data from vulnerable species help identifying risk areas misclassified by the planning tools, which should also be founded in a proper legal background (e.g., constraining development in the most sensitive areas) to avoid limiting their effectiveness in practice., Peer reviewed

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data] The high-resolution (5 m) microclimatic models of above- and below-ground winter minimum temperatures (Tn) and summer maximum temperatures (Tx) were developed using temperature records collected by a network of miniaturized field dataloggers (iButton® and TMS-TOMST), environmental predictors derived from LiDAR-PNOA and Sentinel-2 data, and generalized additive models (GAMs). (1) Temperature monitoring and processing: Dataloggers were deployed across environmentally heterogeneous locations within the PNOMP. Above-ground temperatures recorded by iButtons were measured at approximately 5 cm above the ground in open habitats and 1.20 m in forested environments. TMS sensors measured at approximately 2 cm above the ground in open habitats and 15 cm in forested environments. Below-ground temperatures from both sensor types were recorded at approximately 8 cm soil depth. Raw temperature series consisted of at least six measurements per day. Daily Tmin and Tmax values were extracted and subsequently averaged by month when at least 22 valid daily records were available. Monthly values were then averaged across years for sensors with a minimum of three complete annual cycles, generating a representative “year-type” for each monitoring location. Seasonal winter Tn (December-February) and summer Tx (June-August) were subsequently derived from these reference climatologies. The final dataset included 100 above-ground and 85 below-ground monitoring locations. (2) Environmental predictors: Predictor variables representing the main drivers of local climatic variability were generated from two complementary data sources. Topographic and forest structural variables were derived from the second ALS-LiDAR survey of Spain (PNOA, 2021) at 5 m spatial resolution. Multispectral land-cover variables were derived from Sentinel-2 imagery at 10 m spatial resolution and subsequently resampled to 5 m. (3) Model calibration and spatial prediction: Seasonal winter Tn and summer Tx values derived from the reference year-type were used as response variables. These data were combined with the corresponding environmental predictors to calibrate generalized additive models (GAMs). The resulting models were used to generate continuous raster layers of microclimatic temperatures at 5 m spatial resolution across the entire PNOMP. Model performance (R²) was 0.44 for above-ground winter Tmin, 0.84 for below-ground winter Tmin, 0.65 for above-ground summer Tmax, and 0.73 for below-ground summer Tmax., Identifying microclimates is essential for understanding the exposure of low-mobility organisms to local thermal conditions and the impacts of climate change. However, widely available regional and global climatic products may not adequately represent the thermal variability that emerges at fine spatial scales in environmentally and topographically complex landscapes. This dataset provides four very high-resolution (5 m) microclimatic models representing winter minimum temperatures (Tn) and summer maximum temperatures (Tx) in both above- and below-ground environments for the Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park (PNOMP), located in the Central Pyrenees of northeastern Spain. The models were developed using temperature records collected over at least three complete years from a network of miniaturized field dataloggers (iButton® and TMS-TOMST) distributed across 100 above-ground and 85 below-ground monitoring locations. Predictor variables were derived from LiDAR-PNOA data and Sentinel-2 imagery and were designed to capture the influence of topography, vegetation structure, snow cover, and other biophysical factors controlling local climatic variability. The dataset consists of continuous raster layers at 5 m spatial resolution that characterize microclimatic patterns across the PNOMP., Proyecto VUBI (Proyectos de I+D+i Gobierno de Aragón, E35_24); Proyecto REFUGIA (Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Gobierno de España, PID2021-129056OB-I00); PTI Salud Global CSIC (Comisión Europea - NextGenerationEU, SGL2104002); Proyecto LIFE PYRENEES4CLIMA, WP3 (Comisión Europea)., Peer reviewed