Resultados de investigación

We analysed the timing and duration of moult using the models of Underhill and Zucchini (1988) and Underhill et al. (1990), implemented in the ‘moult’ package (Erni et al. 2013) for R (www.r-project.org). These models estimate moult duration, the average start date of moulting (from which the average end date can be derived), and the standard deviation of the start date. We modelled primary moult of each subadult age class plumage scores against Julian day from 1 January of one year to 31 December of the following year (730 days), to account for the nearly two-year continuous moult cycle of these age classes (Fig. 1 and 2;~~~~ Supporting information). We modelled primary moult scores for adults against Julian day fromMarch onwards (365 days, one year). Adults also require two years to complete the moult, but in two non-continuous periods, and therefore, for adults we only considered the moult scores of one year. To determine the best way to code moult data, we conducted a preliminary analysis comparing five approaches (type of moult data arguments) in null models. The most parsimonious method (type 1; Supporting information; Erni et al. 2013) categorized individuals within the population as pre-moult, in-moult, or post-moult (Underhill and Zucchini, 1988) and has been previously applied to modelling moult scores in large raptors (Zuberogoitia et al. 2016). Moult scores were standardized as a ratio between 0 and 1 to run the analysis. We ran beta regression models using the ‘betareg’ package to analyse continuous variables bounded between 0 and 1, such as rates and proportions (Cribari-Neto and Zeileis 2010, Zeileis et al. 2012), to examine geographic differences in moulting patterns. We first analysed moult start and duration to test whether birds (adults and subadults) from the long-distance migratory Western European population start moulting later or have shorter moult duration than the sedentary Canary Islands subpopulation. Plumage (i.e. subadult age-classes) was included as a factor to test for age-related differences and we added subpopulation (Western Europe, Canary Islands) as an additional factor to compare these two groups. A separate analysis was performed for adults, including subpopulation as the only factor. We then extended both models by including all four subpopulations (Western Europe, Canary Islands, India, and Oman), excluding those with small sample sizes., Next, we modelled adult primary moult scores from the previous year to test whether moult extent differed 1) between continental and island subpopulations, 2) between migratory and resident populations, and 3) among individual subpopulations. Feather symmetry was then analysed in two ways.: First, symmetry indices between primaries and secondaries were modelled, using feather type (primaries versuss. secondaries) and month as predictors, with nested effects to account for temporal trends and variation between feather types. Second, primary feather symmetry was modelled among subpopulations using data from individuals with symmetry information available for both wings. The number of subpopulations included in this latter analysis differed from previous models due to incomplete symmetry data. Model fit and assumptions were evaluated using diagnostic plots of Pearson residuals versus fitted values and Q–Q plots (Cribari-Neto and Zeleis 2010). Competing models were compared using Akaike iInformation cCriteria (AIC), and significant differences between model performance were tested using the log-likelihood ratio test (Burnham and Anderson 2002). All analyses were performed in R software ver. 4.1.3 (www.r-project.org)., Moult, breeding, and migration are the three major life-history events in the annual cycle of birds. All are energetically demanding processes that rarely overlap. In large raptors such as the Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus, completing a full moult may take more than one year, requiring birds to balance this process with other life-cycle events. We analysed 740 moult cards from across the species’ distribution, including migratory, sedentary, and mixed subpopulations, to test predictions about trade-offs between the physiological demands of migration and moult. Juveniles began moulting in January-February of their second calendar year and continued "year-round" until their fifth calendar year. Adults, however, suspended moult from the months preceding spring migration until the late breeding phase. Subadults from the Canary Islands started moulting earlier and completed it faster than those from Western Europe, while adults from Western Europe initiated moult later than adults from the Canary Islands, India, and Oman. Sedentary subpopulations, particularly those from the Canary Islands, showed a greater moult extent and replaced more primaries annually than migratory and mixed subpopulations, whereas the wintering subpopulation of southwestern Spain (Extremadura) exhibited the smallest moult extent. Moult symmetry decreased from the second plumage onwards and differed between the Canary Islands and Oman subpopulations. Geographic differences in moulting patterns likely arise from population-specific life-history trade-offs, reflecting local adaptations or responses to environmental constraints. These patterns highlight the influence of migratory strategy on moult progression and suggest that sedentary lifestyles may allow more extensive feather renewal in long-lived raptors., Peer reviewed

Pearson correlation coefficients and p-values for the PRS distributions for the Spanish population. P-values were adjusted for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate method., Peer reviewed

These data were collected from tadpoles of the species Leptodactylus lithonaetes exposed experimentally to three treatments of water level: High water level, drying water level, and low water level. After 21 days of exposition to the treatments, we took size measurements per each tadpole and performed locomotor performance trials. The database presented here contains the variables measured., Developmental plasticity evolves in heterogeneous environmental conditions as long as individuals can accurately perceive them. A paradigmatic example of developmental plasticity is the ability of amphibian larvae to alter growth and development in response to the risk of pond drying. Such responses are often found in amphibian species breeding in highly dynamic water bodies with high desiccation risk. The inselbergs of the Guianan Shield are rocky outcrops with extremely high and fluctuating temperatures and a marked seasonality in precipitation. During the rainy season, eroded depressions form precipitation-dependent pools with a high and variable risk of desiccation within a timeframe of a few days. The frog Leptodactylus lithonaetes specializes in breeding in this extreme environment, and its tadpoles are thus forced to cope with desiccation risk by trading off changes in their developmental trajectories and physiological performance. We experimentally assessed the effect of different levels of desiccation risk on developmental rate, growth, and temperature-depending locomotor performance in tadpoles of Leptodactylus lithonaetes. We did not find an effect of desiccation risk on developmental rate, but under simulated drying conditions, tadpoles showed larger body size, greater body mass, and enhanced locomotor performance compared to constant (high or low) water levels. These results suggest that drying pools offer cues that trigger developmental and behavioral changes in these tadpoles, enabling them to enhance growth without accelerating development over a short time span. We discuss the potential compensatory mechanisms behind these responses and highlight the need for further investigations in species with semiterrestrial life histories in extreme environments., Universidad de Los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias; Colombian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation : 80740-201-2019; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation: PID2020-119517GB-I00, Plan Nacional I+D; UNESCO - L'ORÉAL-MINCIENCIAS-ICETEX, National Program for Women in Science, Peer reviewed

The dataset was created to relate divergence time to postzygotic RI as inferred from hybrid zone cline width from studies on amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects. For this, literature data was screened to collect cline width data, divergence time estimates, and dispersal rates. For amphibians, squamates, mammals, birds, a subgroup of bony fish, lepidopterans, and mollusks, past sets of taxonomically named species were simulated, and their divergence time was calculated using the software TaxoInflationAnalyzer., Measuring gene flow across hybrid zones can provide a direct evaluation of reproductive isolation (RI) between evolutionary divergent lineages. Geographic-explicit modelling of gene flow across hybrid zones, known as cline analysis, thus offers a gold standard for species delimitation under the biological species criterion. We here relate divergence time to postzygotic RI as inferred from hybrid zone cline width from studies on amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, and insects. The data confirm an overall significant negative correlation between cline width and divergence time (within-clade significant only in amphibians). Out of 108 hybrid zones, hybridizing taxa were younger than 10 million years (Ma) in 104 cases, and younger than 7 Ma in 94 cases, implying that older lineage pairs are usually reproductively isolated. In amphibians, the correlation suggested that shallow and steep hybrid zones, characteristic of subspecies and species, are found with divergence times of <2.6 Ma and >7 Ma, respectively. In all taxa, we revealed a trend of such young lineages being increasingly described as new species over time by simulating past sets of taxonomically named species. Overall, the inferred proportion of species with post-Pliocene ages was highest in birds (27.3%) and mammals (21.8%), but lower in amphibians and squamates (<10%). In amphibians, we document a 56% increase from 1980 to 2010 in the number of newly described species that fall below the hybrid zone-derived divergence reference point of 2.6 Ma. While this trend so far impacts only a small proportion of the total amount of amphibian species, we commend that taxonomic hypotheses that delimit Pleistocene-aged lineages as species, or conversely, that consider lineages with Miocene ages or older as conspecific, should be carefully interpreted to avoid taxonomic inflation and deflation., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: VE247/19-1, SPP1991, Peer reviewed

Document S1. Supplemental methods, Figures S1–S33, Schemes S1–S18, Tables S1–S28, and Data S1–S4., Data S5. Thermochemical data., Data S6. XYZ coordinates for computed structures., Document S2. Article plus supplemental information., No

The study was conducted between October 2021 and September 2022 in 15 urban green areas (i.e., parks) within the city of Seville, in southern Spain. In this city, owing to gardening and consistently warm temperatures throughout the year, floral resources are available nearly year-round. In each park, a 20 m-wide sampling transect which covered the entire park area was established and within it, flowering ornamental woody plant species (both native and non-native) were sampled once a month. In sum, in each park flowering plant species which attracted pollinators were sampled across the entire area of the park. Each month, for each plant species, pollinators were sampled in two censuses located in two randomly selected plants along the park. In a census, a 10-minute pollinator observation over a 1 m2 area of the flowering plant species was conducted. Within a census any Hymenoptera, Diptera (>3 mm size), Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (>3 mm size) that contacted any reproductive part of a flower was identified and counted, avoiding double counting. Most specimens were identified visually in the field to the lowest possible taxonomic level, except 7.5% of them that were captured for identification in the laboratory with the help of an expert (Francisco P. Molina). Total sampling was 258 hours across 64 days., Overall, the plant-pollinator analyses were based on 62 plant taxa (44 non-native and 16 native). Although our aim was to focus at the plant species resolution level, we grouped 17 plant taxa by genus because there was a mix of species and hybrids with cryptic floral traits, which we assumed were equally attractive to pollinators. These plants were visited by 8422 pollinators belonging to 173 pollinator taxa (99 Hymenoptera, 57 Diptera, 12 Lepidoptera, 5 Coleoptera), 71% identified at the species level. In some parks and months, no plant-pollinator interactions were recorded or only a single plant taxon was involved, precluding network construction. To address this limitation, we grouped sampling months by plant flowering phenology, using the. Jaccard similarity index (‘vegdist’ function, vegan R package) to quantify compositional dissimilarities in flowering taxa across months. This analysis identified four distinct temporal clusters of three consecutive months: (1) February–April, (2) May–July, (3) August–October, and (4) November–January. We used these periods in subsequent analyses to construct four temporal networks per park, except for Álvaro Diamantino (periods 1 and 4) and Miguel Mañara parks (periods 2-4), where plant diversity was insufficient (< 2 taxa). To estimate sampling completeness of interaction diversity for each park and period, we used the Chao1 estimator of species richness. We calculated sampling completeness as the ratio of the observed and to estimate richness of pollinators, using the iNext R package., This research was supported by the project RADIOPOPO (PID2021-122690OB-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE., Datospolinizadores_parquesSevilla.csv; Table_interactions.csv; Beta_diversity_ms.R; Betweenness_centrality_ms.R; Co_flowering_ms.R; Network_parameters_ms.R; Sampling_completeness_ms.R, Peer reviewed

4 files, The dataset RAIA_MHW_v01 contains daily, monthly and annual time series of Marine Heatwaves from 10 oceanic and coastal buoys managed by Observatorio Costeiro de la Xunta de Galicia (OCXG, https://www.meteogalicia.gal/web/observacion/portada) & Puertos del Estado (PE, https://portus.puertos.es/#/), Funding for this dataset was provided by the CAPTA project (CAPTA 0062_CAPTA_1_E, POCTEP 2021-2027), Peer reviewed

Linking the processes determining species coexistence and effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning is important for a mechanistic understanding of how species loss impacts ecosystems. There are good theoretical reasons to expect stably coexisting communities to deliver higher ecosystem functioning, as niche differences should promote coexistence and complementarity, however, there is still little empirical evidence to demonstrate this relationship. We present a novel experimental approach to tackle this question, in which we first measured interaction coefficients and intrinsic growth rates for 12 grassland species and used population models to estimate coexistence5. We then assembled 48 three-species communities, predicted to differ in their degree of coexistence and measured seven above and belowground functions. Here we extend findings demonstrating that biodiversity increases multifunctionality to show that amongst communities with the same initial diversity, multifunctionality is higher when all the species are predicted to coexist. Decomposing coexistence into the influence of niche and fitness differences showed that multifunctionality was high in niche differentiated communities but also in those with a single highly competitive species. We further examined the effect of indirect interactions, which provide an alternative mechanism of coexistence in multispecies communities, and found that they also provided an alternative route to high multifunctionality. Our results point the way to a unification of coexistence and biodiversity theory and to a more mechanistic understanding of the functional effects of biodiversity change., Swiss National Science Foundation: 31003A_160212, 310030_185260, 310030_215442; Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades: PID2021-127607OB-I00, EUR2023-143472, Peer reviewed

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data]: The structural characterization of the films was performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) 2θ/ω wide scans, X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and reciprocal space maps (RSMs) of selected asymmetric reflections, by using a four-circle X-ray diffractometer (Malvern-Panalytical X'pert Pro MRD) and standard Cu Kα1,2 X-ray source with a parabolic mirror (for reciprocal space maps, a 2xGe(220) monochromator was added to the incident optics). A 2D array PIXcel detector was used. The topography of selected films was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in contact mode (Keysight 5100) over different areas. The structure of the films was also analyzed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) on a Fisher Spectra microscope operated at 200 kV. Cross-section lamellas were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) on a SBTO5 film deposited under optimized conditions, with the cut oriented to show STO [100] zone axis., [Ferroelectric and Electrocaloric Properties]: These properties were investigated by measuring the in-plane polarization using the IDEs with a 500 V-built-in ferroelectric tester (Precision Premier II model, Radiant Technologies). Hysteresis measurements were carried out based on a bipolar triangular wave excitation, and also remanent hysteresis measurements based on half triangular waves following the principle of the positive-up negative-down (PUND) method. The frequency of the triangular wave excitation was set to 2 kHz for both measurement protocols. Temperature (T)-dependent polarization versus E field, P(E, T) curves, were measured on heating in a dedicated homemade cell allowing a maximum temperature of 140 °C. Samples were immersed in a silicon oil bath during the polarization measurements to avoid electric discharges., High-quality purely c-axis oriented epitaxial thin films of the Aurivillius phase Sr2Bi4Ti5O18 with n = 5 (Sr,Bi)TiO3 perovskite-like layers, are grown on SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The highest crystalline quality is obtained with a 20 wt.% Bi-excess target and average stacking order values in the proximity of the ideal value n = 5 are attained for an optimum deposition temperature of 650 °C. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals regions with n ranging from 4 to 6 around an average thickness of n = 5, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction analysis. Interdigital electrodes are used to probe the in-plane polarization and survey the electrocaloric properties. A maximum adiabatic temperature change of ΔT ∼ 0.95 °C for an electric field of 150 kV cm−1 is observed at ≈135 °C. Larger values are expected at higher temperatures around the ferroelectric Curie temperature, TC. Since TC of Sr2Bi4Ti5O18 can be tuned by codoping, the findings pave the way toward a large electrocaloric effect at ambient temperature., S.L. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101029019. This work was also supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2021-124734OB-C21), “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (CEX2023-001286-S, CEX2023-001263-S and CEX2021-001214-S) and Diputación General de Aragón (E11-23R, E12-23R). D. G. acknowledges financial support from the Gobierno de Aragón through a doctoral fellowship. Authors would like to acknowledge C. Cosculluela from Unidad Técnica en Ingeniería de Microdispositivos (INMA) and R. Valero for the IDEs fabrication at the National Facility ELECMI ICTS, node “Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas”, through Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación from Universidad de Zaragoza. The authors also acknowledge the use of instrumentation as well as the technical advice provided by the Joint Electron Microscopy Center at ALBA (JEMCA) and funding from Grant IU16-014206 (METCAM-FIB) to ICN2 funded by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), with the support of the Ministry of Research and Universities, Generalitat de Catalunya. J. S. acknowledges B. Mundet, F. Belarre and M. Rosado for the STEM images and FIB fabrication of the lamellas, as well as the financial support of the European Commission through the Horizon H2020 funding by H2020-MSCA-RISE-ID:101007825 –ULTIMATE-I. X. T. acknowledges financial support by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2021-123276OB-I00)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2023-001286-S)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2023-001263-S)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001214-S)., Peer reviewed

These datasets contain camera-trap detections of terrestrial mammals collected in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (Ukraine) in 2021 and 2022. Camera-trap detections in 2022 were collected across stations exposed to armed conflict (Russian occupation)., Conflict zones are inherently hazardous and inaccessible for researchers, which results in a knowledge gap about the immediate effects of armed conflicts on the environment, particularly wildlife. We used camera trap detections to investigate the impact of armed conflict on wildlife activity patterns before, during, and after the Russian occupation of the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (Ukraine) in 2022 and compared it to the same period in 2021. Mammal species responded to armed conflict through immediate behavioral adjustments, including reduced activity during night and on dates when armed conflict activities intensified. Our results provide insight into wildlife´s behavioral responses to armed conflict in real time and underscore the potential of camera trapping to quantify the ecological effects of war. Data are organised into R-ready Excel spreadsheets, accompanied by R scripts for data setup, model fitting and validation., Frankfurt Zoological Society Endangered Landscapes and Seascapes Programme: Polesia - Wilderness Without Borders, Peer reviewed