BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Prioritised list of invasive alien species in the European Union, according to the year when a risk assessment should be available, with an indication of the sources of information used for review. Contains 1323 species assessed for their potential inclusion in the EU list of invasive species of Union concern, based on their maximum reported impact (from databases and literature) and their invasion history in Europe. JPECarbonerasST2.xlsx, 1. Effective prevention and control of invasive species generally relies on a comprehensive, coherent and representative list of species that enables resources to be used optimally. European Union (EU) Regulation 1143/2014 on invasive alien species (IAS) aims to control or eradicate priority species, and to manage pathways to prevent the introduction and establishment of new IAS; it applies to species considered of Union concern and subject to formal risk assessment. So far, 49 species have been listed but the criteria for selecting species for risk assessment have not been disclosed and were probably unsystematic. 2. We developed a simple method to systematically rank invasive alien species according to their maximum potential threat to biodiversity in the EU. We identified 1323 species as potential candidates for listing, and evaluated them against their invasion stages and reported impacts, using information from databases and scientific literature. 3. 900 species fitted the criteria for listing according to IAS Regulation. We prioritised 207 species for urgent risk assessment, 59 by 2018 and 148 by 2020, based on their potential to permanently damage native species or ecosystems; another 336 species were identified for a second phase (by 2025), to prevent or reverse their profound impacts on biodiversity; and a further 357 species for assessment by 2030. 4. Policy implications. We propose a systematic, proactive approach to selecting and prioritising invasive alien species for risk assessment to assist European Union policy implementation. We assess an unprecedented number of species with potential to harm EU biodiversity using simple methodology that we developed, and recommend which species should be considered for risk assessment in a ranked order of priority along the timeline 2018-2030, based on their maximum reported impact and their invasion history in Europe., Peer reviewed

data_PerezMendez_Neochamaelea_populations_JEcol Genetic distances among populations of N. pulverulenta in Gran Canaria, Tenerife and La Gomera (Euclidean genetic distances, GD; conditional genetic distance, cGD), and isolation by resistances values for: topographic complexity, potential and current vegetation, climate, non-resistance, and range shape of N. pulverulenta, 1. Defaunation of large-bodied frugivores could be causing severe losses of crucial ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal. The immediate ecological consequences may include alteration or even collapse of seed-mediated gene flow affecting plant population connectivity, with impacts on the regional scale distribution of genetic variation. Yet these far-reaching consequences of defaunation remain understudied. 2. Here we tested whether human-induced defaunation of the Canarian frugivorous lizards (Gallotia, Lacertidae) altered within-island population connectivity and the amount and large-scale distribution of genetic variation of Neochamaelea pulverulenta (Rutaceae), which relies exclusively on these lizards for seed dispersal. Our study system defines a lizard downsizing gradient with three contrasted ecological scenarios (islands) with relatively optimal (Gran Canaria; large-sized lizards), sub-optimal (Tenerife; medium) and collapsed seed dispersal processes (La Gomera; small). We extensively sampled individual plant genotypes from 80 populations spanning the full geographic range of the plant to examine their genetic diversity, population-genetic network topologies, and the patterns of isolation both by distance (IBD) and resistance (IBR) across these three ecological scenarios. 3. Plant genetic diversity appeared unaffected by defaunation-mediated downsizing of frugivorous lizards. However, we found a reduced overall plant population connectivity together with an increased isolation by distance within the most defaunated islands (La Gomera and, to a lesser extent, Tenerife) when compared with the scenario preserving the functionality of lizard-mediated seed dispersal (Gran Canaria). The results, with a significant effect of lizard downsizing, were robust when controlling for biotic/abiotic differences among the three islands by means of isolation by resistance models (IBR). 4. Synthesis. Our results provide valuable insights into the far-reaching consequences of the deterioration of mutualisms on plant population dynamics over very large spatial scales. Conservation of large-bodied frugivores is thus essential because their irreplaceable mutualistic dispersal services maintain an extensive movement of seeds across the landscape, crucial for maintaining the genetic cohesiveness of metapopulations and the adaptive potential of plant species across their entire geographic range., Peer reviewed

Usage Notes: Dataset for León-Sánchez et al. Journal of Ecology Data was collected in a field climate change simulation experiment in Aranjuez, in central Spain (40°02′N–3°32′W, 495 m altitude). The dataset includes leaf gas exchange measurements, isotopic C composition, leaf nutrients (P, N), leaf morphological traits, plant biomass, plant survival and mycorrhizal fungi relative abundances. León-Sánchez_etal_dataset.xlsx, 1.Warmer and drier conditions associated with ongoing climate change will increase abiotic stress for plants and mycorrhizal fungi in drylands worldwide, thereby potentially reducing vegetation cover and productivity and increasing the risk of land degradation and desertification. Rhizosphere microbial interactions and feedbacks are critical processes that could either mitigate or aggravate the vulnerability of dryland vegetation to forecasted climate change. 2.We conducted a four-year manipulative study in a semiarid shrubland in the Iberian Peninsula to assess the effects of warming (~2.5°C; W), rainfall reduction (~30%; RR) and their combination (W+RR) on the performance of native shrubs (Helianthemum squamatum) and their associated mycorrhizal fungi. 3.Warming (W and W+RR) decreased the net photosynthetic rates of H. squamatum shrubs by ~31% despite concurrent increases in stomatal conductance (~33%), leading to sharp decreases (~50%) in water use efficiency. Warming also advanced growth phenology, decreased leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents per unit area, reduced shoot biomass production by ~36% and decreased survival during a dry year in both W and W+RR plants. Plants under RR showed more moderate decreases (~10-20%) in photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and shoot growth. 4.Warming, RR and W+RR altered ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) community structure and drastically reduced the relative abundance of EMF sequences obtained by high-throughput sequencing, a response associated with decreases in the leaf nitrogen, phosphorus and dry matter contents of their host plants. In contrast to EMF, the community structure and relative sequence abundances of other non-mycorrhizal fungal guilds were not significantly affected by the climate manipulation treatments. 5.Synthesis: Our findings highlight the vulnerability of both native plants and their symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi to climate warming and drying in semiarid shrublands, and point to the importance of a deeper understanding of plant-soil feedbacks to predict dryland vegetation responses to forecasted aridification. The interdependent responses of plants and ectomycorrhizal fungi to warming and rainfall reduction may lead to a detrimental feedback loop on vegetation productivity and nutrient pool size, which could amplify the adverse impacts of forecasted climate change on ecosystem functioning in EMF-dominated drylands., Peer reviewed

Selvagens_Madeira_fish_data Collected in the field, Excel, abbreviations in Readme file Selvagens_Madeira_benthic_data collected in the field, Excel, abbreviations in Readme file Selvagens_Madeira_mobile_inverts collected in the field, Excel, abbreviations in Readme file, The islands of Madeira and Selvagens are less than 300 km apart but offer a clear contrast between a densely populated and highly developed island (Madeira), and a largely uninhabited and remote archipelago (Selvagens) within Macaronesia in the eastern Atlantic. The Madeira Archipelago has ~260,000 inhabitants and receives over six million visitor days annually. The Selvagens Islands Reserve is one of the oldest nature reserves in Portugal and comprises two islands and several islets, including the surrounding shelf to a depth of 200 m. Only reserve rangers and a small unit of the maritime police inhabit these islands. The benthic community around Selvagens was dominated by erect and turf algae, while the community at Madeira was comprised of crustose coralline and turf algae, sessile invertebrates, and sea urchin barrens. The sea urchin Diadema africanum was 65% more abundant at Madeira than at Selvagens. Total fish biomass was 3.2 times larger at Selvagens than at Madeira, and biomass of top predators was more than 10 times larger at Selvagens. Several commercially important species (e.g., groupers, jacks), which have been overfished throughout the region, were more common and of larger size at Selvagens than at Madeira. Important sea urchin predators (e.g., hogfishes, triggerfishes) were also in higher abundance at Selvagens compared to Madeira. The effects of fishing and other anthropogenic influences are evident around Madeira. This is in stark contrast to Selvagens, which harbors healthy benthic communities with diverse algal assemblages and high fish biomass, including an abundance of large commercially important species. The clear differences between these two island groups highlights the importance of expanding and strengthening the protection around Selvagens, which harbors one of the last intact marine ecosystems in the North Atlantic, and the need to increase management and protection around Madeira., Peer reviewed

Table S4. Average ES values for each LULC type. Average ES values for each LULC type. (See Table S1 for the description of the LULC types and Table S2 for units). Table S4.docx Table S1. Description of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) types identified at the River Piedra watershed. Description of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) types identified at the River Piedra watershed. Table S1.docx Table S2.Ecosystem services assessed, indicators and source of information. Ecosystem services assessed, indicators and source of information. Table S2_ok.docx, 1. Restoration ecology is moving towards designing restoration actions to maximize ecosystem services (ES). Such restoration actions require planning at large spatial scales, as these are often more meaningful for ecosystem functioning and ES supply. As economic resources to undertake ecological restoration at large scales are scarce, prioritizing sites to enhance multiple ES supply is critical. 2. Our study presents an index, the Relative Aggregated Value of ES (RAVES), to prioritize sites for ecological restoration based on the assessment of multiple ES. We tested the spatial heterogeneity of ES to identify the relevant scale to managing ES and to applying the RAVES index using a local case study. We also used the RAVES index to compare three alternative restoration scenarios to enhance ES based on the availability of socio-economic resources. 3. The highest RAVES values were found in areas with natural vegetation and in gorges with riparian forests. The lowest RAVES values were found in crop fields, steep slopes, and river stretches without riparian forest. 4. The multi-scale spatial analysis indicated that most ES showed significant heterogeneity at multiple spatial scales, especially at broad (20–30 km) and very broad (40–50 km) scales. However, at spatial scales smaller than 2 km, only biological control showed significant heterogeneity. 5. The optimal socio-economic conditions to enhance ES supply were met in a scenario where both private and public land and economic funds were available to implement ecological restoration. As most areas with low RAVES were in private lands, even with scarce economic funds restoration of private lands would result in a large increase of RAVES. 6. Synthesis and applications. The RAVES index is a practical tool to hierarchically prioritize sites for ecological restoration across large spatial scales. When linked to scenario analysis, the RAVES index can also be used to identify optimal management scenarios. By linking ES assessments to the identification of the spatial scales at which ES show largest heterogeneity, our analyses can help decision-makers identifying the spatial scale at which ES are more likely to respond to management and highlight the need to integrate local and regional management plans.09-Nov-2017, Peer reviewed

Una buena fotografía representa un trozo de la Naturaleza tal como estaba en el momento de ser tomada, en este caso constituye un documento científico, que conserva indefinidamente su valor, y cuya contemplación y análisis serán siempre convenientes cualquiera que sean las interpretaciones que puedan hacerse, cuando se observe ese trozo de una realidad pasada., Fototeca Forestal Española. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente., Peer reviewed

El actual Herbario “MAIA” procede de las colecciones del antiguo Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, constituidas esencialmente por muestras de plantas leñosas de la flora española o cultivadas en España., Herbario MAIA (INIA)., Peer reviewed

Cape_Horn_invertebrate_data Data collected in the field. Excel file format. Region: Fjords, Cape Horn, Diego Ramirez Island: Canel Barbara, Diego Ramirez, Isla Grevy, Isla Hermite, Isla Herschel, Isla Hornos, Isla Wollaston Station: 1-18 Sample: 1, 2 Date: dd-MMM-yr Lat: Latitude – decimal degrees WGS84 Long: Longitude - decimal degrees WGS84 Depth: M Species: Scientific name Count: number Num_m^2: Number per meter squared Cape_Horn_fish_data Data collected in the field. Excel file format. Region: Fjords, Cape Horn, Diego Ramirez Island: Canel Barbara, Diego Ramirez, Isla Grevy, Isla Hermite, Isla Herschel, Isla Hornos, Isla Wollaston Station: 1-18 Sample: 1, 2 Date: dd-MMM-yr Lat: Latitude – decimal degrees WGS84 Long: Longitude - decimal degrees WGS84 Depth: M Species: Scientific name Count: number Num_m^2: Number per meter squared, The vast and complex coast of the Magellan Region of extreme southern Chile possesses a diversity of habitats including fjords, deep channels, and extensive kelp forests, with a unique mix of temperate and sub-Antarctic species. The Cape Horn and Diego Ramírez archipelagos are the most southerly locations in the Americas, with the southernmost kelp forests, and some of the least explored places on earth. The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera plays a key role in structuring the ecological communities of the entire region, with the large brown seaweed Lessonia spp. forming dense understories. Kelp densities were highest around Cape Horn, followed by Diego Ramírez, and lowest within the fjord region of Francisco Coloane Marine Park (mean canopy densities of 2.51 kg m-2, 2.29 kg m-2, and 2.14 kg m-2, respectively). There were clear differences in marine communities among these sub-regions, with the lowest diversity in the fjords. We observed 18 species of nearshore fishes, with average species richness nearly 50% higher at Diego Ramírez compared with Cape Horn and Francisco Coloane. The number of individual fishes was nearly 10 times higher at Diego Ramírez and 4 times higher at Cape Horn compared with the fjords. Dropcam surveys of mesophotic depths (53-105 m) identified 30 taxa from 25 families, 15 classes, and 7 phyla. While much of these deeper habitats consisted of soft sediment and cobble, in rocky habitats, echinoderms, mollusks, bryozoans, and sponges were common. The southern hagfish (Myxine australis) was the most frequently encountered of the deep-sea fishes (50% of deployments), and while the Fueguian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) was the most abundant fish species, its distribution was patchy. The Cape Horn and Diego Ramírez archipelagos represent some of the last intact sub-Antarctic ecosystems remaining and a recently declared large protected area will help ensure the health of this unique region., Peer reviewed

Bird_etal_shark_trophic_geography Carbon isotope data compiled from muscle tissues of 5394 sharks from 114 species. Data provided include d13C values, latitude of capture, designation as shelf, slope or oceanic shark, length, depth of capture (where available), C/N ratios of muscle, and lipid extraction method if used. Also included are phytoplankton d13C data modelled from Magozzi et al 2016 (Ecosphere 8(5):e01763. 10.1002/ecs2.1763). Model data expressed as the median and standard deviation d13C value for the Longhurst Biogeographic province corresponding to the location of shark capture, Sharks are a diverse group of mobile predators that forage across varied spatial scales and have the potential to influence food web dynamics. The ecological consequences of recent declines in shark biomass may extend across broader geographic ranges if shark taxa display common behavioural traits. By tracking the original site of photosynthetic fixation of carbon atoms that were ultimately assimilated into muscle tissues of 5,394 sharks from 114 species, we identify globally consistent biogeographic traits in trophic interactions between sharks found in different habitats. We show that populations of shelf-dwelling sharks derive a substantial proportion of their carbon from regional pelagic sources, but contain individuals that forage within additional isotopically diverse local food webs, such as those supported by terrestrial plant sources, benthic production and macrophytes. In contrast, oceanic sharks seem to use carbon derived from between 30° and 50° of latitude. Global-scale compilations of stable isotope data combined with biogeochemical modelling generate hypotheses regarding animal behaviours that can be tested with other methodological approaches., Peer reviewed

Navarro-Cano_et_al_2018_JAPPL Nurse traits and soil data used in the paper, 1.Metal mining in drylands generates waste tailings with high toxicity, physical instability, as well as water and thermal stresses, that hamper their biological colonisation. This limits the restoration of ecosystem functions that are essential to re-integrate these artificial micro-deserts within the landscape matrix. 2.We assessed the functional role of local nurse plant species and their traits to restore ecosystem functions related to soil fertility, soil microbial productivity and the reduction of abiotic stress. We sampled 30 metalliferous tailings in a mining district from semiarid Spain to detect nurse plant species and quantify their ability to promote essential functions from their establishment on the barren substrate up to the adult stage. 3.We found 11 plant species acting as nurses out of 102 species able to colonise barren soils. Ten nurses further triggered a cascade of effects increasing soil fertility and microbial productivity and/or lowering soil abiotic stress. 4.Plant species with larger life forms and longer periods of establishment since tailing abandonment contributed the most to the promotion of ecosystem functions. C4 plant species developing root systems with lower intensivity and depth: laterality ratios, as well as leaves with lower carbon: nitrogen ratios (C:N) induced a faster recovery of ecosystem functions. 5.Synthesis and applications. We propose a protocol for selecting key species to be used in restoration programs based on their ability to restore ecosystem functions under extremely stressful conditions. We encourage combination of multiple target species with complementary traits in order to reinforce the rehabilitation of ecosystem functions., Peer reviewed