BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Raw data for accumulation curves_Dryad Datasets included in Supplementary Tables_Dryad Supplementary Tables_Dryad.docx, The role of pollinators in floral divergence has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists. Although abundant studies have reported the effect of pollinators on flower shape variation and plant speciation, the influence of pollinators on plant species differentiation during rapid radiations and the specific consequences of shifts among similar pollinators are not well understood. Here, we evaluate the association between pollinators and floral morphology in a closely related and recently diversifying clade of Linaria species (sect. Supinae subsect. Supinae). Our approach combined pollinator observations, functional floral morphometric measures and phylogenetic comparative analyses. The fauna visiting Linaria species was determined by extensive surveys and categorized by a modularity algorithm, while the size and shape of flowers were analyzed by means of standard and geometric morphometric measures. Standard measures failed to find relationships between the sizes of representative pollinators and flowers. However, discriminant-function analyses of geometric morphometric data revealed that pollination niches are finer predictors of flower morphologies in Linaria if compared with phylogenetic relationships. Species with the most restrictive flowers displayed the most slender spurs and were pollinated by bees with larger proboscides. These restrictive flower shapes likely appeared more than once during the evolutionary history of the study group. We show that floral variation can be driven by shifts between pollinators that have been traditionally included in a single functional group, and discuss the consequences of such transitions for plant species differentiation during rapid radiations., Peer reviewed

Telomere measurements and genotypes Genotypes and telomere measurements from all the individuals are provided in two excel sheets. In the first sheet, named "Population data", reports the arm length, ct. values and genotypes of all individuals. Finally, the second sheet, reports the ct. values from different tissues in regenerating and non-regenerating arms. Hdy_Garcia-Cisneros 2015.xls, TelTelomeres usually shorten during an organism’s lifespan and have thus been used as an aging and health marker. When telomeres become sufficiently short, senescence is induced. The most common method of restoring telomere length is via telomerase reverse transcriptase activity, highly expressed during embryogenesis. However, although asexual reproduction from adult tissues has an important role in the life cycles of certain species, its effect on the aging and fitness of wild populations, as well as its implications for the long-term survival of populations with limited genetic variation, is largely unknown. Here we compare relative telomere length of 58 individuals from four populations of the asexually reproducing starfish Coscinasterias tenuispina. Additionally, 12 individuals were used to compare telomere lengths in regenerating and non-regenerating arms, in two different tissues (tube feet and pyloric cecum). The level of clonality was assessed by genotyping the populations based on 12 specific microsatellite loci and relative telomere length was measured via quantitative PCR. The results revealed significantly longer telomeres in Mediterranean populations than Atlantic ones as demonstrated by the Kruskal–Wallis test (K=24.17, significant value: P-value<0.001), with the former also characterized by higher levels of clonality derived from asexual reproduction. Telomeres were furthermore significantly longer in regenerating arms than in non-regenerating arms within individuals (pyloric cecum tissue: Mann–Whitney test, V=299, P-value<10−6; and tube feet tissue Student's t=2.28, P-value=0.029). Our study suggests that one of the mechanisms responsible for the long-term somatic maintenance and persistence of clonal populations is telomere elongation., Peer reviewed

Genome-wide cytosine methylation estimates of 200 plants of Helleborus foetidus obtained by HPLC and Methylation Scoring of MSAP data Genome-wide cytosine methylation estimates in young leaves of 200 plants of Helleborus foetidus obtained using HPLC and the percentage of cytosine methylation in CCGG sites obtained by Methylation Scoring of MSAP data. Methylation scoring (MS50) was calculated as the percentage of MSAP loci scored as methylated (condition II + III). HPLC_MS_data_doi_10.5061_dryad.04d0d.txt, Methylation of DNA cytosines affects whether transposons are silenced and genes are expressed, and is a major epigenetic mechanism whereby plants respond to environmental change. Analyses of methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MS-AFLP or MSAP) have been often used to assess methyl-cytosine changes in response to stress treatments and, more recently, in ecological studies of wild plant populations. MSAP technique does not require a sequenced reference genome and provides many anonymous loci randomly distributed over the genome for which the methylation status can be ascertained. Scoring of MSAP data, however, is not straightforward, and efforts are still required to standardize this step to make use of the potential to distinguish between methylation at different nucleotide contexts. Furthermore, it is not known how accurately MSAP infers genome-wide cytosine methylation levels in plants. Here, we analyse the relationship between MSAP results and the percentage of global cytosine methylation in genomic DNA obtained by HPLC analysis. A screening of literature revealed that methylation of cytosines at cleavage sites assayed by MSAP was greater than genome-wide estimates obtained by HPLC, and percentages of methylation at different nucleotide contexts varied within and across species. Concurrent HPLC and MSAP analyses of DNA from 200 individuals of the perennial herb Helleborus foetidus confirmed that methyl-cytosine was more frequent in CCGG contexts than in the genome as a whole. In this species, global methylation was unrelated to methylation at the inner CG site. We suggest that global HPLC and context-specific MSAP methylation estimates provide complementary information whose combination can improve our current understanding of methylation-based epigenetic processes in nonmodel plants., Peer reviewed

Matrix AFLPs Canarina canariensis Original Matrix of Canarina canariensis AFLPs matriz_595alelos.xlsx cpDNA_Canarina_canariensis NEXUS files for the concatenated cpDNA dataset of Canarina canariensis, Geographical isolation by oceanic barriers and climatic stability has been postulated as some of the main factors driving diversification within volcanic archipelagos. However, few studies have focused on the effect that catastrophic volcanic events have had on patterns of within-island differentiation in geological time. This study employed data from the chloroplast (cpDNA haplotypes) and the nuclear (AFLPs) genomes to examine the patterns of genetic variation in Canarina canariensis, an iconic plant species associated with the endemic laurel forest of the Canary Islands. We found a strong geographical population structure, with a first divergence around 0.8 Ma that has Tenerife as its central axis and divides Canarian populations into eastern and western clades. Genetic diversity was greatest in the geologically stable ‘palaeo-islands’ of Anaga, Teno and Roque del Conde; these areas were also inferred as the ancestral location of migrant alleles towards other disturbed areas within Tenerife or the nearby islands using a Bayesian approach to phylogeographical clustering. Oceanic barriers, in contrast, appear to have played a lesser role in structuring genetic variation, with intra-island levels of genetic diversity larger than those between-islands. We argue that volcanic eruptions and landslides after the merging of the palaeo-islands 3.5 Ma played key roles in generating genetic boundaries within Tenerife, with the palaeo-islands acting as refugia against extinction, and as cradles and sources of genetic diversity to other areas within the archipelago., Peer reviewed

Telomere length of magpie and great spotted cuckoo nestlings Telomere length of magpie and great spotted cuckoo nestlings soon after hatching and before fledging. We also show telomere attrition values and laying-date of each studied nest. Values are means estimates per study nest. data.xlsx, Although little is known on the impact of environment on telomere length dynamics, it has been suggested to be affected by stress, lifestyle and/or life-history strategies of animals. We here compared telomere dynamics in erythrocytes of hatchlings and fledglings of the brood parasite great spotted cuckoos (Clamator glandarius) and of magpies (Pica pica), their main host in Europe. In magpie chicks, telomere length decreased from hatching to fledging while no significant change in telomere length of great spotted cuckoo chicks was found. Moreover, we found interspecific differences in the association between laying date and telomere shortening. Interspecific differences in telomere shortening were interpreted as a consequence of differences in lifestyle and life-history characteristics of magpies and great spotted cuckoos. In comparison with magpies, cuckoos experience reduced sibling competition and higher access to resources, and, consequently, lower stressful environmental conditions during the nestling phase. These characteristics also explain the associations between telomere attrition and environmental conditions (i.e. laying date) for magpies and the absence of association for great spotted cuckoos. These results therefore fit expectations on telomere dynamics derived from interspecific differences in lifestyle and life-history of brood parasites and their bird hosts., Peer reviewed

Linares et al_Data and Supplementary Material Data and supplementary material, Ocean acidification is one of the main stressors affecting marine ecosystems. Rare CO2 vents offer a unique opportunity to investigate the response of benthic ecosystems to acidification. However, the benthic habitats that have been investigated so far are mainly very shallow water (≤5 m depth) and, therefore, to habitats that are poorly representative of the broad range of habitats that occur on the continental shelf. Here, we show that a decrease from pH 8.1 to 7.9 observed in a CO2 vent system at 40 m depth leads to a dramatic shift in highly diverse and structurally complex habitats. Forests of the kelp Laminaria rodriguezii usually found at larger depths (>65 m) replace the dominant habitats (i.e. coralligenous outcrops and rhodolith beds), which are mainly characterized by calcifying organisms. Only the aragonite-calcifying algae are able to survive in acidified waters, while high-magnesium calcite organisms lack almost completely. Beyond significant changes at species level also reported in most of previous studies, our results demonstrate that moderate ocean acidification and pH levels expected to occur at the end of this century will entail outstanding changes in the distribution and dominance of key benthic ecosystems at regional scales, with far-reaching ecological and socio-economic implications., Peer reviewed

Pinus phenotypic data and locality descriptions Phenotypes (serotiny and tree diameter) and locality descriptors (stand, coordinates, etc) for 367 Pinus halpensis and 194 Pinus pinster individuals from SE Spain. Please note: these data are a subset of the dataset originally collected by Hernández-Serrano et al. (2013) Fire structures pine serotiny at different scales. American Journal of Botany 100, 2349-2356. Pinus_phenotypes_and_localities.txt Gmatrix_P.halepensis Tab-delimited text file with symetrical matrix showing pairwise relatedness estimates for 367 individuals of Pinus halepensis. Diagonal estimates are included. Estimates are based on 251 SNPs and were estimated with the synbreed package in R. Gmatrix P.pinaster Tab-delimited text file with symetrical matrix showing pairwise relatedness estimates for 194 individuals of Pinus pinaster. Diagonal estimates are included. Estimates are based on 251 SNPs and were estimated with the synbreed package in R. Gmatrix_P.pinaster.txt, The strong association observed between fire regimes and variation in plant adaptations to fire suggests a rapid response to fire as an agent of selection. It also suggests that fire-related traits are heritable, a precondition for evolutionary change. One example is serotiny, the accumulation of seeds in unopened fruits or cones until the next fire, an important strategy for plant population persistence in fire-prone ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the potential of this trait to respond to natural selection in its natural setting. For this, we use a SNP marker approach to estimate genetic variance and heritability of serotiny directly in the field for two Mediterranean pine species. Study populations were large and heterogeneous in climatic conditions and fire regime. We first estimated the realized relatedness among trees from genotypes, and then partitioned the phenotypic variance in serotiny using Bayesian animal models that incorporated environmental predictors. As expected, field heritability was smaller (around 0.10 for both species) than previous estimates under common garden conditions (0.20). An estimate on a subset of stands with more homogeneous environmental conditions was not different from that in the complete set of stands, suggesting that our models correctly captured the environmental variation at the spatial scale of the study. Our results highlight the importance of measuring quantitative genetic parameters in natural populations, where environmental heterogeneity is a critical aspect. The heritability of serotiny, although not high, combined with high phenotypic variance within populations, confirms the potential of this fire-related trait for evolutionary change in the wild., Peer reviewed

latitude, herbivore attack, plant defenses, and climatic data Ruellia nudiflora population-level values for defenses, herbivore attack, and parasitoid attack. Variables are ordered and labeled in the following way: "population" = plant population name; "latitude" = decimal degrees latitude for each population ; "pctemperature" = z-score values from first principal component of PCA analysis of temperature-related variables (from WorldClim); "pcprecipitation" = z-score values from first principal component of PCA analysis of precipitation-related variables (from WorldClim); "seedphenolics" = concentration of phenolic compounds in seeds; "leafphenolics" = concentration of phenolic compounds in leaves; "fruitattack" = mean proportion of attacked fruits by seed herbivore; "parasitoidattack" = mean proportion of seed herbivores parasitized; "leafdamage" = mean leaf damage score; "trichomedensity" = mean leaf trichome density. latitudinalvariation_Abdalaetal.csv, 1. Geographic variation in abiotic factors and species interactions is widespread and is hypothesized to generate concomitant patterns of species trait variation. For example, higher rates of herbivory at lower latitudes are thought to select for increased plant defences, although latitudinal variation in defences may also be influenced directly by abiotic factors and indirectly by predators and parasitoids reducing herbivore pressure. 2. We measured defences of the herb Ruellia nudiflora among 30 populations spanning a latitudinal gradient from northern Yucatan to southern Belize that vary substantially in leaf herbivory (four-fold), seed herbivory (25-fold), and seed herbivore parasitism (14-fold). These surveyed populations span one-third of the species’ latitudinal distribution (5° of latitude), the entire precipitation gradient of its distribution, and one-third of the temperature gradient of its distribution. Our prior work showed that leaf herbivory decreased with latitude and that seed herbivory increased with latitude. Here, we measured leaf trichome density and leaf and seed phenolics and tested whether latitudinal variation in climate, herbivory, and parasitism explained latitudinal variation in these defensive traits. 3. Patterns of variation in leaf trichomes fully supported predictions, with trichome density increasing with a parallel increase in herbivory towards lower latitudes. While seed phenolics were positively associated with herbivory, and seed herbivory tended to increase with latitude, the predicted (positive) association between latitude and defence was not detectable. There was no detectable association between parasitoids and seed defences. In addition, the association between leaf herbivory and phenolics was weak, and leaf phenolics were not associated with latitude. Importantly, variation in the abiotic environment was associated with plant defence, indicating that abiotic factors can play a major role in shaping plant defences, independently of herbivory. 4. Synthesis: Latitudinal variation in abiotic factors may drive concomitant patterns of variation in plant defences, independently of herbivory. Collectively, these findings highlight the need for assessing geographic variation in plant defences from a multi-factorial perspective, testing for the simultaneous influence of biotic and abiotic factors., Peer reviewed

La Unidad de Recursos de Información Científica para la Investigación (URICI) coordina el desarrollo y funcionamiento de la Red de Bibliotecas y Archivos del CSIC, de sus servicios presenciales y/o digitales, así como la gestión automatizada de fondos bibliográficos, archivísticos, y de sus colecciones digitales. Su misión principal es ofrecer servicios de información científica de soporte para la actividad investigadora del CSIC, organizándose como un sistema horizontal completo, homogéneo y de calidad. Sus líneas de trabajo en 2014 se enmarcan en el Plan Estratégico del CSIC 2014-2017., Peer reviewed

Boletín PACIS Ola 1 - Noviembre 2015., [ES] El boletín Noviembre 2015 presenta los principales resultados de la encuesta cuyo objetivo es responder a la pregunta que le da título a este boletín, conocer la valoración y las actitudes que tiene la población andaluza hacia la innovación. Mediante el Panel Ciudadano para la Investigación Social en Andalucía (PACIS), herramienta puesta en marcha por el IESA-CSIC para la recogida de información de calidad en investigaciones con fines científicos o de mejora de la gestión pública que tiene como ámbito de interés la comunidad autónoma andaluza. Este panel lo forman un conjunto de hogares seleccionados al azar para que sean representativos de la población andaluza. La encuesta sobre innovación pertenece a la 1ª Ola del panel a la que respondieron 813 personas (386 fueron completadas a través de internet y 427 a través de entrevistas telefónicas). El trabajo de campo se realizó entre el 11 de septiembre y el 22 de octubre de 2015., [EN] The November,2015 newsletter presents the main results of the survey whose objective is to answer the question that give the newsletter tittle, to know the assessment and attitudes of the Andalusian population towards innovation. Through the Citizen Panel for Social Research in Andalusia (PACIS), instrument start up by IESA/CSIC for the collection of quality information in research for scientific purposes or for improvement of public administration in the autonomous community of Andalusian. This panel is made up of a set of households select at random to be representative of the Andalusian population. The survey on innovation belong to the 1st wave of the panel, 813 people answered (386 by internet and 427 by phone). The fieldwork was carried out between September 11 and October 22,2015., Peer reviewed