BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[Methods] We mapped all emergent wetlands > 5×5 m within our study area—California’s Sierra Nevada foothills EPA zone III eco-region in Yuba, Nevada, and southern Butte countieso of California. Mapping was done by manually interpreting summer 2013 GeoEye-1 0.4 m imagery in Google Earth 7.1.5. Areas covered by hydrophytes (Typha spp., Scirpus spp., Juncus effusus, Leersia oryzoides, or various sedges) were considered wetland. We included hydrophytes that appeared seasonally dried; if green vegetation was present along the wetland-upland transition zone, we buffered 5 m into it. Open water and rice were excluded. If imagery was ambiguous, we used Google Earth imagery from adjacent years to help distinguish if a wetland was present. Each wetland’s geomorphology was classified as slope (shallow hillside flow), pond fringe, fluvial, rice fringe, irrigation ditch, or waterfowl impoundment. We combined historic imagery and field data to determine the water sources. We surveyed 237 wetlands for occupancy of Black Rails up to three times each summer from 2012–2016 using established broadcast survey methods (for details see Richmond et al. 2010). To assess the effects of water source on wetland hydrology, we resurveyed wetlands for 14 periods: in the early wet season (January 8–27), late wet season (March 22–25), early dry season (May 17–June 20), and late dry season (July 15–August 15) from summer 2013–2016. At each visit we walked throughout the wetland with a map of aerial imagery and recorded the percent wetness (areal percent of wetland saturated with water). We trapped mosquitoes at 63 wetlands from June–October, 2012–2014 (4710 trap/nights) and estimated WNV prevalence (probability of a mosquito testing positive for WNV) with genetic testing. We estimated WNV transmission risk at each wetland as the mean abundance of WNV-infected Culex spp. (the main WNV vectors) per trap/night. [Usage Notes] Note that wetland data is not a comprehensive list of all wetlands in the region. Missing values for black rail occupancy in some years or visits within years are delineated with, Theory posits that resilience of ecosystems increases when there is a diversity of agents (e.g., species) and linkages between them. If ecosystems are conceptualized as components of “coupled human and natural systems”, then a corollary would be that novel types of human-induced diversity may also foster resilience. We explored this hypothesis by studying how socially created diversity mediated the impact of a historically severe drought on a network of wetlands in the foothills of the California Sierra Nevada containing a metapopulation of the threatened California Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus). We examined how (1) diversity in motivations for land ownership affected use of irrigation water and response to drought, (2) differences in natural and irrigated water sources affected wetland drying in response to drought, and (3) these processes affected the persistence of rails and the transmission risk of West Nile virus, an emerging infectious disease that threatens people and rails. Wetlands were mostly fed by inefficiencies and leaks from the irrigation system. Wetlands with both natural and irrigated water sources were larger, wetter, and likelier to persist through drought because these two sources showed response diversity by drying at different times. Wetlands with diverse water sources also provided the best habitat for the California Black Rail, and irrigation appeared responsible for its persistence through the drought. Irrigation increased WNV transmission risk by increasing the quantity, but not the quality, of wetland habitats for mosquitoes. The impacts of social diversity were more ambiguous, with redundancy prevalent. However, profit-motivated landowners provided wetlands more irrigation during non-drought conditions, while other landowner types were more likely to continue providing irrigation during drought. This dataset provides the wetland, California Black Rail, and West Nile virus data that support the findings of this study. Partial social and geospatial data are available by emailing the first author upon request, excluding some information that would make respondents identifiable., Sierra Foothills Audubon Society. National Science Foundation, Award: CNH-1115069. National Science Foundation, Award: DEB-1051342. Spanish Ministry of Culture and Education’s Salvador de Madariaga Program, Award: PRX16/00452., Peer reviewed

Explanations are given in the files and further information is provided in the Appendix of the study (available online together with the article), and in the article., Despite the far-reaching evolutionary implications of sexual conflict, the effects of metapopulation structure, when populations are subdivided into several demes connected to some degree by migration, on sexual conflict dynamics are unknown. Here, we used experimental evolution in an insect model system, the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, to assess the independent and interacting effects of selection histories associated with mating system (monogamy vs. polygamy) and population subdivision on sexual conflict evolution. We confirm traditional predictions from sexual conflict theory by revealing increased resistance to male harm in females from populations with a history of intense sexual selection (polygamous populations) compared to females from populations with a history of relaxed sexual selection (monogamous populations). However, selection arising from metapopulation structure reversed the classic pattern of sexually antagonistic coevolution and led to reduced resistance in females from polygamous populations. These results underscore that population spatial structure moderates sexual selection and sexual conflict, and more broadly, that the evolution of sexual conflict is contingent on ecological context. The findings also have implications for population dynamics, conservation biology and biological control., Spanish Ministry of Economy, Award: CGL2012-34685. Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Award: CGL2016-76173-P. Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, Award: PID2019-105547GB-I00. Spanish Research Council, Award: 201730I034. Spanish Ministry of Economy, Award: BES‐2013‐065192. Spanish Ministry of Economy, Award: CGL2012-34685. Spanish Research Council, Award: 201730I034., Peer reviewed

Human induced environmental change may require rapid adaptation of plant populations and crops, but the genomic basis of environmental adaptation remain poorly understood. We analyzed polymorphic loci from the perennial crop Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and the annual legume model species M. truncatula to search for a common set of candidate genes that might contribute to adaptation to abiotic stress in both annual and perennial Medicago species. We identified a set of candidate genes of environmental adaptation associated with environmental gradients along the distribution of the two Medicago species. Candidate genes for each species were detected in homologous genomic linkage blocks using genome-environment (GEA) and genome-phenotype association analyses. Hundreds of GEA candidate genes were species-specific, of these, 13.4% (M. sativa) and 24% (M. truncatula) were also significantly associated with phenotypic traits. A set of 168 GEA candidates were shared by both species, which was 25.4% more than expected by chance. When combined, they explained a high proportion of variance for certain phenotypic traits associated with adaptation. Genes with highly conserved functions dominated among the shared candidates and were enriched in Gene Ontology terms that have shown to play a central role in drought avoidance and tolerance mechanisms by means of cellular shape modifications and other functions associated with cell homeostasis. Our results point to the existence of a molecular basis of adaptation to abiotic stress in Medicago determined by highly conserved genes and gene functions. We discuss these results in light of the recently proposed omnigenic model of complex traits., European Commission, Award: 625308 Marie Curie Intra‐European Fellowship., Peer reviewed

[Methods] The material and methods section of the article contains all details concerning the methods used in this study. [Usage Notes] The readme file contains an explanation of each file uploaded in supplementary files., Establishing an evolutionary timescale is fundamental for tackling a great variety of topics in evolutionary biology, including the reconstruction of patterns of historical biogeography, coevolution and diversification. However, the tree of life is pruned by extinction and very generally molecular data cannot be gathered for extinct lineages. Methodological challenges have prevented until recently the application of tip-dating Bayesian approaches in morphology-based fossil-only datasets. Herein we present a morphological dataset for a group of cricetid rodents to which we apply a battery of methods fairly new in palaeontology that can be used by palaeontologists for the analysis of entirely extinct clades. We compare the tree topologies obtained by traditional parsimony, Bayesian dated and undated phylogenetic approaches and calculate stratigraphic congruence indices for each. Bayesian tip-dated clock methods seem to outperform parsimony in the case of our dataset, which includes highly homoplastic morphological characters. Regardless, all three topologies support the monophyly of Megacricetodontinae, Democricetodontinae and Cricetodontinae. Dispersal and speciation events inferred through Bayesian Binary Markov chain Monte Carlo and biodiversity analyses provide evidence for a correlation between biogeographic events, climatic changes and diversification in cricetids., Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Award: PGC2018-094122-B-100 (MICU/AEI/FEDER,EU). European Commission, Award: ES-TAF-2579., Peer reviewed

[Methods] We selected 25 plots under the nurse plant (Ononis tridentata) canopy and 25 adjacent gaps of the same size to estimate the cover of each plant. The size of the plots varied with the size of the nurse plant, ranging from 11435 to 21980 cm2. The cover of facilitated plants was estimated by adding the number of cm that each plant species occupied along a variable number of parallel linear transects established under the canopy of the nurse plant. To estimate the contribution of different processes to the BEF relationship, we followed the CAFE approach described in Bannar-Martin et al (2017; Ecol. Lett. 21, 167-180)., Facilitation, an ecological interaction assembling plant communities worldwide, has been shown to modulate both species richness and ecosystem functions. Such a Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) relationship can be decomposed into different components not only related to species losses and gains but also to the identity of the species and the context in which they live. Using an extension of the classical BEF approach named CAFE (Community Assembly and the Functioning of Ecosystems), we quantified the contribution of these components to the BEF relationship in a Spanish semiarid plant community shaped by facilitation. We used species richness as a measure for biodiversity and plant cover as a proxy of multiple ecosystem functions including plant productivity, soil protection, soil fertility and microbial productivity. Nurse plants doubled the number of species that live beneath them relative to open ground, but caused a five-fold increase in plant cover. The disproportionate increase of plant cover was a consequence of the identity of the species enhanced by nurse plants, which were more productive than the average. We discuss these results in terms of sampling effects (i.e., the higher probability of richer communities to harbour hyperproductive species) and complementary effects (i.e., richer communities enhancing productivity through resource partitioning, abiotic facilitation, or biotic feedbacks). The enhancement of ecosystem functions that plant facilitation produces by incorporating species with high functional values to the community may reverberate among other trophic levels and propagate beyond the local scale where the ecological interaction is produced., Peer reviewed

[Methods] Acoustic telemetry. [Usage Notes] There is one file per species and year of tagging. Each file is an R object. Opening it with R, the estimated centers of activity for each group of fish will be shown. These centers of activity are then used for subsequent analyses. An excel file is also provided containing the biological characteristics of the tagged animals., The effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) depends on the mobility of the populations that are the target of protection, with sedentary species likely to spend more time under protection even within small MPAs. However, little is understood about how individual variation in mobility may influence the risk of crossing an MPA border, as well as the fitness costs associated with being exposed to spillover fisheries. Here we investigated the repeatability of spatial behaviour, its role in determining the probability of being at risk (i.e. exposed to the fishery) and the fitness consequences for the individuals. We acoustically tracked the movements and fate of 282 individuals of three fish species during 8 years in a southern Norwegian fjord. We found that for individuals with a home range centroid inside the MPA, the probability of being at risk outside the MPA increased rapidly with reduced distance from the home range centroid to MPA borders, particularly for individuals having larger and more dispersed home ranges. We also detected that the seasonal expansions of the home range are associated with increased time at risk. Last, we show that individuals spending more time at risk were also more likely to be harvested by the fishery operating outside the MPA. Our study provides clear links between individual fish behaviour, fisheries-induced selection, and the effectiveness of protected areas. These links highlight the importance of intraspecific trait variation for understanding the spatial dynamics of populations and emphasize the need to consider individual behaviour when designing and implementing MPAs., Peer reviewed

This dataset include outputs from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model (ROMS-PISCES) forced by climatological fields that has been used to examine the role of upwelling filaments in the offshore exchange of particulate (POC) and dissolved (DOC) organic carbon in the Canary Current eastern boundary upwelling system (CanC EBUS). The data consists on monthly climatological means of total organic carbon (direct sum of dissolved and particulate pools) generated by 7 years of simulation., European Commission (EC), grant/award no. 817578: Tropical and South Atlantic climate-based marine ecosystem predictions for sustainable management.-- European Commission (EC), grant/award no. 817806: Sustainable management of mesopelagic resources.-- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), grant/award no. CTM2015-69392-C3: Constraining organic carbon fluxes in an eastern boundary upwelling ecosystem (NW Africa): the role of non-sinking carbon in the context of the biological pump.-- Spanish National Research Council, grant/award no. CTM2007-66408-CO2-01: Shelf-ocean exchanges in the Canaries-Iberian large marine ecosystem, Peer reviewed

[Methods] Data collected from the literature. Dataset is a compilation of published studies. Effectiveness components were converted to common currencies. QTC is the proportion of seeds dispersed by a given type of disperser during a given dispersal period. QLC is the proportion of dispersed seeds that were cached, either by scatter hoarding or larder hoarding. Information on taxonomy of the two partners, Country where the studies were performed and some traits of both plants and animals is also included., Mutualism effectiveness, the contribution of an interacting organism to its partner’s fitness, is defined as the number of immediate outcomes of the interactions (Quantity component) multiplied by the probability that an immediate outcome results in a new individual (Quality component). These components form a two-dimensional effectiveness landscape with each species’ location determined by its values of quantity (x-axis) and quality (y-axis). The current dataset includes information on the effectiveness of synzoochorous seed dispersal across the world. This might allow any user to make their own landscapes for the entire set of species or for specific subset of species., Peer reviewed

Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence shows that exceptions to this “island effect” do exist. Here, we tested this pattern using a thoroughly sampled continent-island system, the genus Pristurus, a group of sphaerodactylid geckos distributed across continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. We used a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset to explore whether Socotran and continental taxa differ in their dynamics of phenotypic evolution. Moreover, we used habitat data to examine if ecological specialisation is correlated with morphological change, reconstructing ancestral habitat occupancy and comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found heterogeneity in the outcome of the colonisation of the Socotra Archipelago. Namely, only one of the three events of colonisation has resulted in an increase in body size. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialisation provides a more nuanced insight into body size and shape evolution in Pristurus. In particular, the colonisation of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very constrained body size and head proportions, suggesting ecologically driven morphological convergence. Our results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continental-island systems., Peer reviewed

Island colonists are often assumed to experience higher levels of phenotypic diversification than continental taxa. However, empirical evidence shows that exceptions to this "island effect" do exist. Here, we tested this pattern using a thoroughly sampled continent-island system, the genus Pristurus, a group of sphaerodactylid geckos distributed across continental Arabia and Africa and the Socotra Archipelago. We used a recently published phylogeny and an extensive morphological dataset to explore whether Socotran and continental taxa differ in their dynamics of phenotypic evolution. Moreover, we used habitat data to examine if ecological specialisation is correlated with morphological change, reconstructing ancestral habitat occupancy and comparing phenotypic disparity and trait evolution between habitats. We found heterogeneity in the outcome of the colonisation of the Socotra Archipelago. Namely, only one of the three events of colonisation has resulted in an increase in body size. However, in general, Socotran species do not present higher levels or rates of morphological diversification than continental groups. Instead, habitat specialisation provides a more nuanced insight into body size and shape evolution in Pristurus. In particular, the colonisation of ground habitats appears as the main driver of morphological change, producing the highest disparity and evolutionary rates. Additionally, arboreal species show very constrained body size and head proportions, suggesting ecologically driven morphological convergence. Our results reveal a determinant role of ecological mechanisms in morphological evolution and corroborate the complexity of ecomorphological dynamics in continental-island systems., Peer reviewed