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The dataset is freely available on the web repository of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in three different formats (NetCDF, binary raster, and plain text)., Format: The plain text archive is composed of 576 zipped files, corresponding to the SPEI index at time scales between 1 and 48 months for the whole World and divided by decades (except the last file, containing only data for the period 2001-2006). Each zipped file contains one plain text file (.csv). Data on those files are separated by commas, ′,'. Naming convention: spei[tempscale]_[decade].zip, where [tempscale] is a number between 1 and 48 indicating the temporal scale of the index (months), and [decade] indicates the years of data contained in the file. Example: spei12_1910-1919.zip. Data are stored as plain text separated by commas, ','. Each file contains the following columns: GRAPH_ID (cell identification), X (longitude coordinate), Y (latitude coordinate), mmmaaaa (the monthly SPEI values, e.g. Jan1910)., The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. Use of the newest version is recommended. Older versions are still available to allow replicability., All currently available gridded drought datasets at continental and global scales are based on either the PDSI or the sc-PDSI. A new global drought dataset based on the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) has been developed, which covers time scales from 1-48 months at a spatial resolution of 0.5°, and provides temporal coverage for the period 1901-2006. This dataset represents an improvement in spatial resolution and operative capability of previous gridded drought datasets based on the PDSI, and enables identification of various drought types., A monthly global dataset of a multiscalar drought index is presented and compared in terms of spatial and temporal variability with the existing continental and global drought datasets based on the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI, scPDSI). The new dataset is based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The index was obtained from the CRU TS3.0 data, covering time scales from 1 to 48 months for the period 1901-2006, and has a spatial resolution of 0.5°. The advantages of the new dataset are that: i) it improves the spatial resolution of the unique global drought dataset at a global scale; ii) it is spatially and temporally comparable to other datasets, given the probabilistic nature of the SPEI, and, in particular; iii) it enables identification of various drought types, given the multiscalar character of the SPEI. More details at: http://www.eead.csic.es/spei/spei.html

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike., [EN] Global gridded dataset of the Standardised Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months. Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon. Temporal coverage between January 1901 and December 2009. This is an update of a previous version of SPEIbase (http://hdl.handle.net/10261/22449). What’s new in version 2.0: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2009 (it was 1901-2006 in v 1.0). 2) The FAO-56 Penman-Monteith's method has been used for computing PET instead of Thornthwaite. 3) Unbiased probability weighted moments (ub-pwm) method has been used for fitting the log-Logistic distribution, instead of the sub-optimal plotting-position pwm method used in version 1.0. 4) The whole world is put in one single netCDF file. For more details on the SPEI visit https://spei.csic.es/., This work was not supported by any external funding., Peer reviewed

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months. Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon. Temporal coverage between January 1901 and December 2011. This is an update of a previous version of SPEIbase v2 (http://hdl.handle.net/10261/48169). What’s new in version 2.2: 1) Data has been extended to the period 1901-2011 (it was 1901-2009 in v 2.0). 2) The FAO grass reference evapotranspiration from the CRU TS3.2 dataset has been used as PET input for the SPEI (http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/browse/badc/cru/data/cru_ts_3.20). Precipitation is also obtained from the same CRU TS3.2 dataset. 3) Unbiased probability weighted moments (ub-pwm) method has been used for fitting the log-Logistic distribution, instead of the sub-optimal plotting-position pwm method used in version 1.0. For more details on the SPEI visit https://spei.csic.es/., This work was not supported by any external funding., Peer reviewed

The dataset is freely available on the web repository of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). There are 6 files in NetCDF format: 3 with precipitation estimations (pcp_) and 3 with standard errors (err_) of each estimation. Each of 3 files represent peninsular Spain (pen_), Balearic islands (bal_) and Canary islands (can_)., Spanish PREcipitation At Daily scale (SPREAD) is a new daily gridded precipitation dataset for Spain. It covers the whole territory of peninsular Spain and Balearic and Canary Islands at a 5x5 kilometre spatial resolution. Daily precipitation was estimated for each point of the grid from 1950-01-01 to 2012-12-31 in peninsular Spain and from 1971-01-01 to 2012-12-31 in the Balearic and Canary Islands. The grid was built using a previously reconstructed station-based dataset using reddPrec package (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/reddPrec). The observed precipitation information comprised 12,858 stations provided by Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET); Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAGRAMA); Meteorologic Service of Catalonia (METEOCAT); Navarra Government and several hydrological confederations., This study was supported by research projects CGL2015-69985-R and CGL2014-52135-C3-1-R, funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) and FEDER-ERDF funds. The researchers were supported by the Government of Aragón through the ‘Programme of research groups’ (groups ‘H38, Clima, Cambio Global y Sistemas Naturales’ and ‘E68, Geomorfología y Cambio Global’)., No

Data Set License: ODbL 1.0. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), Drought indices are essential metrics for quantifying drought severity and identifying possible changes in the frequency and duration of drought hazards. In this study, we developed a new high spatial resolution dataset of drought indices covering all of Spain. The dataset includes seven drought indices, spans the period 1961–2014, and has a spatial resolution of 1.1 km and a weekly temporal resolution. A web portal has been created to enable download and visualization of the data. The data can be downloaded as single gridded points for each drought index, but the entire drought index dataset can also be downloaded in netCDF4 format. The dataset will be updated for complete years as the raw meteorological data become available., Data Set: http://monitordesequia.csic.es/, This work was supported by research projects PCIN-2015-220, CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2014-52135-C03-02 and CGL2014-52135-C03-03 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER, IMDROFLOOD financed by the Water Works 2014 co-funded call of the European Commission and INDECIS, financed by the European ERA4CS Joint Call for Transnational Collaborative Research Projects., We acknowledge support by the CSIC Open Access Publication Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)., Peer reviewed

In this dataset, artificial weekly periods are created dividing each month into four periods (days: 1-8; 9-15; 16-22; 23-end). There are 4 files in Netcdf format: 1) ETo.nc containing weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 2) ETo_var.nc containing uncertainty estimation of weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 3) ETo_Ae.nc containing estimations of the aerodynamic component of weekly reference evapotranspiration and 4) ETo_Ra.nc containing estimations of the radiative component of weekly reference evapotranspiration., SPanish reference evapotranspiration (SPETo) is a weekly gridded reference evapotranspiration dataset for Continental Spain and Balearic Islands, at 1.1 km of spatial resolution, covering the 1961-2014 period. Reference evapotranspiration was calculated using Penman-Monteith FAO-56 method using gridded data of maximum temperature, minimum temperature, dewpoint temperature, wind speed and sunshine duration., This work was supported by research projects CGL2014-52135-C03-01, CGL2014-52135-C03-02 and CGL2014-52135-C03-03 financed by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), There are 4 files in Netcdf format: 1) ETo.nc containing weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 2) ETo_var.nc containing uncertainty estimation of weekly reference evapotranspiration estimations; 3) ETo_Ae.nc containing estimations of the aerodynamic component of weekly reference evapotranspiration and 4) ETo_Ra.nc containing estimations of the radiative component of weekly reference evapotranspiration., No

The Global 0.5° gridded SPEI dataset is made available under the Open Database License. Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License. Users of the dataset are free to share, create and adapt under the conditions of attribution and share-alike. The Global SPEI database, SPEIbase, offers long-time, robust information on the drought conditions at the global scale, with a 0.5 degrees spatial resolution and a monthly time resolution. It has a multi-scale character, providing SPEI time-scales between 1 and 48 months. The Standardized Precipitatin-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) expresses, as a standardized variate (mean zero and unit variance), the deviations of the current climatic balance (precipitation minus evapotranspiration potential) with respect to the long-term balance. The reference period for the calculation, in the SPEIbase, corresponds to the whole study period. Being a standardized variate means that the SPEI condition can be compared across space and time. Calculation of the evapotranspiration potential in SPEIbase is based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith method. Data type: float; units: z-values (standard deviations). No land pixels are assigned a value of 1.0x10^30. In some rare cases it was not possible to achieve a good fit to the log-logistic distribution, resulting in a NAN (not a number) value in the database. Dimensions of the dataset: lon = 720; lat = 360; time = 1356. Resolution of the dataset: lon = 0.5º; lat = 0.5º; time = 1 month. Created in R using the SPEI package (http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/SPEI)., Global gridded dataset of the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at time scales between 1 and 48 months.-- Spatial resolution of 0.5º lat/lon.-- This is an update of the SPEIbase v2.6 (https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/202305).-- What’s new in version 2.7: 1) Based on the CRU TS 4.05 dataset, spanning the period between January 1901 to December 2020. Using TLMoments::PWM instead of lmomco::pwm.ub for calculating distribution parameters. For more details on the SPEI visit https://spei.csic.es/., This work was not supported by any external funding., Peer reviewed

[EN] Contains five compressed folders (.zip): one with shapefiles (.shp; requires a specific Geographic Information System GIS software) and four data tables in plain text (.csv). One PDF file explains the dataset details., [ES] Contiene cinco carpetas comprimidas (.zip): uno con shapefiles (.shp; requiere software específico para Sistemas de Información Geográfica, SIG) y cuatro tablas de datos en texto plano (.csv). Un archivo PDF explica el contenido del conjunto de datos., [EN] Geospatial information on the water balance components and river discharge over the Pyrenees for the period 1981-2010. The data is based on the application of two hydrological models (SWAT and SASER), forced with the PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis dataset. It includes information on the following variables: temperature, precipitation, snowfall, snowmelt, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, soil water storage, snowpack, aquifer recharge, runoff generation and river discharge. The temporal resolution is monthly, and the spatial aggregation is at the level of hydrographic sub-basins. The dataset was generated within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA Project ("Evaluation and prospective of the water resources of the Pyrenees in a context of climate change, and adaptation measures with impact on the territory")., [ES] Información geoespacial sobre componentes del balance hídrico y caudales sobre los Pirineos para el periodo 1981-2010. Los datos se basan en la aplicación de dos modelos hidrológicos (SWAT y SASER), forzados con el conjunto de datos PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis. Incluye información sobre las siguientes variables: temperatura, precipitación, innivación, fusión nival, evapotranspiración potencial, evapotranspiración real, almacenamiendo de agua en el suelo, paquete de nieve, recarga de acuífero, generación de escorrentía y caudales. La resolución temporal es mensual, y la agregación espacial es a nivel de sub-cuencas hidrográficas. El conjunto de datos fue generado en el contexto del proyecto EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio")., [FR] Information géospatiale sur les composantes du bilan hydrique et débits fluviales sur les Pyrénées pour la période 1981-2010. Les données sont basées sur l'application de deux modèles hydrologiques (SWAT et SASER), forcés avec le jeu de données PIRAGUA_atmos_analysis. Il comprend des informations sur les variables suivantes : température, précipitations, chutes de neige, fonte des neiges, évapotranspiration potentielle, évapotranspiration réelle, stockage de l'eau dans le sol, manteau neigeux, recharge de l'aquifère, génération de ruissellement et débits. La résolution temporelle est mensuelle, et l'agrégation spatiale se fait au niveau des sous-bassins hydrographiques. Le jeu de données a été généré dans le cadre du projet EFA210/16 PIRAGUA ("Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d'adaptation ayant un impact sur le territoire")., This dataset was developed within the project EFA210/16 PIRAGUA (“Evaluación y prospectiva de los recursos hídricos de los Pirineos en un contexto de cambio climático, y medidas de adaptación con impacto en el territorio / Evaluation et prospective des ressources en eau des Pyrénées dans un contexte de changement climatique, et mesures d’adaptation avec un impact sur le territoire”), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020) (65%) and the project’s partners: CSIC, UPV/EHU, UB, OE, IGME, CNRS, BRGM, INRAE and OBSA (35%)., Files in the data set: - PIRAGUA_hydro_analysis_s-mode: Average values of the water cycle components for the period 1981-2010, at the sub-basin (water bodies catchments) spatial scale. - PIRAGUA_hydro_analysis_t-mode: Annual time series of the water cycle components at the annual or monthly scale, at the Pyrenees, basin or sub-basin spatial scales. - GIS: Arc-GIS shapefiles of the different spatial aggregation scales: Pyrenees, basins, sub-basins, and stream reaches. The id field in each shapefile allows matching the spatial units with the data files., Data fields (columns): Common fields: - month: month, one of ('annual', 1:12). - mod_hydro: one of ('SWAT', 'SASER'). - variable: one of ('PRECIP', 'SNOFALL', 'SNOMELT', 'TMPAV', 'ET', 'PET', 'ETPET', 'SW', 'SWE', 'DARCHG', 'WYLD', 'SNOWYLD', 'CONTRIB_CMS', 'CONTRIB_HM3'). See variable explanation below. - value: data value. - units: one of ('mm', 'ºC', 'mm/mm', 'm3/s', 'Mm3'). Only in in s-mode file: - id: identifier of the spatial unit (sub-basins) that matches the ids on files basins.shp and subbasins.shp. - horizon: always '1981-2010'. - support: spatial support, one of ('Pyrenees', 'AD', 'ES', 'FR', [basin names]). - area: area of the sub-basin, in km^2. Only in t-mode file: - year: year. - date: date, in year-month-day format. - monthabb: month abbreviation., Water balance variables: (Files: PIRAGUAhydroanalysis_s-mode, PIRAGUAhydroanalysis_t-mode) - PRECIP: precipitacion, sum of liquid and solid over time period (mm). - SNOFALL: snowfall (solid precipitation), total over time period (mm). - SNOMELT: snowmelt, total over time period (mm). - TMP_AV: daily mean temperature, average over time period (ºC). - TMP_MX: daily maximum temperature, average over time period (ºC). - TMP_MN: daily minimum temperature, average over time period (ºC). - ET: real evapotranspiration, total over time period (mm). - PET: potential evapotranspiration, total over time period (mm). - ET_PET: ratio of real over potential evapotranspiration (mm/mm). - SW: soil water, mean storage over time period (mm). - SWE: snow water equivalent, mean over time period (mm). - DA_RCHG: deep aquifer recharge, total over time period (mm). - WYLD: water yield, total over time period (mm). - SNO_WYLD: contribution of snowmelt to total water yield (mm/mm). - CONTRIB_CMS: mean discharge at the sub-basins' outlet (m^3 / s). - CONTRIB_HM3: mean contribution at the sub-basins' outlet (Mm^3)., Transformation to other units: - mm to mm/day: value_mm_day = value_mm / ndays_in_month_year. - mm to hm3: value_hm3 = value_mm * 1000000 * area_in_km2 * 1.0e-09. - mm to m3/s: value_m3_s = value_mm_day * 1000000 * area_in_km2 * 1.2e-08., Shapefiles in the GIS directory: - pyrenees.shp: polygon shapefile with the limits of the study area. - basins.shp: polygon shapefile with the limits of the river basins, corresponding to field id in the s-mode data file. - subbasins.shp: polygon shapefile with the limits of the river basins, corresponding to field id in the s-mode data file. - reaches.shp: line shapefile with the river reaches, corresponding to field id in the s-mode data file., No