Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-ND 3.0, ForSEAdiscovery es un proyecto fuertemente interdisciplinar que relaciona la historia marítima de la Edad Moderna y la arqueología subacuática con las Ciencias de la Información Geográfica (SIG), con la Dendrocronología, así como con diversas técnicas analíticas sobre la procedencia de la madera,
especialmente la datación por radiocarbono. Es el primer proyecto financiado por el programa Marie Curie de la Unión Europea (Programa PEOPLE) orientado a la investigación histórica-arqueológica de pecios ibéricos. Durante sus cuatro años de desarrollo primigenio el proyecto ha logrado situar el estudio histórico-arqueológico de la historia marítima en el centro de un discurso teórico-técnico que abre nuevas líneas de investigación interdisciplinar y sobre todo en la generación de new data. Es así un proyecto holístico que se espera sea continuado por una amplia red de discípulos, científicos y colaboradores de diversas disciplinas., La investigación llevada a cabo y resultante de este proyecto ha sido financiada con fondos del People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (FP72007-2013) under REA grant agreement nº PITN-GA 2013-607545. Forest Resources for Iberian Empires: Ecology and
Globalization in the Age of Discovery (16th- 18th centuries). Acronym: ForSEAdiscovery.
Más información en <www.forseadiscovery.eu>, Unión Europea, Programa Marie Curie, ITN ForSEAdiscovery PITN-2013-607545, Peer reviewed

[EN] From the 1610s onwards the economic and political evolution of the Mediterranean strongly depended on the activity of transporters from northern Europe, who vied with others in a space characterized by competition and une Cooperación y competencia político-económica en la larga duración Pedralbes, 38 (2018), 19-49, issn: 0211-9587, doi: 10.344/pedralbes2018.38.1 qual exchange between native towns of diverse socio-religious characteristics.
That space was disturbed on many occasions by war, epidemics and privateering, resulting in a historiographical perception of decadence and continuous crisis. The political events that marked the relations of the Hispanic Monarchy and the new Republic of the United Provinces influenced, however, the development of a maritime and commercial relationship that linked important market areas and economic spaces. This article presents a general outline of Dutch participation in this space through what they called the Straatvaart route (navigation of the Strait of Gibraltar). I will focus on the characteristics of this long-lasting phenomenon, dwelling on the political-military events that marked its destiny and the relationship of the Republic of the United Provinces with the Hispanic Monarchy., [ES] Desde la década de 1610, la evolución económica y política mediterránea dependió de la intervención de los transportistas del norte de Europa, que rivalizaban en un espacio marcado por la competencia y el intercambio desigual entre pueblos autóctonos de diversas características socio-religiosas. Ese espacio se vio perturbado en muchas ocasiones por la guerra, las epidemias y el corso, lo que provocó que fuera percibido por parte de la Historiografía como una época de decadencia y crisis continua. Los eventos políticos que marcaron las relaciones de la Monarquía Hispánica y la nueva República de las Provincias Unidas influyeron, sin embargo, en el devenir de una relación marítima y comercial que vinculaba importantes áreas de mercado y espacios económicos. Este artículo es un esbozo general sobre la participación holandesa en este espacio a través de la denominada Straatvaart, o ruta de navegación del estrecho de Gibraltar. Me centraré en las características de este fenómeno de larga duración y me detendré en los eventos político-militares que marcaron su destino y la relación de la República de las Provincias Unidas con la Monarquía Hispánica., Este artículo es una ampliación de mi ponencia en el Cicle de Conferències Aula Mediterrània, Programa Interuniversitari de l’IEMed (28 de noviembre de 2017). Agradezco a los profesores Jaume Dantí, María Ángeles Pérez Samper y Xavier Gil todos los valiosos comentarios que me regalaron. La investigación fue financiada con los proyectos: GlobalNET (HAHR2011-27694); DynCoopNet (EUROCORES, TECT de la European Science Foundation y el MICINN); y ForSEAdiscovery (Programa PEOPLE, Marie Curie ITN de la Unión Europea: PITN-2013-GA607545)., Peer reviewed, Peer Reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-NC-SA 4.0, [EN] This essay provides an interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological framework for the study of ships considered as artefacts and objects of the Global history. Aspects related to the research carried out with the ForSEAdiscovery project in relation to the elaboration of a historical-archaeological GIS of the submerged landscape of relations between Spain and America in the 16th to 18th centuries are described and underlined, but highlighting the importance to develop new tools for the correct use of historical data. The essay also focusses into the idea of consilience, understood as the capacity and willingness to join knowledge of different methodologies in order to create a unified framework in studies on maritime landscape and underwater cultural heritage., [ES] Este ensayo aporta un marco teórico y metodológico interdisciplinar para el estudio de los barcos considerados como artefactos y objetos indiscutibles de la Historia global. Se describen y comentan aspectos relacionados con la investigación llevada a cabo con el proyecto ForSEAdiscovery en relación a la elaboración de un SIG histórico-arqueológico del paisaje sumergido de las relaciones entre España y América en los
siglos XVI al XVIII, pero subrayando la necesidad de desarrollar herramientas de análisis para la correcta utilización de los datos históricos. Profundiza en la idea de consiliencia, contemplada ésta desde la capacidad y voluntad para unir conocimientos de diferentes metodologías con el fin de crear un marco unificado de entendimiento en los estudios sobre paisaje marítimo y patrimonio sumergido., La investigación que se está desarrollando en torno a las teorías e hipótesis expuestas en este ensayo son deudoras del proyecto ITN Marie Curie ForSEAdiscovery (Ref. PITN2013-GA607545) financiado por la
Unión Europea y por el proyecto “Ship Ex Machina Revisited”, Convocatoria Europa Investigación del
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Referencia: EIN2019-103133)., Peer reviewed

[EN] Studies on Spanish Colonial Trade stresses the essential role played by non-Hispanic mercantile networks in the economic expansion in the Atlantic. Dutch shipping and trade constituted an important part of the Hispanic Atlantic Community in America and in Spain, especially throughout the Flemish and Dutch merchant community in Cadiz. From the last decades of the 17th century and throughout the 18th century, the old enemies of the Hispanic Monarchy had developed certain sophisticated operations within the framework of trade between Spain and America, from within the very heart of the state monopoly. That was possible due to three main reasons: the implementation of social and economic mechanisms to operate in networks, local cooperation in trading and shipping, and a favorable political economy to maintain business connections, [ES] Los estudios sobre el comercio colonial español señala el importante papel desempeñado por las redes mercantiles no hispánicas en la expansión económica en el Atlántico. El comercio y la navegación holandesa constituyeron una importante parte de la comunidad hispánica atlántica tanto en América como en España, especialmente a través de la colonia flamenca y holandesa de Cádiz. Desde las últimas décadas del siglo XVII y a lo largo del siglo XVIII, los antiguos enemigos de la Monarquía Hispánica habían desarrollado ciertas sofisticadas operaciones dentro del esquema comercial entre España y América. Ello fue posible debido a tres razones principalmente: la implementación de mecanismos sociales y económicos que favorecía las operaciones en redes, la cooperación local en el comercio y la navegación, y una política favorable al mantenimiento de las conexiones de negocios., Esta investigación sobre la provisión de madera para la construcción naval en los imperios ibéricos es ahora el objetivo del proyecto que dirijo dentro del programa Marie Curie financiado por la Unión Europea (ITN, programa PEOPLE): “ForSEAdiscovery: Forest resources for Iberian Empires. Ecology and Globalization in the age of Discovery, 16th-18th centuries”, Ref. PITN-2013-GA607545, Peer reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, This Special Issue is a compilation of studies on underwater and maritime sites related to Early Modern ships and shipwrecks. [...], ForSEAdiscovery ITN Research project PITN2013-GA607545; “Naufragios Históricos” PIE-CSIC 201910E065; I-LINK UnderHERITAGE, LINKB20042., Peer reviewed

Este artículo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY 4.0, Early November 1597. After an intense combat with four enemy ships, San Giacomo di Galizia (also known as Santiago), a just over 1000-ton galleon, enters the Ribadeo harbour in a terrible state, where it wrecks. This war vessel had been built in Naples in 1590 and sailed the Mediterranean and the Atlantic until it sank. In late November 2011, during an archaeological survey of the dredge area to improve the navigation of the ports in Galicia, a large ship was found and identified as the San Giacomo, which wrecked 414 years prior to its discovery. Several archaeological campaigns permitted a thorough record of the wreck and the recovery of hundreds of objects which this ship carried on its final journey. These artefacts included ceramics, metalwork, and wood, objects which reflected the activities that occurred on board during its short life. Combining an interdisciplinary approach based on artefacts, documents, and chemical analysis, the aim of this paper is to, on the one hand, attempt to reconstruct the sailing itinerary of the ship over its period of use and, on the other, to discuss how these commodities can help to write new narratives about the activities which occurred on board., Archaeological excavation of the Ribadeo I shipwreck took place under the ForSEAdiscovery project (PITN-GA2013-607545). This research received funding of the PIE-CSIC research project “Naufragios Históricos” Ref.: 201910E065; I-LINK “UnderHERITAGE”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ref.: LINKB20042; Xunta de Galicia, Dirección Xeral do Patrimonio, and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA); and project TOP Heritage cm (S2018/NMT-4372) from Community of Madrid. Authors acknowledge support from CSIC Interdisciplinary Platform “Open Heritage: Research and Society” (PTI-PAIS), Peer reviewed

This article constitutes an introduction to the Caribbean timber supply for the service of the Spanish state shipbuilding industry in the context of the reforms of the naval sector promoted by the early Bourbon administration. The selected case study focuses on the hardwoods from Cuba (as well as Mexico, Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo) shipped to Cadiz during the reigns of Philip V and Ferdinand VI, between the late 1720s and 1750s. This supply was facilitated by the naval infrastructures established in Havana and Veracruz, as well as the trade networks of the Carrera de Indias and naval squadrons that took charge of its transport. From the state shipbuilding programmes to the repair and maintenance activities motivated by the participation of vessels in the warfare dynamics of the post-Utrecht and Aix-la-Chapelle geopolitical orders, the rhythm of this transatlantic timber supply was the result of multiple factors that had a direct influence on the metropolitan demand for timber., Peer reviewed

In the early seventeenth century, the construction of galleons and high seas warships became an essential strategic concern for the king of Spain, even more so than in the previous century. In 1603, Philip III ordered the establishment of a Committee for the Building of Ships (Junta para la Fábrica de Navíos), which signed several contracts (asientos) with private individuals to build squadrons and ships. What were the shipbuilding conditions outlined in contracts signed under the auspices of such a committee? By addressing this question, this research note sheds light on the shipbuilding strategies of the Spanish Crown before the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609–1621). The notes are part of an ongoing research project on the Spanish Empire’s political restructuring of shipbuilding policies during the first half of the seventeenth century., Peer reviewed

[EN] In the period of 1717-1736, the southern peninsular forests became a new resource frontier at the service of the Spanish Navy, in the context of the Bourbon Reforms. The timber supply for shipbuilding and maintenance of war fleets in Cádiz was made through four methods: direct administration by commissioned services; purchase from regional middlemen merchants; articulation between contractors and direct administration; articulation with the Royal Exchequer. The rhythm of supply was the reflex of different needs and constraints in three phases: maintenance of fleets during the period of consolidation of Cádiz as a naval and commercial center (1717-1727); the first shipbuilding series (1728-1731); the impact of the 30’s Mediterranean campaigns and the shipbuilding production of Ciprian Autran (1731-1736)., [ES] En el periodo de 1717-1736, las forestas del Sur peninsular se convertieron en una nueva fontera de recursos al servicio de la Armada Española, en el contexto de las Reformas Borbónicas. El suministro de madera para la construcción y reparación de flotas de guerra en Cádiz se realizó a través de cuatro métodos: administración directa por comisión de servicios; compra a intermediarios comerciales de la región; articulación entre asentistas y administración directa; articulación con la Real Hacienda. El ritmo de suministro fue el reflejo de diferentes necesidades y restricciones en tres fases: manutención de flotas durante el periodo de consolidación de Cádiz como centro naval y comercial (1717-1727); el primer programa de construcción naval (1728-1731); impacto de las campañas mediterráneas en los años 30 y las construcciones de Ciprian Autran (1731-1736)., Peer reviewed

Data in this article are related to the chemical characterization ofvarious oak wood samples. Data have been obtained by theapplication of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy andpyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) toliving tree species and shipwreck wood fragments. Measurementswere performed on individual rings in order to facilitate theunderstanding of the variability in wood chemical compositionalong the radial cores, i.e. the same kind of material traditionallyused for dendrochronological analysis. The data in this article islabelled according to the anatomical sections of the wood (sap-wood, transition wood and heartwood) where the samples weretaken. The experimental background and the results can be foundin the related research article,“Chemometric tools for identifica-tion of wood from different oak species and their potential forprovenancing of Iberian shipwrecks (16th–18th centuries CE)”(Traoré et al., 2018)

Studies on the provenance of wood for shipbuilding contribute widely to the fields of archaeology, anthropology, environmental history, cultural geography, and palaeoclimatology. The development of reference datasets to determine the date and provenance of shipwreck timbers is therefore a paramount undertaking. Here we compile and present recent advances in the development of tree-ring chronologies, stable strontium isotope ratios and chemical biomarkers aimed to determine the date and provenance of Iberian shipwreck timbers. A set of oak and pine tree-ring chronologies have been developed from living trees covering the past 500 and 800 years, respectively, and have served to confirm the provenance of the wood used in an 18th-century Spanish ship of the Royal Navy. Stable strontium isotopic signatures have been obtained from soil and living trees at 26 sites throughout the Iberian Peninsula, providing a climate-independent geochemical network to source the origin of historic timbers. However, retrieving the original isotopic signature from waterlogged samples remains unsuccessful, stressing the need to develop effective protocols to separate the seawater signal from the original strontium isotope ratios in the wood. Analyses of organic compounds in wood of living trees have proven suitable to discriminate species and provenances, but results on shipwreck timbers are inconclusive and should be further explored. Our regional approach has the potential to be expanded to other areas and archaeological timbers from different periods throughout the Anthropocene. We highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the techniques presented when applied to waterlogged wood, propose GIS tools to interpret and visualize combined results, and stress the need to expand these type of reference datasets to allow for multiproxy dendroprovenancing approaches

Aim
Spatial variations of environmental conditions translate into biogeographical patterns of tree growth. This fact is used to identify the origin of timber by means of dendroprovenancing. Yet, dendroprovenancing attempts are commonly only based on ring‐width measurements, and largely neglect additional tree–ring variables. We explore the potential of using wood anatomy as a dendroprovenancing tool, and investigate whether it increases the precision of identifying the origin of oak wood. Since different tree–ring variables hold different information on environmental conditions prevailing at specific times of the growing season—which vary between source regions—we hypothesize that their inclusion allows more precise dendroprovenancing.

Location
Europe, Spain.

Taxon
Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus faginea Lam., Quercus pyrenaica Willd.

Methods
We sampled four oak species across Northern Spain, i.e. from the Basque country and Cantabria and—in the Basque country—from low to high elevation (topographic/latitudinal gradient). We measured multiple tree–ring variables to (a) extract complementary variables; (b) present statistical relations among them; (c) analyse region‐specific variation in their patterns based on time–series of individual trees; and (d) determine underlying climate–growth relationships. Leave‐one‐out analysis was used to test whether a combination of selected variables allowed dendroprovenancing of a randomly selected tree within the area.

Results
A combination of latewood width (LW) and earlywood vessel size was used to pinpoint the origin of oak wood with higher precision than ring width or LW only. Variation in LW pinpointed the wood to east and west areas, whereas variation in vessels assigned wood to locations along a latitudinal/topographic gradient. The climatic triggers behind these gradients are respectively an east–west gradient in June–July temperature and a north–south gradient in winter/spring temperatures. The leave‐one‐out analyses supported the robustness of these results.

Main conclusions
Integration of multiple wood–xylem anatomical variables analysed with multivariate techniques leads to higher precision in the dendroprovenancing of ring‐porous oak species.

Even though pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) is widely used for molecular characterization of wood, its abilities to determine the taxonomy (species), provenance and the nature and intensity of degradation of archaeological woods are hardly explored. We performed principal component analysis (PCA) on Py-GC–MS data of sound woods and shipwreck woods of Pinus sp. and Quercus sp., to identify the impact of diagenesis on pyrolysis fingerprints. It was found that the proportion of most polysaccharide products decreased significantly upon diagenesis with the exception of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, which remains relatively well preserved. Furthermore, the guaiacyl lignin products were generally well preserved with the exception of 4-propylguaiacol, the relative contribution of which decreased considerably. New indices are proposed to establish the preservation state of shipwreck wood (shipwreck wood preservation index; SWPI) on the basis of polysaccharides (SWPIPS) and guaiacyl lignin (SWPILG) and syringyl lignin (SWPILS) fingerprints. Stepwise multiple linear regressions analyses applied on FTIR data of the same samples are indicative of the consistency of both techniques and the potential to identify changes in wood chemistry as a result of degradation. Other factors that influence wood composition, such as the differences between soft- and hardwood lignin and sap- and heartwood were also recognized