La colaboración entre los reyes y los eclesiásticos más destacados e instruidos de la Edad Media hispana dio lugar a una serie de obras de arte que respondían a los programas político-religiosos del momento. La iniciativa para llevar a cabo tales empresas partió en unos casos del monarca y su entorno, y en otros del clérigo o de las instituciones eclesiásticas; sin embargo, la mayoría de las veces la instancia religiosa fue quien se encargó de su desarrollo, con el fin de acrecentar su propio poder y prestigio al mismo tiempo que se fortalecía la imagen regia.

En este volumen se reúnen una serie de estudios sobre las relaciones que establecieron los monarcas de los reinos de León y Castilla con los prelados, como punto de partida para la realización de empresas artísticas entre 1050 y 1500. Se intenta profundizar y hacer una relectura de las mismas en el marco de las conexiones descritas.

[EN] The purpose of this study is to improve the spray characteristics of a direct injection Diesel nozzle. Spray
atomization of the multi-hole atomization enhancement nozzle, which was invented in previous studies, is explored.
The aim is to improve and obtain excellent spray characteristics. The effects of different nozzle geometries and
dimensions on spray characteristics are investigated, including chamfered and rounded nozzle hole inlets and a
multi-hole atomization enhancement nozzles. It is found that the multi-hole atomization enhancement nozzle with
a rounded chamfered inlet is effective in achieving a high-dispersion spray, a large spray angle and small droplets.
However, it should be noted that the spray is significantly atomized and a large number of small droplets as
suspended as a mist. The photographic images of the spray are taken against a white background and the
boundaries between the ejected spray and the background are indistinct. Furthermore, the breakup length is short
at 3 mm for a hole diameter of 0.3 mm, the spray angle is about 70° and the Sauter mean diameter decreases
dramatically to 15 μm at a low injection pressure of 10 MPa, This research was partly supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (C) Grant Number 15K05847 and also partly supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEWT) MEXT-Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities. The authors wish to express their thanks for the supporting for this research.

[EN] The Spanish coast preserves many watchtowers as an important cultural heritage. They testify the insecurity of this maritime border in different historical periods, especially during the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, when it was attacked regularly by what has come to be known as Berber piracy.
The territory of Vélez-Málaga was not alien to this process and, after the Castilian conquest of the Axarquía region in the late fifteenth century, the western border between the Christian and the Islamic
kingdoms of the western Mediterranean moved to the southeaster coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
The municipal district of Vélez-Málaga has an important architectural and archaeological heritage
from different origins, including its defensive structures. They belong to a broader military system in the
territory that consisted of coastal and inland watchtowers, farmstead towers, fortified enclosures in addition to the castle and the urban walls of Vélez-Málaga.
This paper presents the first data obtained from the diagnosis of this heritage in the frame of the programme of conservation of the defensive architecture from the municipality of Vélez-Málaga., Este trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del
Proyecto I+D+i “Las atalayas que defendieron el
reino de nazarí de Granada. Análisis y documentación científica (Nazalaya)” (Programa Estatal
de Fomento de la Investigación Científica y
Técnica de Excelencia del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, HAR2016-
79689-P, 2017-2020), convocatoria de 2016, cofinanciado con fondos FEDER. El estudio de las
torres conservadas en este término municipal ha
permitido la realización de la diagnosis de estas
torres dentro del programa de arquitectura defensiva del Excmo. Ayuntamiento de VélezMálaga (EDUSI O.T.6 – 0.E.6.3.4 Rehabilitación y Promoción del Patrimonio Histórico,
VM-OT6-LA1).