This dataset is composed of 2 files: a database (in csv format) with 695 records of biogeochemical variables (temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH and total alkalinity) analyzed in water samples collected at the GIFT time series and a Readme (txt) file that includes a short description of the variables provided., If the dataset is used, please consider citing Flecha et al., (2019) (doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52084-x)., This data set includes recently published data used to assess the temporal evolution of pH in Atlantic and Mediterranean water masses exchanging at the Strait of Gibraltar (Long:-5.345, Lat: 36.137, Datum:WSG84) during the decade 2005-2015 and to calculate the magnitude of natural and anthropogenic components on total pH changes (Flecha et al., 2019).
The database provides measurements of carbon system parameters in water samples collected at 3 stations that form the marine time series GIFT during 26 oceanographic campaigns conducted over the decade 2005–2015. Geographic coordinates of sampling stations are provided. Some physical data (i.e. pressure, temperature and salinity) are also included.
During the cruises, a temperature and salinity profile in each station was obtained with a Seabird 911 Plus CTD probe connected to a rosette sampler. Conductivity measurements were converted into practical values of the salinity scale with the UNESCO equation (1986). Seawater was subsequently collected for biogeochemical analysis using Niskin bottles immersed in the oceanographic rosette at variable depths (from 5 to 8 levels) depending on the instant position of the interface between the Atlantic and Mediterranean flows that was identified by CTD profiles. The biogeochemical variables shown in the database are pH in total scale at 25 °C (pHT25), total alkalinity (AT), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and inorganic nutrients (nitrate, NO3− and Silicate, SiO44−). pHT25 data were obtained by the spectrophotometric method with m-cresol purple as indicator (Clayton & Byrne 1993) with an addition of 0.0047 (DelValls & Dickson, 1998). Samples were taken directly from the oceanographic bottles in 10 cm path-length optical glass cells and measurements were carried out with a Shimadzu UV-2401PC spectrophotometer containing a 25 °C-thermostated cells holder. Samples for AT analysis were collected in 500-ml borosilicate bottles, and poisoned with 100 μl of HgCl2-saturated aqueous solution and stored until measurement in the laboratory. AT was measured by potential titration according to Mintrop et al. (2000) with a Titroprocessor (model Metrohm 794). DO concentration was obtained through automated potentiometric modification of the original Winkler method using the Titroprocessor. Upon collection, flasks were sealed, stored in darkness and measured within 24 h. Water samples (5 mL, two replicates) for inorganic nutrients determination were taken, filtered immediately (Whatman GF/F, 0.7 μm) and stored frozen for later analyses in the shore-based laboratory. Nutrients concentrations were measured with a continuous flow auto-analyzer using standard colorimetric techniques (Hansen & Koroleff 1999). More details on procedures and data structure are given in a single README file (txt). The data are provided as [space] delimitated plain text files., Plan Estatal de I+D+i, European Commission, CSIC. CARBOOCEAN (FP6-511176), SESAME (FP6-036949), CARBOCHANGE (FP7-264879), PERSEUS (FP7-287600), COMFORT (H2020-820989), CTM2006-28141-E/MAR, CTM2016-75487-R., 1 data csv‘GIFT_carbonparameteres_2005_2015.csv’ file and 1 readme.txt file., Peer reviewed

The database provides laboratory data obtained from two experiments carried out during 2019 using polyps of the jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata. The experiments considered current and ca. 2100 winter (Experiment 1) and summer (Experiment 2) conditions under the RCP8.5 scenario (IPCC, 2013). Experiment 1 conditions were 18ºC and two pH levels (current: 7.9 and, reduced: 7.7): and experiment 2 conditions were 24ºC and 30ºCand two pH levels (current: 8.0 and reduced: 7.7).
The database contains 3 datasets:
1) Survival and asexual reproduction:
Data of the survival and asexual reproduction of the polyps collected during the described experimental conditions. This first dataset includes the number of polyps, buds and polyps undergoing budding, and the number of ephyrae released by strobilation of polyps from the different temperature and pCO2 treatments. Each experiment last for 36 days and the number of replicates per treatment was 6 for experiment 1 and 3 for experiment 2. Seawater salinity was 38. AT was determined by potentiometric titration using a Metrohm 794 Titroprocessor and Fixanal (0.5 mol l-1 of HCl) as titrant (Mintrop et al. 2000). pH was measured spectrophotometrically (Clayton and Byrne 1993) using m-cresol purple as indicator, and consequently, values were expressed in total scale. pCO2 was derived from pH, AT nitrate and silicate using CO2SYS software (Lewis and Wallace 1998).
2) Ephyrae Measurements:
This dataset includes measurements of the ephyrae released from the mentioned experimental conditions measured under optical microscopy. The total body diameter of the ephyrae (long axis and short axis, BDL and BDW) and the total marginal lappet length and width were measured at 5x magnification. Rhopalia and statocyst (crystal conglomeration) length and width were measured at 40x magnification.
3) Statolith Measurements:
Includes the number of statoliths in each rhopalium. For each ephyra, the length (long axis) and width (short axis) of all statoliths in all rhopalia were measured on a computer screen using AxioVisionLE software at 100x magnification. The volume of each statolith was indirectly calculated from measurements of length and width, considering the statolith shape as a hexagonal prism., This data set includes data collected in 2019 from laboratory experiments using polyps of the jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata exposed to current and future seawater pH and temperature conditions. The dataset includes information of the survival and asexual reproduction of polyps under different experimental treatments as well as, data of the measurements of ephyrae and statoliths., This work was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades under grant number CTM2016-75487-R for the project MED2CA. This work is a contribution to the CSIC interdisciplinary thematic platform, WATER:iOS and the Project Agreement "Sistema de Observación y Predicción de Medusas en el Mar Balear” among Govern des Illes Balears, SOCIB and CSIC., The database is composed by 3 datasest: 1) Survival and asexual reproduction 2) Ephyrae Measurements 3) Statolith Measurements, No

The dataset provides Rhizostoma pulmo newly released ephyrae statoliths measurements., The data set is provided as an Excel file within a compressed folder that also includes a single README file (in text format) containing a detailed description of the data structure., [METHODOLOGY] Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Six combinations of temperature and PCO2 (18, 24 and 30ºC with a PCO2 of 500 and 1000 ppm each) were applied during 32 days to different groups of polyps of Rhizostoma pulmo. From the released ephyrae during this period, three specimens from each treatment were randomly taken. From each ephyra, three of its eight statocysts were randomly selected and all the statoliths inside were counted and measured via inverted optical microscopy.-- Methods for processing the data: Data were analyzed using RStudio software. To obtain the variable "volume", its values were obtained using the formula for the volume of a regular hexagonal prism., This data set includes data collected from ICMAN-CSIC (Spain), consisting of measurements of the size and number of the statoliths present in newly released Rhizostoma pulmo ephirae under conditions of oceanic warming and acidification (IPCC SSP5-8.5 scenario). From each ephyra, three of its eight statocysts were randomly selected and all the statoliths inside were counted and measured., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant number CTM2016-75487-R “Respuesta de medusas mediterráneas al efecto interactivo de motores climáticos de impacto: supervivencia en un Mediterráneo más cálido y ácido”, proyect MED2CA), CSIC (grant number 202330E57 “Estudio de los efectos de motores de impacto del cambio climático sobre las dinámicas poblacionales de medusas mediterráneas”) and the Project Agreement “Detección de medusas en el mar Balear y su relación con las condiciones ambientales: hacia el desarrollo de un sistema de predicción pre-operacional” among Govern des Illes Balears, SOCIB and CSIC (Disposición 15052 del BOE núm. 310 de 2020). It was also financially sustainned by a Ph.D. fellowship (FPU22/03487) from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades., Peer reviewed

[Methods for processing the data] Records of Physalia physalis sightings are generated/obtained from various sources of information; individual informants who submit sightings electronically or verbally, press releases and notices from coastal monitoring stations., [Description] This dataset provides measurements of Physalia physalis abundance on the coast of the Gulf of Cádiz conducted over 2009-2022, covering Spanish and Portuguese coasts.

The dataset is provided as [space] delimitated plain text file within a compressed folder that also includes a single README file (in text format) containing a detailed description of the data structure.

For more details, see the publication:

- Macías, D., García-San Martín, L., Prieto, L. (2025). The influence of atmospheric and oceanographic conditions on the occurrence of Portuguese Man-o-War (Physalia physalis) along Iberian coasts. The case of summer 2019 and potential future implications. (Manuscript accepted for publication in Frontiers in Marine Science).

This research was funded by MarinERA (EU) (grant number CTM2008-04036-E/MAR "Inter-basin exchange in the changing Mediterranean Sea: Impact on the ecosystems in the vicinity of the Straits connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the adjacents Basins, proyect MedEx), Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant number CTM2011-22856 "Forzamientos físicos en la proliferación costera de organismos gelatinosos: un análisis combinado de modelado y experimentación, JELLY-PHYS), Seventh framework programme of the European Community for research and technological development including demonstration activities (grant number FP7-287600, PERSEUS), Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant number CTM2016-75487-R “Respuesta de medusas mediterráneas al efecto interactivo de motores climáticos de impacto: supervivencia en un Mediterráneo más cálido y ácido”, proyect MED2CA), CSIC (grant number 201730I072 "Forzamientos físicos en la proliferación costera de organismos gelatinosos”) and the Contract Agreement “Detección de medusas en el mar Balear y su relación con las condiciones ambientales: hacia el desarrollo de un sistema de predicción pre-operacional” among Govern des Illes Balears, SOCIB and CSIC (Disposición 15052 del BOE núm. 310 de 2020). The dataset is subject to a Creative Commons License Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International., [General Notes] The data are provided under an Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. However, if you use the data, so as to support the authors, please consider citing the above mentioned article where data collection and analytical techniques are given in detail. Here we only give a brief details and a guide to the contents of the data files.
Data files are in UTF8 encoding, plain text format with comma used as the delimiter. All data files have column titles as the first line. One column is written for each variable. Missing data are filled with NaN., [Geographical coordinates of the sampling area] coordinates.txt provides the geographical coordinates of the sampling area. ST.ID represents the code (used to link to other data tables) for each site. long and lat are longitude and latitude, respectively., This dataset includes data collected from ICMAN-CSIC (Spain) between 2009 and 2022 that have been used to estimate the seasonality and inter-annual variability of Physalia physalis abundance in the Gulf of Cádiz., This research was funded by MarinERA (EU) (grant number CTM2008-04036-E/MAR "Inter-basin exchange in the changing Mediterranean Sea: Impact on the ecosystems in the vicinity of the Straits connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the adjacents Basins, proyect MedEx), Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (grant number CTM2011-22856 "Forzamientos físicos en la proliferación costera de organismos gelatinosos: un análisis combinado de modelado y experimentación, JELLY-PHYS), Proyecto Integrado del Séptimo Programa Marco de la Unión Europea (grant number FP7-287600, PERSEUS), Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant number CTM2016-75487-R “Respuesta de medusas mediterráneas al efecto interactivo de motores climáticos de impacto: supervivencia en un Mediterráneo más cálido y ácido”, proyect MED2CA), CSIC (grant number 201730I072 "Forzamientos físicos en la proliferación costera de organismos gelatinosos) and the Project Agreement “Detección de medusas en el mar Balear y su relación con las condiciones ambientales: hacia el desarrollo de un sistema de predicción pre-operacional” among Govern des Illes Balears, SOCIB and CSIC (Disposición 15052 del BOE núm. 310 de 2020)., Peer reviewed