18 pages, 1 table, 11 figures.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Due to the widespread pollution of coastal groundwaters with fertilizers, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is often thought to be a large dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) source to the ocean. Whether this N is autochthonous or allochthonous to the subterranean estuary (STE), the availability of large quantities of DIN can nevertheless interact with the cycling of other elements, such as carbon (C). In previous studies, we documented the discharge of large quantities of freshwater and NO3– from the mouth of an STE into the Ria Formosa lagoon (SW Iberian Peninsula). For the period covered in this study (2009–2011), the same STE site was dominated by recirculating seawater due to a prolonged fall in piezometric head in the coupled coastal aquifers. Total SGD rates remained similarly high, peaking at 144 cm day–1 at the lower intertidal during fall. We observed a progressive increase of NO3– availability within the STE associated with the recovery of piezometric head inland. Interestingly, during this period, the highest SGD-derived dissolved organic C and DIN fluxes (112 ± 53 and 10 ± 3 mmol m–2 day–1, respectively) originated in the lower intertidal. NO3– enrichment in the STE influences the benthic reactivity of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM): when seawater recirculation drives STE dynamics, only small changes in the benthic distribution of recalcitrant humic-like FDOM are observed (from −2.57 ± 1.14 to 1.24 ± 0.19 10–3 R.U. “bulk” sediment h–1) in the absence of DIN. However, when DIN is available, these recalcitrant fractions of FDOM are actively generated (from 1.32 ± 0.15 to 11.56 ± 3.39 10–3 R.U. “bulk” sediment h–1), accompanied by the production of labile protein-like FDOM. The results agree with previous studies conducted with flow-through reactor experiments at the same site and suggest that DIN enrichment in the STE enhances the metabolic turnover of sedimentary organic matter up to the point of discharge to surface waters. DIN pollution of coastal aquifers may therefore promote a contraction of the residence time of particulate organic C within the STE, driving carbon from continental storage into the sea, Data collection and sample analysis were funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), the EU (FEDER), and the Portuguese Government through grant contract SFRH/BD/39170/2007 and project NITROLINKS [NITROgen loading into the Ria Formosa through Coastal Groundwater Discharge (CGD) – Pathways, turnover, and LINKS between land and sea in the Coastal Zone, PTDC/MAR/70247/2006]. Data analysis and manuscript preparation were funded by project SUBACID [SUBmarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting European Atlantic Shores: toward securing ecosystem services and food production], funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210), Peer reviewed

19 pages, 2 tables, 8 figures.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Subterranean estuaries (STEs), where continental groundwaters and saltwaters meet, are zones of intense biogeochemical reactivity. As such, STEs significantly modify groundwater-borne nutrient fluxes to the coastal zone. Thus, evaluating their reactive role is crucial to anticipate impacts of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) over coastal ecosystems. Here, we studied the nitrogen biogeochemistry of two STEs with contrasting wave-exposure and redox conditions in Panxón and Ladeira beaches (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula). Seasonal surveys were performed at the permanently saturated zone of both beaches during low tide in February, May, July, and October 2019. Sediment was sampled and porewater samples collected using push-pull piezometers. Salinity, 222Rn and 226Ra activities were used to trace water circulation inside each beach. Porewater nitrate, ammonium, nitrite and dissolved oxygen were used to evaluate the role of these STEs as reactive sinks or sources of inorganic nitrogen. Our results showed a marked seasonal variability of water circulation inside both beaches, with strong salinity gradients in February and May and weakened circulation in July and October. The presence of a gravel layer in Panxón beach completely altered the typical structure of STEs by increasing porewater transport and mixing through the beach interior. As a result, Panxón beach profiles were highly enriched in nitrate and oxygen. Conversely, suboxic, and anoxic conditions were prevalent in Ladeira beach during the study period, with ammonium being the prevailing inorganic nitrogen form. High nitrate concentrations occurred associated to the tidal circulation cell during February and May, being the only effective mechanism of sediment oxygenation in Ladeira beach. Although nitrate reduction and production were observed in both STEs, comparison with averaged conservative mixing porewater profiles showed that Ladeira beach acted as a net nitrogen sink whereas Panxón beach acted as a net nitrogen source. The presence of a gravel layer oxygenates the interior of Panxón beach, thus limiting nitrate reduction and promoting the amplification of groundwater-borne nitrogen fluxes to the coast, This research was supported by the SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: towards securing ecosystem services and food production) that has received funding from the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210), Peer reviewed

Poster.-- VIII International Symposium on Marine Science, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 6-8 July 2022, Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) refers to any flux of water originated from the seafloor. This includes the discharge of continental groundwater that often occurs through a subsurface mixing zone called subterranean estuary (STE). Previous research has identified significant volumetric SGD in the Ría de Vigo, a highly productive coastal system in the NW of the Iberian Peninsula. (Ibánhez et al., 2021). Yet, the impact of SGD over the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology of the embayment is still unknown. Thus, this study focuses on evaluating the potential, SGD-driven microbial and biogeochemical connectivity in the embayment in order to assess the ecological impact that SGD can produce in the coastal zone.Samples were taken from different water bodies within the ria and its surrounding basin, including surface and deep pore-water samples from two contrasting STEs, surface seawater, riverine water and groundwater samples.
Samples were used to determine a complete set of microbial and biogeochemical variables, such as taxonomic composition, salinity, temperature, inorganic and organic nutrients, carbonate system, radioisotopes, biogases and dissolver organic matter. We have found very diverse microbial communities, with higher diversity in the STEs compared to land and sea endmembers, likely related to the variety of niches in this transitional ecosystems. Most operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (ca. 87%) were exclusive of a single environment (river, groundwater, seawater or STEs), revealing a poor microbial connection between land and sea. Overall STEs shared a significantly higher proportion of OTUs with seawater than with freshwater endmembers.
Despite that a biogeochemical connectivity can be observed, the contrasting biogeochemical conditions found in the different environments may explain the low level of common microbial species, in contrast to what was expected from 222Rn and salinity-based estimates of water flow between the local groundwaters and the sea, This research was financed by the SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: towards securing ecosystem services and food production), funded by theIrish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210) and the INTERES project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2017-83362-R), No

23 pages, 10 figures, 1 table.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, Subterranean estuaries (STEs) modulate the chemical composition of continental groundwater before it reaches the coast, but their microbial community is poorly known. Here, we explored the microbial ecology of two neighbouring, yet contrasting STEs (Panxón and Ladeira STEs; Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula). We investigated microbial composition (16S rRNA gene sequencing), abundance, heterotrophic production and their geochemical drivers. A total of 10,150 OTUs and 59 phyla were retrieved from porewater sampled during four surveys covering each STE seepage face. In both STEs, we find a very diverse microbial community composed by abundant cosmopolitans and locally restricted rare taxa. Porewater oxygen and dissolved organic matter are the main environmental predictors of microbial community composition. More importantly, the high variety of benthic microbiota links to biogeochemical processes of different elements in STEs. The oxygen-rich Panxón beach showed strong associations of the ammonium oxidizing archaea Nitrosopumilales with the heterotrophic community, thus acting as a net source of nitrogen to the coast. On the other hand, the prevailing anoxic conditions of Ladeira beach promoted the dominance of anaerobic heterotrophs related to the degradation of complex and aromatic compounds, such as Dehalococcoidia and Desulfatiglans, and the co-occurrence of methane oxidizers and methanogens, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spain), Grant/Award Numbers: CTM2017-83362-R, IN606A-2021/022, INTERESproject; H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, Irish Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 713279, CLNE/2017/210; Spanish Government, Grant/Award Number: FPU PhD grant number FPU20/04707; Axencia Galega de Innovación, Grant/Award Number: IN606A-2021/022, Peer reviewed

16 pages, 10 figures, Continental groundwaters are commonly enriched in nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), which can discharge into the coast. The contribution of this diffuse source to coastal N2O and CH4 emissions largely depends on the biogeochemical processes of coastal aquifer exit zones, known as subterranean estuaries. Here, we study the role of subterranean estuaries in modulating N2O and CH4 exports toward the coast. The two studied subterranean estuaries are located at Panxón and Ladeira beaches (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula) and had opposite oxygenation at their interior. Groundwater-borne N2O was detected in the oxygenated subterranean estuary of Panxón Beach, although denitrification attenuated N2O before porewater was discharged into the coast. An N2O hotspot was detected at about 50 cm depth in this subterranean estuary, characterized by the presence of nitrate under suboxic conditions. This N2O also seems to be consumed along the flow path before discharging into the coast. The anoxic subterranean estuary of Ladeira Beach completely removed groundwater-borne N2O. Yet, nitrification within its suboxic upper saline plume produced and exported N2O toward the coast, hiding the role of this subterranean estuary as an N2O sink. The anoxic subterranean estuary exported CH4 toward the coast. This CH4 was not sourced by continental groundwater, hence it was produced in situ fuelled by the accumulation of organic matter within the beach. The suboxic upper saline plume in Ladeira Beach and the oxygenated subterranean estuary of Panxón Beach acted as CH4 sinks, This research was financed by the SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge [submarine groundwater discharge] impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: toward securing ecosystem services and food production), funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210). E. Calvo-Martin received funding from the Spanish government through the FPU PhD grant number FPU20/04707. M de la Paz acknowledges the financial support during the study period to the contracts funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science CTM2015–74510-JIN and PTA2019–017983-I, Peer reviewed

The item is made of an excel file, of which the second sheet of the dataset include a small description of the measured variables, Dissolved organic carbon, absorption coefficients of the coloured dissolved organic matter, fluorescent dissolved organic matter peaks (peak T, peak C, peak M and peak A) and optical indexes of the water collected from one well, two boreholes, one river and two surface seawater stations and the porewater extracted from Panxón and Ladeira beaches at the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula), SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge (submarine groundwater discharge) impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: toward securing ecosystem services and food production).
Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210), Peer reviewed

12 pages, 8 figures, Increasing evidence demonstrates the widespread occurrence of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in coastal zones, where it may influence biogeochemistry and microbial ecology. Here, we analyze the biogeochemical composition and microbial communities across diverse aquatic environments in a highly productive coastal system (Ría de Vigo, NW Iberian Peninsula), influenced by significant fresh SGD, to assess the extent of microbial and biogeochemical connectivity—i.e., mass transfer—among them. Samples were collected from surface and deep porewaters from two subterranean estuaries (STEs), surface seawater, riverine water, and continental groundwater. These samples were analyzed for a comprehensive set of microbial and biogeochemical variables, including radioisotopes used as SGD tracers. A significant correlation between SGD tracers and carbonate system parameters, N2O, and CH4 concentrations in surface seawater indicates SGD influences biogeochemistry of the embayment. However, some of these solutes do not originate from continental groundwater but are produced in the local STEs, which act as biogeochemical reactors modifying fresh SGD. The findings also reveal highly diverse microbial communities, with higher diversity in STEs due to the variety of niches present. Indicator taxa included the phyla Euryarchaeota, Chloroflexi, Omnitrophicaeota, and the family Nitrosopumilaceae in STEs; the phylum Cyanobacteria and the family Burkholderiaceae in freshwater endmembers; and the Flavobacteriaceae and Cryomorphaceae families in seawater. Most operational taxonomic units (∼87 %) were unique to a single environment (river, continental groundwater, coastal water, or STE), showing STEs limit subterranean microbial transfer between groundwater and marine ecosystems. Our results highlight STEs as reservoirs of diversity and zones of intense biogeochemical reactivity, The following projects have funded this research.
- The SUBACID project (CLNE/2017/210), funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No713279 through the CAROLINE program.
- The UNDERGROUND project (ACAM, 2022020014- CA25842), part of the Galicia Marine Science programme which belongs to the Complementary Science Plans for Marine Science of Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades included in the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan (PRTR-C17.I1), funded through Xunta de Galicia with NextGenerationEU and the European Maritime Fisheries and Aquaculture Funds.
- The INTEGROUNDS Project (TED2021-130020B-C21), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union “NextGenerationEU”/PRTR.
JSPI has further received funding through a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC2022-038446-I), funded by the MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE+, Peer reviewed

11 pages, 5 figures, Subterranean estuaries (i.e., seawater-fresh groundwater mixing zones at coastal aquifers) are highly reactive boundaries between continental groundwater and coastal surface seawater. Because particulate organic matter is retained in shallow sediments, internal microbial transformations rely on dissolved organic matter (DOM) supply and bioavailability. Here, we investigated DOM carbon content and optical characteristics in two nearby subterranean estuaries with contrasting oxygenation. Coastal organic carbon processing in the anoxic subterranean estuary resulted in the export of DOM enriched in recalcitrant compounds compared to the oxygenated one, which was a net sink of DOM. This contrasting behavior was not driven by opposite redox conditions but from the fast transfer of labile DOM and oxygen to the beach interior of the oxygenated subterranean estuary. There, heterotrophic processes, which rely almost exclusively on DOM, are enhanced, resulting in net DOM consumption prior discharge to surface waters, This research was financed by the SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge [submarine groundwater discharge] impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: toward securing ecosystem services and food production), funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210). Elisa Calvo-Martin received funding from the Spanish government through the FPU PhD grant number FPU20/04707, Peer reviewed

11 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures, Subterranean estuaries play a key role in the land-ocean interface by modulating groundwater-borne and recycled solutes discharged to the coast. Despite their importance for coastal ecosystems, the sensitivity of these systems to human activities is still unknown. To address this gap, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved inorganic nutrients of a pristine site were compared with those from two nearby, semiurban sites characterized by contrasting oxygen conditions. The local aquifers surrounding the semiurban subterranean estuaries contained more nitrogen, silicate, and DOM of higher molecular weight than the aquifers surrounding the pristine site. Despite the different chemical composition of the arriving fresh groundwater, N/P ratios and the quantity of humic-like DOM compounds at the pristine site were intermediate between those of the two semiurban sites. This pattern reflected the intermediate permeability and oxygenation of the pristine beach, highlighting the role of the sediment matrix in modulating the exported solutes. Enhanced oxygenation at one semiurban site resulted from a human-derived gravel layer that increased sediment permeability and reduced internal residence times. The anthropogenic alteration of the sediment permeability had a greater influence on the nutrients and DOM found in subterranean estuaries than did the chemical composition of the inland aquifers, This research was financed by the SUBACID project, funded by the Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210) and by the MicroSUB project (2021–2023), and financed by the Spanish National Parks Autonomous Organism and by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (ref 2595/2020). E. Calvo-Martin received funding from the Spanish government through the FPU PhD grant number FPU20/04707, Peer reviewed

The item is made of an excel file, of which the second sheet of the dataset include a small description of the measured variables, Temperature, salinity, radon-222 activities, dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, absorption coefficients of the coloured dissolved organic matter and fluorescent dissolved organic matter peaks of the porewaters collected from Panxón, Ladeira and Figueiras beaches and surrounding wells, springs and surface seawater at the Ría de Vigo (NW Iberian Peninsula), Project_name: SUBACID project (SUBmarine groundwater discharge (submarine groundwater discharge) impact on coastal ACIDification processes in contrasting Atlantic Shores: toward securing ecosystem services and food production) and MicroSUB project (2021-2023).
Project_funding: SUBACID project: Irish Research Council and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 713279 through the CAROLINE program (CLNE/2017/210). MicroSUB project: Spanish National Parks Autonomous Organism and by the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge (Ref. 2595/2020), Peer reviewed

School bullying and cyberbullying represent the most common forms of victimization during childhood and adolescence in many countries across the globe. Although they can be studied as distinct phenomena with their own defining characteristics, there is evidence to suggest that they are related and often co-occur. The present research aimed to estimate the rates of school bullying and cyberbullying, studied their evolution by age, and analyzed any possible overlap between the two. An empirical study was carried out with a large sample of children and adolescents in Galicia, Spain (N = 2083), where 10–17 year olds were presented with The European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. School bullying was found to be more prevalent than cyberbullying, with 25.1% involved as victims and 14.3% as bully-victims, while the cyberbullying rates were 9.4% for victims and 5.8% for bully-victims. Perpetration rates were similar for school and cyberbullying (4.4% and 4.3% respectively). The overlap between both phenomena adds to the evidence for a whole-community approach to tackling all types of bullying and victimization experiences, as opposed to each in silo. The clear age differences in bullying behaviours also suggest the appropriateness of tailoring anti-bullying programs to target specific age groups

Background: The spread of the internet and Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) have completely changed society in the last few decades. The transfer of traditional face-to-face bullying to the virtual environment is one of the risks adolescents face in this new reality. The present study sought to explore the relationship between involvement in cyberbullying and behaviours such as internet and mobile usage and other risky online behaviours. Method: The sample consisted of 3,188 adolescents aged 12-17 years old (Mean= 14.44; SD= 1.67). Results: The application of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIPQ) found that 5.2% were victims, 4.5% perpetrators and 4.3% bully-victims. Conclusions: Results also showed that cyberbullying seems to be associated with both Problematic Internet Use and behaviours such as sexting, gambling and contacting strangers, which suggests a need for a comprehensive approach for preventing all these issues. Moreover, parental monitoring could serve as a modulating factor, which should also be taken into account in the development of appropriate prevention strategies

In recent decades there has been a progressive increase in concern and research into the problems of peer aggression, both in the educational setting and more recently, online. The present study sought to explore sex differences in traditional bullying and cyberbullying, since current literature has not reached a consensus in how bullying involvement could be moderated by sex. The sample consisted of 3,174 adolescents aged 12-17 years old who completed a paper survey which included the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire. The main results found no differences in cyberbullying rates for boys and girls. In the case of bullying, there were more bully-victims among the boys, but no differences were found in the pure victims or pure perpetrators. When analysing the specific bullying behaviours suffered or perpetrated, several differences were found. However, said differences were discrete and it seems that there are not distinctly differentiated bullying patterns, which discourages the use of clearly differentiated preventive strategies for boys and girls