2 figures.-- Abstract of the work preseented at the ICH2P-2021, 12th International Conference on Hydrogen Production, on-line Conference. September 19th-23th, 2021.-- O-79., Ni and Fe based catalysts have been tested on glicerol steam reforming. The effect of diverse operational variables as well as Ni and/or Fe load on syn-gas composition has been assessed., The work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 884197 (GLAMOUR project)., Peer reviewed

2 figures.-- Work presented at the EHEC 2022, European Hydrogen Energy Conference 18-20 May, 2022. Madrid, Spain., Glycerol is a byproduct of biodiesel production accounting for 10 wt% of the final products [1]. Chemical Looping Reforming in a dynamically operated packed bed reactors system appears as a promising process to produce a syn-gas [2] that, when coupled with a CO2 sorbent (Sorption Enhanced Steam Reforming), produces high purity H2 gas stream. The energy required to drive the endothermic reforming reaction and the regeneration of the sorbent is supplied by the indirect oxyfuel combustion of a fuel gas stream via redox reactions of metallic oxides. In case of Fe or Ni based metallic oxides, sorbent regeneration would take place during the oxidation of the metallic Fe or Ni, producing a CO2/N2 stream while an steam/CO2 stream easy to concentrate through condensation is produced from the reduction stage. Other alternatives metallic oxides, as for example Cu, would allow producing a N2 stream from the oxidation stage while almost all the CO2 would exit the process from the reduction stage.
Within the umbrella of the H2020 project GLAMOUR Ref. 884197 [4] functional materials able to sustain the Sorption Enhanced glycerol reforming process have been synthesized and tested. Materials requirements include sufficient and stable oxygen transport capacity (OTC) and high catalytic activity at a relative low temperature maintained along redox cycles for the catalyst/oxygen carrier; while sufficient and stable oxygen CO2 carrying capacity is preferred for the CO2 sorbent., The work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 884197 (GLAMOUR project). The work reflects only the authors' views and the EU is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein, Peer reviewed

15 figures., Chemical looping represents a promising technology with various applications ranging from clean power production to alternative syngas production. In this work, two oxygen carriers with different Ni loadings (4.3% wt. and 12% wt.) and similar Fe loadings (9.9% wt. and 8.5% wt.) are synthesized through a co-precipitation/impregnation route and tested in two thermogravimetric analyzers. Firstly, the effect of temperature (700–900 °C) on the oxygen transport capacity and reduction conversion of both materials is assessed at ambient pressure (0.5 nl/min with 20% H2/N2). The influence of material loading is also studied, and it is shown that higher Ni loadings provide a significant improvement in material activity. A complete reduction conversion is achieved at 900 °C and ambient pressure. At high pressure (10–20 bar), tests are carried out in a temperature range of 700–850 °C. The effect of flow rate (2 nl/min to 6 nl/min with 50% H2/N2) is first assessed to prevent external mass transfer limitations. Higher total pressures have a negative effect on reduction kinetics, while higher Ni loadings demonstrate increased final reduction conversion also at high pressure, reaching about 75% conversion after 20 min. The long-term cyclability of the material is also investigated both at low (100 cycles) and high pressure (80 cycles) conditions and a conversion gain is observed throughout the cycles in both cases. No changes in the material microstructure are observed after 80 high-pressure cycles., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 884197 (GLAMOUR)., Peer reviewed

2 figuras.-- Abstract del póster de Tecnologías para la generación sostenible de energía presentada en la XVI Reunión del Grupo Español del Carbón (Reunión GEC 2023), celebrada en Gijón del 22 al 25 de octubre de 2023., La industria del biodiésel ha experimentado un gran crecimiento en la última década, presentándose como
alternativa a los combustibles fósiles. En su proceso productivo se genera un 10 % en peso de glicerol como
residuo [1]. Esto ha llevado a la búsqueda de alternativas a su purificación, como su uso en procesos de
generación de energía (producción de gas de síntesis o hidrógeno) [2]. En el proyecto H2020 GLAMOUR
se propone el diseño de un proceso de reformado mediante transportadores de oxígeno (Chemical Looping
Reforming, CLR) para producir un gas de síntesis adecuado para un proceso posterior de Fischer Tropsch.
Este proceso, diseñado para operar en reactores de lecho fijo operados de forma dinámica, necesita un
material bi-funcional que actúe como catalizador de reformado y transportador de oxígeno (OC) [3]. Cada
reactor pasará por tres etapas de reacción: oxidación, reducción y reformado. La energía generada durante la
oxidación servirá para mantener las reacciones de reducción y reformado que son endotérmicas equilibrando
el balance energético del proceso.
Tradicionalmente materiales basados en Ni han sido los propuestos en procesos CLR dada su alta actividad
catalítica. Dada la elevada toxicidad del Ni, resulta interesante explorar materiales bimetálicos Fe-Ni que
permiten reducir el contenido de este último.
En este trabajo se evalúa la capacidad de transporte de oxígeno (OTC) y actividad catalítica en condiciones
adecuadas para la producción de gas de síntesis a partir de glicerol en una serie de materiales con diferente
carga de Fe y Ni, así como la estabilidad de estas propiedades al ser sometidos a ciclos., Este trabajo ha recibido financiación del programa de investigación e innovación Horizonte 2020 de la Unión
Europea según el acuerdo de subvención no. 884197 (proyecto GLAMOUR)., Peer reviewed

13 figures, 5 tables., A chemical looping (CL) reactor can provide the energy required to produce syngas from the reforming of glycerol. This can be done through the dynamic operation of packed-bed (PB) reactors that consecutively cycle in a three-stage process that includes oxidation, reduction, and a reforming stage. In this work, Ni-/Fe-based materials were synthesized, characterized, and tested as oxygen carriers and glycerol reforming catalysts during chemical looping reforming in packed-bed (CLR-PB) reactors. Two materials were prepared via coprecipitation/impregnation with different Ni loads (4.3 and 12 wt %) and similar Fe loadings (9.9 and 8.5% wt) and later on granulated to produce particles in a size cut of 0.6–1 mm. The materials presented high catalytic activity in a wide range of reforming temperatures (650–800 °C), being able to achieve over 95% glycerol-to-gas molar conversion in very short gas/solid contact times and at relevant conditions suitable for process scale-up. The results indicated that it is possible to produce materials with a low Ni load, which present sufficient catalytic activity and thermochemical capacity thanks to the presence of Fe, to operate under the glycerol CLR-PB configuration., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement no. 884197 (GLAMOUR)., Peer reviewed

14 figures, 4 tables.-- Supplementary information available., Chemical looping reforming (CLR) of glycerol was experimentally and numerically investigated to demonstrate syngas production with integrated in-situ oxygen transfer and heat recovery. A shrinking core model was developed using a Ni-based catalyst, and a 1-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous, axially dispersed plug flow model was validated against laboratory-scale experiments. The packed-bed reactor, containing 500 g of oxygen carrier, showed stable performance over 500 hours with conditions being between 400–900 °C and 1–5 bara. During the air oxidation, a temperature rise of 340 °C of generated from the initial 500 °C. The model achieved excellent agreement with experimental results, using a heat loss coefficient of 46 W·m−2·K-1accurtatly predicting the exothermic oxidation, thermally neutral reduction and endothermic reduction stage.
The combined steam and dry reforming of glycerol generated that syngas ratio of 2.3–3.6, where carbon balances closed within ±7 % with no carbon deposition, whilst maintaining CH4 formation below 1 vol% and a carbon conversion of >95 %. The results confirm that CLR of glycerol can deliver stable redox cycles, favourable syngas composition for downstream Fischer-Tropsch or methanol synthesis and enhances process efficiency for biofuel production and CO2 mitigation., The authors would like to acknowledge EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 884197 (GLAMOUR project)., Peer reviewed

Under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license., Experimental set-up: The gas-feeding system consists of a central supply of Air, N2, He and H₂ and gas cylinders carrying C.O. and CO₂. Bronkhorst mass flow controllers and pressure controllers control feed flow rates and pressure, respectively, at the inlet and outlet of the reactor. The mass flow controllers are linked to a computer-controlled central device that controls the set points of the mass flow controller. When the flow rate through a mass flow controller was zero, the valve as the outlet had to be shut off since the flow controllers cannot function as on/off valves. Before the gas exiting the reactor was analysed, it was cooled to condense any H₂O, ensuring the outlet gas composition was measured dry. The reactor arrangement, the Carbolite ® furnace and the liquid-feeding system are located in Fume Cupboard 2 (FC-2). A picture of the reactor system is presented in Figure 1.-- Model development: Grid points are compared, 32 vs. 104. The model shows little difference between the temperature profile, allowing the use of 32 grid points and quicker computational time.-- TGA conversion curve.
Figure 5 and Figure 6 shows the solid conversion curves, during reduction in H2 and CO between 700-900 °C at 50°C intervals.-- Air oxidation model vs experimental: Breakthrough comparison between experiment (orange solid line) and the 1-D model (dotted line), flow rate is a total of 10 NLPM, 6.5 NLPM N2, 2.5 NLPM O2, and 1 He at a bed temperature of 600°C bed temperature and 1 bar pressure.-- Glycerol reforming dry outlet gas composition:
Glycerol reforming 9:1 steam to glycerol composition profiles for the experiment (solid lines) and the 1-D model (dotted lines). Glycerol reforming 12:1 steam to glycerol composition profiles for the experiment (bars) and the 1-D model (dots). Combined Glycerol reforming 9:1 and 12:1 steam to glycerol composition profiles for the experiment (bars) and the 1-D model (dots).-- Temperature profile during glycerol reforming:
The temperature profile can be reasonably stable if the furnace maintains the set-point temperature. However, an axial temperature gradient exists in the reactor, with the inlet of the bed being cooler than the outlet. This is due to the furnace being situated downstream of the inlet. As a result, the set-point temperature for the reforming stage refers to the temperature reading of TC6, which is in the middle of the bed. It is noted from the temperature profile that TC1-3 experiences the most significant fluctuation in temperature, indicating that most of the reforming takes place nearer the bed inlet. This is important to recognise because the lower portion of the bed is cooler. Therefore, the temperature at which reforming occurs is much lower than the set-point temperature. Even after glycerol reforming at the bottom of the bed, as the gas must pass over the hotbed afterwards, W.G.S. reactions will still occur. To an extent, this explains the minor inconsistencies between the experimental and modelling outlet gas composition values., The authors would like to acknowledge EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 884197 (GLAMOUR project)., Peer reviewed