BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

The carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean is increasing as levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide increase, thus lowering the ocean pH and altering the carbonate system. In this laboratory study, we evaluated the physiological responses of juvenile mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Galician waters (NW Iberian Peninsula) exposed to control (500 µatm) and elevated (800 or 1200 µatm) seawater pCO2 conditions under 2 different feeding regimes (optimal and suboptimal). Shell properties such as compressive strength and composition (organic matter and aragonite:calcite ratio) were negatively affected by high seawater pCO2, regardless of food availability. This result suggests that water chemistry is a main driver for shell development. Under the optimal feeding regime, mussel feeding rates increased in response to elevated pCO2, presumably as a strategy to maintain a high strength of attachment. In contrast, mussels on the suboptimal diet showed weak attachment and narrow valve opening at the highest pCO2 condition. Thus, our results suggest that with optimal food availability, mussels were resilient to water acidification with respect to feeding activity, valve opening and attachment strength. Under a suboptimal diet, however, the ability of mussels to respond to acidification was compromised. These results highlight complex ecophysiological interactions for calcifying organisms subjected to climate change, This study was funded by the Spanish
government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
that included European FEDER funds (projects Ref.
AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/ CTM2016-
76146-C3-1-R). J.L. acknowledges funding from the Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC) through the Program ICOOP+
2016 (Ref. ICOOPA20147), Peer reviewed

19 pages, 7 tables, 11 figures.-- Open access, Global climatologies of the seawater CO2 chemistry variables are necessary to assess the marine carbon
cycle in depth. The climatologies should adequately capture seasonal variability to properly address ocean
acidification and similar issues related to the carbon cycle. Total alkalinity (AT) is one variable of the seawater
CO2 chemistry system involved in ocean acidification and frequently measured.We used the Global Ocean Data
Analysis Project version 2.2019 (GLODAPv2) to extract relationships among the drivers of the AT variability and
AT concentration using a neural network (NNGv2) to generate a monthly climatology. The GLODAPv2 qualitycontrolled
dataset used was modeled by the NNGv2 with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.3 μmol kg1.
Validation tests with independent datasets revealed the good generalization of the network. Data from five ocean
time-series stations showed an acceptable RMSE range of 3–6.2 μmol kg1. Successful modeling of the monthly
AT variability in the time series suggests that the NNGv2 is a good candidate to generate a monthly climatology.
The climatological fields of AT were obtained passing through the NNGv2 the World Ocean Atlas 2013
(WOA13) monthly climatologies of temperature, salinity, and oxygen and the computed climatologies of nutrients
from the previous ones with a neural network. The spatiotemporal resolution is set by WOA13: 1 1 in
the horizontal, 102 depth levels (0–5500 m) in the vertical and monthly (0–1500 m) to annual (1550–5500 m)
temporal resolution. The product is distributed through the data repository of the Spanish National Research
Council (CSIC; https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8644, Broullón et al., 2019), This research has been supported by the
H2020 Food (AtlantOS, grant no. 633211); the Ministerio de Educación,
Cultura y Deporte (grant no. FPU15/06026); the Ministerio
de Economía y Competitividad, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Científicas (grant no. CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R); and the
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Salvador de Madariaga
(grant no. PRX18/00312), Peer reviewed

Este dataset está compuesto por 2 archivos, de los cuales el primero es el conjunto de datos con 1421 análisis de muestras de agua de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno, nutrientes, pH, alcalinidad, clorofila y materia orgánica, y el otro (Readme.txt) incluye una pequeña descripción de las variables calculadas, Durante un año, se estudió la variabilidad a frecuencia mensual (quincenal en la época estival) de los fenómenos de afloramiento y hundimiento en la plataforma gallega frente a la Ría de Vigo y su impacto en las diferentes variables biogeoquímicas y del ciclo del carbono. Se evaluó la importancia relativa de los procesos físicos y biológicos en la variabilidad del sistema del carbonato con especial interés en la acidificación oceánica.
Nueve estaciones fueron muestreadas desde el nueve de junio 2017 hasta junio del 2018 desde el borde del talud continental frente Ría de Vigo hasta el interior de la misma en el límite del estuario de San Simón. La salinidad y la temperatura se registraron con una sonda de profundidad de conductividad-temperatura SBE 9/11 conectada al muestreador de roseta con doce botellas de PVC Niskin de 10 L. Las mediciones de la conductividad se convirtieron en valores prácticos de la escala de salinidad con la ecuación de la UNESCO (1986). La precisión de las mediciones de CTD para temperatura y salinidad fueron de 0,004 ºC y 0,005, respectivamente. Las muestras para los análisis de oxígeno disuelto, pH, alcalinidad total, sales de nutrientes, carbono orgánico disuelto fueron recogidas semanalmente con la roseta de 12 botellas Niskin. Para la determinación de nutrientes, las muestras de agua se recogieron en botellas de polietileno de 50 mL y se congelaron (-20ºC) hasta su análisis en el laboratorio utilizando procedimientos estándar de análisis de flujo segmentado. Las precisiones fueron 0,02 micromol/L para nitrito, 0,1 micromol/L para nitrato, 0,05 micromol/L para amonio, 0,02 micromol/L para fosfato y 0,05 micromol/L para silicato. El oxígeno se determinó por titulación potenciométrica de Winkler utilizando un analizador Titrino 720 con una precisión de 0,5 micromol/kg. Las muestras de alcalinidad total (TA) y pH (escala de concentración total de hidrógeno, 25°C) se recogieron en frascos de vidrio de 500 mL y se analizaron en pocas horas en el laboratorio base. El pH del agua de mar se midió espectrofotométricamente siguiendo a Clayton y Byrne (1993) aplicándose una adición de 0,0047 (DelValls & Dickson, 1998). La precisión fue 0,003 unidades de pH. El TA se determinó por titulación a pH 4,4 con HCl, según el método potenciométrico de Pérez y Fraga (1987) con una precisión de 2 micromol/kg, CSIC y Plan Nacional de I+D del Gobierno de España, 1 data csv ‘29MY20170609_hy1.csv’ file and 1 readme.txt file, Peer reviewed

17 pages, 10 figures, 1 table.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, Ocean acidification evolves on the background of a natural ocean pH gradient that is the result
of the interplay between ocean mixing, biological production and remineralization, calcium carbonate
cycling, and temperature and pressure changes across the water column. While previous studies have
analyzed these processes and their impacts on ocean carbonate chemistry, none have attempted to quantify
their impacts on interior ocean pH globally. Here we evaluate how anthropogenic changes and natural
processes collectively act on ocean pH, and how these processes set the vulnerability of regions to future
changes in ocean acidification. We use the mapped data product from the Global Ocean Data Analysis
Project version 2, a novel method to estimate preformed total alkalinity based on a combination of a total
matrix intercomparison and locally interpolated regressions, and a comprehensive uncertainty analysis. We
find that the largest contribution to the interior ocean pH gradient comes from organic matter
remineralization, with CaCO3 cycling being the second most important process. The estimates of the impact
of anthropogenic CO2 changes on pH reaffirm the large and well‐understood anthropogenic impact on
pH in the surface ocean, and put it in the context of the natural pH gradient in the interior ocean. We also
show that in the depth layer 500–1,500 m natural processes enhance ocean acidification by on average
28 ± 15%, but with large regional gradients, B.R. C., L.J., and R.A.F. acknowledge funding support from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Ocean Observations and Monitoring Division (OOMD) and Ocean Acidification Programs (OAP). B.R.C. is funded by the OOMD Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Grant (N8R3CEA‐PDM), fund reference 100007298. F.F.P. was supported by
Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigaciones y Universidades through the ARIOS (CTM2016‐76146‐C3‐1‐R) project cofunded by the Fondo Europeo de 415 Desarrollo Regional 2014‐2020
(FEDER). S.K.L., A.O., and F.F.P. were supported through EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant
agreement 633211). L.J. was supported
by NOAA's Ocean Acidification
Program under the Ocean Acidification
Data Stewardship Project., Peer reviewed

The item is made of 6 files: 1) README.txt; 2) TCO2_NNGv2LDEO_climatology.nc contains the climatology of TCO2 centered in 1995 and computed with NNGv2LDEO in netcdf4 format; 3) pCO2_NNGv2LDEO_climatology.nc contains the climatology of pCO2 centered in 1995 and computed with NNGv2LDEO and NNGv2 of Broullón et al. (2019) in netcdf4 format ; 4) NNGv2LDEO.mat is the neural network object used to create the climatology of TCO2; 5) TCO2NNWOA13.mp4 is a video of the surface climatology, 3 vertical sections in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean and, the variation in depth of one month (April); 6) Example.rar contains an example matrix of inputs and targets to the neural network, the NNGv2LDEO.mat and a MATLAB script to compute TCO2 with NNGv2LDEO, This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant FPU15/06026), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER) and EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement 633211), No

Póster.-- XV International Estuarine Biogeochemistry Symposium, Vigo, June 04-05 2019, Inorganic carbon cycle in coastal environments plays a key role for the
ecosystems (e.g. Guinotte and Fabry, 2008; Bauer et al., 2013). The most frequently
measured variables of this system: total alkalinity (AT), total dissolved inorganic carbon
(TCO2), pH and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), have a high variability in estuaries.
Because of the difficulty of measuring these variables with a high time frequency, the
understanding of this cycle becomes complicated. Furthermore, anthropogenic
modifications add a degree of difficulty. In this study, we have used a database containing
oceanographic measurements in the coastal waters of Galicia (NW Spain) to extract the
relationships between different predictors and the most frequently measured variables of the
inorganic carbon system with the help of feedforward neural networks (Russell and Norvig,
2010). The predictors were depth, temperature, salinity, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, oxygen,
chlorophyll-a, week and year. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) obtained for the four
modelled variables with the combination of predictors that resulted in a lower error was 11.5
μmol kg-1 for AT, 16.4 μmol kg-1 for TCO2, 0.026 for pH and 11.1 μatm for pCO2. Passing
the data measured by the Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia
(INTECMAR) at 7 locations in the Ría de Vigo, surface (0-5m) time-series were obtained
in a weekly time resolution between 2006 and 2019. Time-series were adequately validated
with data of different cruises. The unique validation dataset with a monthly and sub-monthly
time resolution showed how time-series represent very good the annual cycle in all the
variables. This product is a seed to analyze in detail the inorganic carbon cycle in the Ría de
Vigo. It can be used to evaluate the variability of the last decade and as initial conditions
and validation in biogeochemical models, This work was funded by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte through FPU15/06026 grant and by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through A.RIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project, Peer reviewed

2 pages.-- XV International Estuarine Biogeochemistry Symposium, Vigo, June 04-05 2019, Global environmental changes have been reported over the last years and their
impact on organisms’ behaviour has been studied. Recent studies already demonstrated
that in marine systems the release of contaminants in association with predicted
environmental changes (increase in CO2 and decrease in pH) may play a key role not only
in the organisms’ behavior but also on contaminants toxicity. Therefore, the aim of the
present study is to assess the impact of oceanic acidification on the bioavailability of wellstudy
metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ag) and emerging contaminants (Ce and Pt) and to understand if
this environmental change will increase the adverse effects in aquatic environments, using
mussels (M. galloprovincialis) as bioindicators. Metal treatments were done by a mixture
of isotopically-labelled metals at realistic concentrations: 111Cd (80 ng/L), 65Cu (2 μg/L),
207Pb (200 ng/L), 109Ag (20 ng/L), 142Ce (20 ng/L) and 194Pt (2 ng/L). Two different
seawater CO2 concentrations were selected: 400 ppm (current value) and 1200 ppm
(estimated content for 2100) (IPCC, 2014). Mussels were exposed for 21 days at spikedseawater
constant flow (9 ml/min), under control conditions (16ºC, 12:12 photoperiod) and
with constant food addition (1:1, Rhodomonas:T-Iso) (1 mg/L). During the exposure
period samples of seawater and phytoplankton were taken to determine metal content and
isotopic composition. During the experimental period biological responses were measured
by analyzing weekly filtration rates (PAMAS laser particle counter), and at the end of this
period by measuring byssus strength. Biochemical responses were assessed by measuring
mussel metabolic capacity, energy-related biomarkers, oxidative stress and neurotoxic
status. Chemical analyses were done in mussel byssus, gills, feet, glands and soft bodies as
well as in water samples. Expected results will help us to understand the influence of
seawater acidification on the impacts of pollutants and sensitivity of mussels towards these
pollutants, identifying possible synergistic effects, Authors wish to acknowledge funding provided by Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (project ARIOS Ref. CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/ CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) and the post-doctoral position of A. Romero-Freire funded by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FJCI-2016-28622). This work is a contribution to the COST Action TD1407, Peer reviewed

This dataset is composed of 2 files. Main one is the data set itself (arios_database_hy1.csv) in WHP-Exchange bottle format, with 1421 samples of temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and chlorophyll. The other file (readme_ARIOSDATABASE.txt) includes a short description of the the database and calculated variables, The ARIOS project (Acidification in the Rias and the Iberian Continental Shelf) included among its tasks the compilation and analysis of the historical record of the measurements of the carbon system and associated parameters carried out by the Instituto de Investigaciones Mariñas (IIM-CSIC) in Vigo (Spain) that gathers 3,343 oceanographic stations and 17,653 discrete samples between 1976 and 2018, This unique collection that gathers biogeochemical data from 24 oceanographic projects and cruises between 40º N and 45º N, 11ºW and the Galician coast in the last 40 years is a departure point to evaluate the acidification in the Galician coastal upwelling system. All ARIOS measurements passed a first quality control of hydrographic data through the specific software of the GO-SHIP program (Global Program of Hydrographic Investigations in Oceanographic Ships) that compiles various quality control procedures (Velo et al., 2019). The database also displays a quality indicator for each measurement.
The different methodologies used in the ARIOS database changed over time following the scientific and technical advances in chemical oceanography from 1976 to 2018. The most important changes are as follows: Temperature: - From 1976 to 1984, the temperature measured with a Wallace and Tiernan bathylograph - From 1984 to 1990, inverted thermometers were used, correcting the temperature with protected and unprotected thermometers according to Anderson (1974). - After 1990, different CTD models were used to obtain the thermohaline profile. Salinity: - Salinity measurements were made with an AUTOSAL 8400A inductive salinometer calibrated with normal IAPSO water and using the equations provided by UNESCO (1981). The estimated analytical error was 0.003. Oxygen: - In 1981, the oxygen concentration was measured by first time using the Winkler's titration method following Culberson et al. (1991) - During the 80s and early 90s, the titration was performed with Metrohm instruments (E-425 or E-473) with an analytical error of 1 μmol kg-1. - After 1997, the oxygen concentration was estimated using a Titrino 720 analyzer (Metrohm) with an accuracy of 0.5 μmol kg-1. Nutrients: - Nitrate: Measured with an ALPKEM autoanalyzer as described in Strickland and Parsons (1968) using Cd-Cu reduction (Mouriño and Fraga 1985). Accuracy of 0.1 μmol / kg. - Phosphate: Measured with an ALPKEM autoanalyzer following Hansen and Grasshof (1983) and achieving an accuracy of 0.01 μmol / kg, - Silicate: Measured with an ALPKEM autoanalyzer following Hansen and Grasshof (1983) and achieving an accuracy of 0.05 μmol / kg. Total alkalinity: - In 1981, alkalinity was measured for the first time by potentiometric titration with 0.1N HCl at final pH 4.44, following Pérez and Fraga (1987a) with an analytical error of 2 μmol / kg and an accuracy of 0.1%. - Beginning in 2001, certified reference material (CRM) samples provided by Dr. A. Dickson from the University of California were used in the alkalinity analysis that improved the accuracy to ± 1.4 μmol/kg and accuracy to <0.1%. pH: - From 1976 to 1986, the pH was measured with a Metrohm E-510 pH instrument with a glass and reference reference Ag/ClAg calibrated with 7.413 NBS buffer. All pH values ​​were converted to values ​​at 15 ºC using two different temperature corrections: 1) between 1976 and 1984, the Buch and Nynas tables published by Barnes (1959) and 2) between 1984 and 1986 following Pérez and Fraga (1987 ). - From 1976 to 2001, pH was measured with a Metrohm E-654 pH meter with Orion 81-04 Ross combined glass electrode. The pH was converted to SWS scale using the hydrogen activity coefficient provided by Mehrbach et al. (1973) at 25ºC with the parameterization given by Pérez and Fraga (1987b). The error of the potentiometric method was 0.010. - After 2001, the pH measurements were spectrophotometric following Clayton and Byrne (1993) and subsequently adding 0.0047 to the pH value to do so (DelValls and Dickson, 1998). The precision of the spectrophotometric measurements was 0.003 pH units. Chla: - Chla was measured using a Turner 10000R fluorometer. Between 1976 and 1984 on Schleicher and Scholl 602eh filters of 6 cm in diameter and later with Whatman GF / C filters of 2.5 cm. The precision was 0.05 g / L, CSIC y Plan Nacional de I+D del Gobierno de España, 1 data csv ‘ARIOSDATABASE.csv’ file and 1 readme.txt file, Peer reviewed

1 poster.-- AGU 2020 Ocean Sciences Meeting, San Diego Convention Center - San Diego, CA, 16-21 February 2020, Since 1975, pH and alkalinity measurements have been carried out with ancillary variables (temperature, salinity, nutrients and O2) within the framework of 22 national projects in the Rias and Galicia platform. The objectives have evolved over time with the aim of understanding and modeling the primary production of a highly productive and strongly seasonal ecosystem where upwelling plays a key role. With more than 16,000 pH data, the different projects have intermittently measured the pH in all Galician Rias, coastal zone and oceanic region, from the surface to the bottom, mainly in summer and spring, but also monitored monthly time series and more frequently for some years. Here we have joined and harmonized the 22 databases to study long-term trends, as well as the pH variability observed according to ancillary variables, This compilation was funded by the ARIOS project (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) funded by the Spanish
government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad that included European FEDER funds., No

XX Seminario Ibérico de Química Marina, SIQUIMAR 2020, Barcelona (Spain), 1st-3rd July 2020, Ocean acidification decreases the excess carbonate, that is, the amount of carbonate available for marine calcifiers. Here, the chemical status of the Northeast Atlantic and its cold-water corals (CWC) communities is examined by means of a high-quality database of carbon variables based on the GO-SHIP A25 section. The database covers a two-decade period (1997-2018), where the mean annual atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) increased from 364 to 409 parts per million of volume. The running out of excess carbonate, that is, the progression of undersaturation with respect to aragonite, could compromise the conservation of the habitats and ecosystem services developed by CWC communities. We find that the anthropogenic perturbation in the ocean carbon cycle is significantly decreasing the concentration of excess carbonate in the waters surrounding CWC communities at a rate of -0.17±0.02 μmol kg-1·ppm-1. The optimal chemical conditions for development of CWC communities in the Northeast Atlantic are maintained by the interplay between the northward spreading of recently conveyed Mediterranean Water with excess of carbonate available and the arrival of subpolar-origin waters close to undersaturation. Given the current acidification rate, the living CWC communities would be exposed to undersaturated waters before the end of the century, if atmospheric CO2 concentration reached ~700 ppm. Therefore, the future of the CWC communities in the Northeast Atlantic is closely linked to the accomplishment of global climate policies to limit global warming below 1.5-2ºC, which would preserve chemically optimal conditions of CWC growth in this particular oceanic region, For this work M. Fontela was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-070449) supported by the Spanish Government and co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2007–2012 (FEDER) and by Portuguese national funds from FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology through project UIDB/04326/2020 and CEECINST/00114/2018. F.F. Pérez were supported by the BOCATS Project (CTM2013-41048-P) and ARIOS project (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) both co-funded by the Spanish Government and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820989 (project COMFORT, Our common future ocean in the Earth system – quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points).”, No

19 pages, 7 tables, 8 figures.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License., Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere have modified the carbon cycle for more than
2 centuries. As the ocean stores most of the carbon on our planet, there is an important task in unraveling the natural and anthropogenic processes that drive the carbon cycle at different spatial and temporal scales. We contribute to this by designing a global monthly climatology of total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), which offers a robust basis in carbon cycle modeling but also for other studies related to this cycle. A feedforward neural network (dubbed NNGv2LDEO) was configured to extract from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2.2019 (GLODAPv2.2019) and the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) datasets the relations between TCO2 and a set of variables related to the former’s variability. The global root mean square error (RMSE) of mapping TCO2 is relatively low for the two datasets (GLODAPv2.2019: 7.2 μmolkg-1; LDEO: 11.4 μmolkg-1) and also for independent data, suggesting that the network does not overfit possible errors in data. The ability of NNGv2LDEO to capture the monthly variability of TCO2 was testified through the good
reproduction of the seasonal cycle in 10 time series stations spread over different regions of the ocean (RMSE: 3.6 to 13.2 μmolkg-1). The climatology was obtained by passing through NNGv2LDEO the monthly climatological fields of temperature, salinity, and oxygen from the World Ocean Atlas 2013 and phosphate, nitrate, and silicate computed from a neural network fed with the previous fields. The resolution is 1ºx1º in the horizontal, 102 depth levels (0–5500 m), and monthly (0–1500 m) to annual (1550–5500 m) temporal resolution, and it is centered around the year 1995. The uncertainty of the climatology is low when compared with climatological values derived from measured TCO2 in the largest time series stations. Furthermore, a computed climatology of partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) from a previous climatology of total alkalinity and the present one of TCO2 supports the robustness of this product through the good correlation with a widely used pCO2 climatology (Landschützer et al., 2017). Our TCO2 climatology is distributed through the data repository of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC; https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/10551, Broullón et al., 2020), This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant no. FPU15/06026); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (grant no. CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project, cofunded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014–2020 (FEDER); and EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement no.
633211). Are Olsen was supported by the Norwegian Research Council through ICOS (grant no. 245927). Mario Hoppema was partly supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program
under grant agreement no. 821001 (SO-CHIC)., Peer reviewed

10 pages, 6 figures, 1 table.-- This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, The oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitted by human activities alters the
seawater carbonate system. Here, the chemical status of the Northeast Atlantic is examined by means
of a high-quality database of carbon variables based on the GO-SHIP A25 section (1997–2018). The
increase of atmospheric CO 2 leads to an increase in ocean anthropogenic carbon (Cant) and a decrease in carbonate that is unequivocal in the upper and mid-layers (0–2,500 m depth). In the mid-layer, the carbonate content in the Northeast Atlantic is maintained by the interplay between the northward spreading of recently conveyed Mediterranean Water with excess of carbonate and the arrival of subpolar-origin waters close to carbonate undersaturation. In this study we show a progression to
undersaturation with respect to aragonite that could compromise the conservation of the habitats
and ecosystem services developed by benthic marine calcifiers inhabiting that depth-range, such as the cold-water corals (CWC) communities. For each additional ppm in atmospheric pCO2 the waters surrounding CWC communities lose carbonate at a rate of − 0.17 ± 0.02 μmol kg−1 ppm−1. The accomplishment of global climate policies to limit global warming below 1.5–2 ℃ will avoid the exhaustion of excess carbonate in the Northeast Atlantic., For this work M. Fontela was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-070449) supported by the Spanish Government and co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2007–2012 (FEDER) and by Portuguese national funds from FCT Foundation for Science and Technology through project UID/Multi/04326/2019 and CEECINST/00114/2018. F.F. Pérez was supported by the BOCATS Project (CTM2013-41048-P) and ARIOS project (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) both co-funded by the Spanish Government
and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 820989 (COMFORT, Our common future ocean in the Earth system—quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points)., Peer reviewed

8 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, Ocean acidification is expected to affect marine organisms in the near future. Furthermore, abrupt short-term fluctuations in seawater pCO2 characteristic of near-shore coastal regions and high-density aquaculture sites currently have the potential to influence organismal and community functioning by altering animal behaviour. While anti-predator responses in fishes exposed to elevated pCO2 are well documented, such responses in benthic marine invertebrates are poorly studied. We used high frequency, non-invasive biosensors to test whether or not short term (3-week) exposure to elevated pCO2 could impact behavioural responses to the threat of predation in adult Mediterranean mussels from Galicia on the northwestern coast of Spain. Predator alarm cues (crushed conspecifics) resulted in a prolonged (1 h) reduction in the degree of valve opening (−20%) but had no clear effect on overall valve movement activity, while elevated pCO2 did not affect either response. Our results add to the increasing body of evidence suggesting that the effects of end-of-century pCO2 levels on marine animal behaviour are likely weak. Nonetheless, longer-term exposures spanning multiple generations are needed to better understand how ocean acidification might impact behavioural responses to predation in marine bivalves, This project was funded by the Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad that included European FEDER funds (projects Ref. AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R), Peer reviewed

The item is made of 6 files: 1) README.txt; 2) INTECMAR_NN-database.csv: Dataset containing all the input variables used compute the time series of AT and pH as well as these two computed variables; 3) Training_database.xlsx: Dataset containing the data to train and test the neural networks; 4) pH_NN.mat is the neural network object used to compute the pH time series; 5) AT_NN.mat is the neural network object used to compute the total alkalinity time series; 6) Source_code.rar contains the MATLAB files to configure, train and validate the neural networks created in this study, This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant FPU15/06026) and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER), No

12 pages, 5 figures, Ocean acidification (OA)—or the decrease in seawater pH resulting from ocean uptake of CO2 released by human activities—stresses ocean ecosystems and is recognized as a Climate and Sustainable Development Goal Indicator that needs to be evaluated and monitored. Monitoring OA-related pH changes requires a high level of precision and accuracy. The two most common ways to quantify seawater pH are to measure it spectrophotometrically or to calculate it from total alkalinity (TA) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). However, despite decades of research, small but important inconsistencies remain between measured and calculated pH. To date, this issue has been circumvented by examining changes only in consistently measured properties. Currently, the oceanographic community is defining new observational strategies for OA and other key aspects of the ocean carbon cycle based on novel sensors and technologies that rely on validation against data records and/or synthesis products. Comparison of measured spectrophotometric pH to calculated pH from TA and DIC measured during the 2000s and 2010s eras reveals that (1) there is an evolution toward a better agreement between measured and calculated pH over time from 0.02 pH units in the 2000s to 0.01 pH units in the 2010s at pH > 7.6; (2) a disagreement greater than 0.01 pH units persists in waters with pH < 7.6, and (3) inconsistencies likely stem from variations in the spectrophotometric pH standard operating procedure (SOP). A reassessment of pH measurement and calculation SOPs and metrology is urgently needed, M.A. was supported by IEO RADIALES and RADPROF program. N.M.F was supported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (FJCI2015-24394), E.F.G. by a Personal Técnico de Apoyo contract (PTA2016-12441-I) both from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. F.F.P. was supported by the project ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, co-funded by the FEDER 2014-2020. A.K. was supported by the JAMSTEC Global Ocean Observation Research. B.R.C. is grateful to the USA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for financial support through the Ocean Observation and Monitoring Division's Carbon Data Management and Synthesis Project (N8R3CEA-PDM). R.J.W was supported by NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (Award No. 1923312) and the MIT mTerra Catalyst fund, Peer reviewed

17 pages, 2 tables, 5 figures.-- This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License., A data product of 17 653 discrete samples from 3343 oceanographic stations combining measurements of pH, alkalinity and other biogeochemical parameters off the northwestern Iberian Peninsula from June 1976 to September 2018 is presented in this study. The oceanography cruises funded by 24 projects were primarily carried out in the Ría de Vigo coastal inlet but also in an area ranging from the Bay of Biscay to the Portuguese coast. The robust seasonal cycles and long-term trends were only calculated along a longitudinal section, gathering data from the coastal and oceanic zone of the Iberian upwelling system. The pH in the surface waters of these separated regions, which were highly variable due to intense photosynthesis and the remineralization of organic matter, showed an interannual acidification ranging from −0.0012 to −0.0039 yr−1 that grew towards the coastline. This result is obtained despite the buffering capacity increasing in the coastal waters further inland as shown by the increase in alkalinity by 1.1±0.7 and 2.6±1.0 µmol kg−1 yr−1 in the inner and outer Ría de Vigo respectively, driven by interannual changes in the surface salinity of 0.0193±0.0056 and 0.0426±0.016 psu yr−1 respectively. The loss of the vertical salinity gradient in the long-term trend in the inner ria was consistent with other significant biogeochemical changes such as a lower oxygen concentration and fertilization of the surface waters. These findings seem to be related to a growing footprint of sediment remineralization of organic matter in the surface layer of a more homogeneous water column, The compilation of this dataset was funded by the ARIOS project (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) funded by the Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad that included European FEDER funds. Part of the processing work was supported by the MarRISK project (European Union FEDER 0262_MarRISK_1_E) funded by the Programme 2014–2020 Interreg V-A-Spain-Portugal (POPTEC). This project has also received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 820989 (project COMFORT, Our common future ocean in the Earth system – quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points), Peer reviewed

16 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables.-- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, The impact of simulated seawater acidification and warming conditions on specimens of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis locally adapted to very distinct, widely separated sites in the Mediterranean Sea (Tunisia) and Atlantic Sea (Galicia, NW Spain) was evaluated in relation to key behavioural and eco-physiological parameters. Over the 2-month exposure to the experimental conditions, mussels were fed optimally to ensure that there are no synergistic interactions between climate change drivers and energetic status of the individuals. In general, regardless of origin (Atlantic or Mediterranean), the mussels were rather resilient to acidification for most of the parameters considered and they were able to grow in strongly acidified seawater through an increased feeding activity. However, shell strength decreased (40%) consistently in both mussel populations held in moderately and highly acidified seawater. The observed reduction in shell strength was not explained by slight alterations in organic matter, shell thickness or aragonite:calcite ratio. The combined effects of high acidification and warming on the key response of byssus strength caused a strong decline in mussel performance, although only in Galician mussels, in which the valve opening time decreased sharply as well as condition index (soft tissue state) and shell growth. By contrast, the observed negative effect of highly acidified scenario on the strength of Tunisian mussel shells was (partly but not totally) counterbalanced by the higher seawater temperature. Eco-physiological and behavioural interactions in mussels in relation to climate change are complex, and future scenarios for the ecology of the species and also the feasibility of cultivating them in Atlantic and Mediterranean zones are discussed, This work was supported by the Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and European FEDER funds (AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) through the program I-COOP+ 2016 (ICOOPA20147 to J.L.), Peer reviewed

12 pages, 7 figures.-- XXII Foro dos Recursos Mariños e da Acuicultura das Rías Galegas (FOROACUI), Illa da Toxa, 10 e 11 de outubro de 2019, El cultivo de mejillón en Galicia representa una actividad extraordinaria respecto al volumen de biomasa cultivada y al impacto económico que genera. En el último lustro, Galicia produjo 1,2 millones de toneladas de este producto, con las que este sector generó 516.716.498 euros (Fuente: Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente). Estos datos representan el 97% del volumen total de mejillón obtenido en España desde 2013 y el 94% de ingresos que se generan en primera venta en el territorio nacional para este periodo, El conjunto de actividades descritas aquí se enmarcan en los proyectos de investigación del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad que incluyen financiación FEDER (Ref. AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/ CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R, No

17 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), Estuarine environments are highly heterogeneous habitats where numerous organisms interact with each other. Aquaculture systems encompass such interactions, and the eventual yields depend on how the cultivated species respond to the environmental heterogeneity. Marine mussels are calcifying organisms that rely on calcium carbonate shell and byssus filaments secreted during their lifetime to protect soft vital tissues against aggressive (abiotic and biotic) environments. Nevertheless, these protective structures can be energetically costly, depending on the environment, thus affecting the energy allocation patterns in the organism. Consequently, other important fitness parameters for the aquaculture industry, such as soft tissue condition and market value, may also be affected. Here, we present a spatial and temporal analysis of the protective and soft tissues responses in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis with the aim of obtaining a better understanding of the inter-location variability in individual’s performance and the corresponding main environmental drivers. Local environment with regard to food availability and hydrodynamics impact very distinctly mussel tenacity and shell thickening, e.g., higher-energy environments at the outer exposed zones caused individuals secreted stronger byssus and thicker shells. By contrast, the state of soft tissues (condition index) was similar between very distinct and distant outer exposed and inner sheltered zones due to differences in both environmental drivers. A novel, intuitive ecological index that measures the impact of both protective and soft tissues was developed and is discussed in relation to cultivation timing. The data presented provides the basis for understanding the natural variability in energetic requirements for different vital tissues in bivalve mollusk that support survival and growth. We report the scientific basis for management actions aimed to shortening the cultivation cycle in the aquaculture sector. These actions are based on the combined use of the PROFIT index and other aquaculture practices (e.g., modifying density). PROFIT helps to identify when the quality of the product, understood as PROtection and FITness strategies, would be best suited for the market, This study was funded by the Spanish Government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through European FEDER funds (projects Ref. AGL-2013-45945-R, CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R), Peer reviewed

10 pages, 5 figures.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), In the North Atlantic, there are two main western boundary currents related to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC): the Gulf Stream flowing northward and the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) flowing southward. Here we analyze data from the OVIDE section (GO-SHIP A25 Portugal-Greenland 40–60°N) that crosses the DWBC and the northward extension of the Gulf Stream, the North Atlantic Current. We show that North Atlantic western boundary currents play a key role in the transport of dissolved organic matter, specifically dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Revisited transports and budgets of DOC with new available data identify the eastern Subpolar North Atlantic (eSPNA) as an important source of locally produced organic matter for the North Atlantic and a key region in the supply of bioavailable DOC to the deep ocean. The East Greenland Current, and its upstream source the East Reykjanes Ridge Current on the eastern flank of the mid-Atlantic ridge, are export pathways of bioavailable DOC toward subtropical latitudes. The fast overturning and subsequent remineralization of DOC produced in the autotrophic eSPNA explains up to 38% of the total oxygen consumption in the deep North Atlantic between the OVIDE section and 24°N. Carbon budgets that do not take into account this organic remineralization process overestimates the natural uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere by one third. The inclusion of DOC transports in regional carbon budgets reconciles the estimates of CO2 uptake in the North Atlantic between model and observations, For this work MF was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-070449) supported by the Spanish Government and co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2007–2012 (FEDER) and by Portuguese national funds from FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology through project UID/Multi/04326/2019 and CEECINST/00114/2018. FP was supported by the BOCATS2 Project (PID2019-104279GB-C21) and ARIOS project (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) both co-funded by the Spanish Government and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement no. 820989 (project COMFORT, Our common future ocean in the Earth system–quantifying coupled cycles of carbon, oxygen, and nutrients for determining and achieving safe operating spaces with respect to tipping points). HM was supported by the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Peer reviewed

14 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables.-- Under a Creative Commons license, The analysis of the natural variability of seawater (Ta, Ωaragonite and pCO2) at Rodas Beach (NW Iberian Peninsula, Spain) revealed an increase of acidification. However, such pH change was not linked to any detrimental effect of the shell taphonomic characteristics of live razor clams harvested during distinct temporal series (length, thickness, organic content or strength). Temperature affected negatively shell strength and thickness, although the large correlation between the environmental variables would limit the individual characterization. Modelled trends in pH (and Ωaragonite) showed a significant decrease in the last 20 years, despite Ω > 1. Therefore, more recent shells are being secreted in a progressively less saturated carbonate environment and, consequently, more prone to suffer dissolution (and weakening) in projected climatic scenarios. When shells of harvested razor clams were exposed to projected climatic scenarios in the laboratory, dissolution rates were significantly greater for cold-acidic scenarios (more corrosive) as compared to warm-acidic. The median dissolution time (DT50) for shells under the cold-acidic scenario was reduced by half (15 years) when compared to the values observed for shells under current water chemistry conditions (30 years).
Galician coastline, often characterised by pCO2-rich and cold waters due to upwelling system, would represent the most corrosive scenario for the shells according to the responses monitored in our survey which highlight future compromise for the ecosystem services supplied by these hard skeletons. Future climate scenarios might condition performance of bivalves but also more complex processes related to carbonate structures. Local biodiversity may be lowered which may reduce the possibility that many species find shelter and feeding grounds, diminishing the optimal substrate for other organisms as needed elements for optimal services in the ecosystems, JMFB acknowledges the project ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-2-R/CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) funded by the Spanish government through the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad that included European FEDER funds and the project Atlazul (0755_ATLAZUL_6_E) co-financed by the Interreg-POCTEP Programme through the European Regional Development Fund. AV and FFP were supported by BOCATS2 (PID2019-104279 GB-C21) project funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and contributing to 628 WATER:iOS CSIC PTI. LGP was supported by a Talento Senior Grant (16_IN585A_2020_986937) from Xunta de Galicia (Spain), Peer reviewed

1 poster presented at the 10th International Carbon Dioxide Conference, Interlaken, Switzerland, 21 August 2017 - 25 August 2017.-- Daniel Broullón ... et al., For decades, the anthropogenic modification of the carbon cycle has been widely studied. More
recently, ocean acidification studies have increased significantly. Establishing robust climatologies of
seawater CO2 chemistry variables and building models are a key point for a better understanding of
the associated processes. The availability and quality of data is crucial for the evaluation of climate
models and, consequently, to improve their predictions.
Version 2 of the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAPv2) is an internally consistent data
product composed of data from 724 scientific cruises covering the entire global ocean. Among others,
it contains seawater CO2 chemistry variables such as total alkalinity (AT), total dissolved inorganic
carbon (TCO2) and pH. This sparse dataset has been subjected to extensive quality control and
different interpolation techniques have been applied to extend the data coverage on a homogeneous
grid (Lauvset et al. 2016). We propose a novel neural network approach to generate annual and
monthly climatologies of AT, TCO2, pH and both calcite and aragonite saturation state from the
GLODAPv2 dataset for the preindustrial and current periods. These climatologies are fitted to the
World Ocean Atlas 2013 version 2 (WOA13v2) grid. WOA13v2 is a set of objectively analyzed (1°
grid) climatological fields of different oceanographic variables (but not CO2 system) at standard depth
levels for annual, seasonal, and monthly compositing periods for the World Ocean.
A feed-forward neural network was chosen in a multi-layer architecture, which allows linear and nonlinear
variability to be assimilated by the network. The proposed configuration is able to approximate
most functions arbitrarily well (Hagan et al., 2014). We have tested different neural network designs
and sizes to obtain the minimum error. For that, the number of neurons in the network was varied and
different training techniques were used. The input variables introduced in the network, which must be
related to AT and TCO2 variability, were latitude, longitude, depth, potential temperature, phosphate,
nitrate, silicate, year, month and atmospheric pCO2. First, the network was trained with GLODAPv2
data and then AT and TCO2 fields were derived from WOA13v2 data. Saturation states and pH were
computed from these two variables.
The monthly pre-industrial climatology will be generated by eliminating anthropogenic carbon from the
ocean., This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant FPU15/06026), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the A. RIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER) and EU Horizon2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement 633211)., Peer reviewed

The item is made of 6 files: 1) Readme_Global_monthly_dataset.txt; 2) ATNNWOA13.nc is the climatological data of total alkalinity computed with NNGv2; 3) NNGv2 is the neural network object used to create the climatology; 4) NNw3RMSE is a neural network object used to evaluate the error of the network when it is trained without data beyond +-3RMSE; 5)ATNNWOA13.mp4 is a video of the surface climatology, 3 vertical sections in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indean Ocean and, the variation in depth of one month (April); 6) Example.rar contains an example matrix of inputs to the neural network, the NNGv2.mat and a MATLAB script to compute AT with NNGv2.-- The final version is in http://dx.doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8644, This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant FPU15/06026), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER) and EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement 633211), No

8 pages, 2 tables, 4 figures, We quantify the oceanic sink for anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) over the period 1994 to 2007 by using observations from the global repeat hydrography program and contrasting them to observations from the 1990s. Using a linear regression–based method, we find a global increase in the anthropogenic CO2 inventory of 34 ± 4 petagrams of carbon (Pg C) between 1994 and 2007. This is equivalent to an average uptake rate of 2.6 ± 0.3 Pg C year−1 and represents 31 ± 4% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions over this period. Although this global ocean sink estimate is consistent with the expectation of the ocean uptake having increased in proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO2, substantial regional differences in storage rate are found, likely owing to climate variability–driven changes in ocean circulation, We are grateful to the many funding agencies in the various countries that financially supported the global ship-based surveys that underpin much of this work. In particular, we acknowledge funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation and from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the GO-SHIP program together with the International ocean carbon coordination project (IOCCP), for their efforts to initiate and coordinate the repeat hydrography program. The work of N.G. and D.C. was supported by ETH and the FP7 projects CarboChange (264879) and Geocarbon (283080). S.v.H. also received support from CarboChange (264879). R.W., R.A.F., and B.R.C. acknowledge the support of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA and the U.S. Department of Commerce, including resources from the NOAA Global Ocean Monitoring and Observations Division (fund reference 100007298). This is contribution no. 4796 from the NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory and JISAO contribution 2018-0185. M.I. acknowledges support from the Japan Meteorological Agency and MEXT KAKENHI grant no. 24121003 “NEOPS” and JP16H01594 “OMIX”. S.K.L. acknowledges support from the Research Council of Norway (214513). F.F.P. was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project cofunded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER) and EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement 633211), Peer reviewed

The item is made of 5 files: 1) README.txt; 2) AT_NNGv2_climatology.nc contains the climatology of AT computed with NNGv2 in netcdf4 format and the climatologies of oxygen (median filtered from WOA13), phosphate, nitrate and silicate (these three derived from CANYON-B); 3) NNGv2 is the neural network object used to create the climatology; 4)ATNNWOA13.mp4 is a video of the surface climatology, 3 vertical sections in the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Indean Ocean and, the variation in depth of one month (April); 5) Example.rar contains an example matrix of inputs to the neural network, the NNGv2.mat and a MATLAB script to compute AT with NNGv2, This research was supported by Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU grant FPU15/06026), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad through the ARIOS (CTM2016-76146-C3-1-R) project co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional 2014-2020 (FEDER) and EU Horizon 2020 through the AtlantOS project (grant agreement 633211), No