BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

There is a general belief that having breakfast is an important healthy lifestyle factor; however, there is scarce evidence on the influence of breakfast quality and energy density on cardiometabolic risk in children, as well as on the role of physical activity in this association. The aims of this paper were (i) to examine the associations of breakfast quality and energy density from both solids and beverages with cardiometabolic risk factors, and (ii) to explore whether physical activity levels may attenuate these relationships in children with overweight/obesity from two projects carried out in the north and south of Spain. Breakfast consumption, breakfast quality index (BQI) score, BEDs/BEDb (24 h-recalls and the KIDMED questionnaire), and physical activity (PA; accelerometry) were assessed, in 203 children aged 8-12 years who were overweight or obese. We measured body composition (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry), uric acid, blood pressure, lipid profile, gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), glucose, and insulin, and calculated the HOMA and metabolic syndrome z-score. The BQI score was inversely associated with serum uric acid independently of a set of relevant confounders (= -0.172, p = 0.028), but the relationship was attenuated after further controlling for total PA (p < 0.07). BEDs was positively associated with total and HDL cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure regardless of confounders (all p < 0.05), while BEDb was positively associated with HOMA in either active/inactive children (all p < 0.03). In conclusion, higher breakfast quality and lower breakfast energy density should be promoted in overweight/obesity children to improve their cardiometabolic health., EFIGRO and ActiveBrains projects were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Industry and Competitiveness (DEP2016-78377-R and DEP2013-47540) by "Fondos Estructurales de la Union Europea (FEDER), Una manera de hacer Europa". The EFIGRO project was also supported by the University of the Basque Country (GIU14/21). LA was supported by a grant from the Education Department of the Government of Basque Country (PRE_2016_1_0057 and PRE_2017_2_0224), MM is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (FPU14/03329) and EST17/00210, MO was supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (BES-2017-080770), whereas MA was supported by a grant from the University of the Basque Country (PIF 17/186). JRR, FBO, and CC-S were also supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC 2010-05957; RYC-2011-09011 and BES-2014-068829).

We investigated the interaction between a genetic score and an exercise intervention on brain health in children with overweight/obesity. One hundred one children with overweight/obesity (10.0 ± 1.5 yr, 59% girls) were randomized into a 20-wk combined exercise intervention or a control group. Several cognitive and academic outcomes were measured with validated tests. Hippocampal volume was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging. Six brain health-related polymorphisms [rs6265 (BDNF), rs2253206 (CREB1), rs2289656 (NTRK2), rs4680 (COMT), rs429358, and rs7412 (APOE)] were genotyped. Cognitive flexibility and academic skills improved significantly more in the exercise than in the control group only in the children with a “favorable” genetic profile [mean z-score, 0.41–0.67 (95% CI 0.11 to 1.18)], yet not in those with “less favorable” genetic profile. An individual response analysis showed that children responded to exercise in cognitive flexibility only in the “genetically favorable” group [i.e., 62% of them had a meaningful (≥0.2 Cohen d) increase in the exercise group compared with only 25% in the control group]. This finding was consistent in per-protocol and intention-to-treat analyses (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). The results were not significant or not consistent for the rest of outcomes studied. Our findings suggest that having a more favorable genetic profile makes children with overweight/obesity more responsive to exercise, particularly for cognitive flexibility., The project was mainly funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Reference DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, and DEP2017-91544-EXP) and by the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish, projects ref: B-CTS-355-UGR18 and A-CTS-614-UGR20) and Junta de Andalucia (P20_00158). Grant Endo-Map PID2021-12728OB-100 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ERFD A way of making Europe; Grant RYC-2016-21199, funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by ESF Investing in your future. This study was supported in part by the Pediatric Exercise and Genomics Research Center (PERC) Systems Biology Fund. A.P.-F. is supported in part by NIH Grant No.: U01 TR002004 (REACH project). I.E.-C. is supported by the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (RTI2018-095284-J-100), and Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027287-I). F.J.O.-P. is supported by Margarita Salas program (Programa de recualificación del profesorado Universitario, Ministerio de Universidades). Additional support was obtained from the Unit of Excellence on EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health (DEP2005-00046/ACTI; 09/UPB/ 19; 45/UPB/20; 27/UPB/21); Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. This study has been partially funded by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR.

Aim: Adipokines seem to play a role in bone morphogenesis, although this also depends on the mechanical forces applied to the skeleton. The aim was to assess the
relationships of resting leptin and adiponectin with bone parameters and whether
high muscular fitness levels affect these relationships in children with overweight or
obesity.
Methods: This cross-sectional study took part from 2014 to 2016 in Granada, Spain.
Participants were recruited from University Hospitals, and we also used advertisements in local media and school contacts in the city. Adipokines were analysed in
plasma. Muscular fitness was assessed by one repetition maximum in bench and leg
press tests. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure bone parameters.
Results: We included 84 children (10.0 ± 1.2y; 63% boys) in this analysis. Leptin was
negatively associated with lumbar spine bone mineral content (β = −0.162, p = 0.053).No significant interaction was found for muscular fitness. Simple slope estimates suggested that children performing more than 133.3 kg in leg press test ameliorated the
negative association between leptin and lumbar spine bone mineral content.
Conclusion: Leptin levels were negatively associated with lumbar spine bone mineral
content in children with overweight or obesity. A high muscular fitness at the lower
body could counteract this association., This study was mainly supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP and RYC-2011-09011), European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) of the European Commission (No 667302) and the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with ERDF (FEDER in Spanish, B-CTS-355-UGR18). Additional support was obtained from University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health, the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades (SOMM17/6107/UGR); the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI); and the HL-PIVOT network - Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA.

Importance: Childhood obesity is a risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mental disorders later in life. Investigation of the parallel effects of a defined exercise program on cardiometabolic and mental health in children with overweight or obesity may provide new insights on the potential benefits of exercise on overall health. Objective: To investigate the effects of a 20-week exercise program on cardiometabolic and mental health in children with overweight or obesity. Design, Setting, and Participants: This secondary analysis of a parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted in Granada, Spain, from November 1, 2014, to June 30, 2016. Data analyses were performed between February 1, 2020, and July 14, 2022. Children with overweight or obesity aged 8 to 11 years were eligible, and the study was performed in an out-of-school context. Intervention: The exercise program included 3 to 5 sessions/wk (90 min/session) of aerobic plus resistance training for 20 weeks. The wait-list control group continued with their usual routines. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cardiometabolic outcomes as specified in the trial protocol included body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, and visceral adipose tissue), physical fitness (cardiorespiratory, speed-agility, and muscular), and traditional risk factors (waist circumference, blood lipid levels, glucose levels, insulin levels, and blood pressure). Cardiometabolic risk score (z score) was calculated based on age and sex reference values for levels of triglycerides, inverted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose, the mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and waist circumference. An additional cardiometabolic risk score also included cardiorespiratory fitness. Mental health outcomes included an array of psychological well-being and ill-being indicators. Results: The 92 participants included in the per-protocol analyses (36 girls [39%] and 56 boys [61%]) had a mean (SD) age of 10.0 (1.1) years. The exercise program reduced the cardiometabolic risk score by approximately 0.38 (95% CI, -0.74 to -0.02) SDs; decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by -7.00 (95% CI, -14.27 to 0.37) mg/dL (to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0259), body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) by -0.59 (95% CI, -1.06 to -0.12), fat mass index by -0.67 (95% CI, -1.01 to -0.33), and visceral adipose tissue by -31.44 (95% CI, -58.99 to -3.90) g; and improved cardiorespiratory fitness by 2.75 (95% CI, 0.22-5.28) laps in the exercise group compared with the control group. No effects were observed on mental health outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, an aerobic plus resistance exercise program improved cardiometabolic health in children with overweight or obesity but had no effect on mental health. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02295072., This project was supported with grants DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP, and RYC-2011-09011 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and by grant PID2020-120249RB-I00 from the MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with grant B-CTS-355-UGR18 from the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER in Spanish). Dr Cardenas-Sanchez is supported by grant FJC2018-037925-I from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and by a grant from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska Curie grant agreement No 101028929. Dr Migueles is supported by grant FPU15/02645 from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, and grant 2012–00036 from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare. Dr Torres-Lopez is supported by grant FPU17/04802 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. Dr Rodriquez-Ayllon was funded by grant DEP2017-91544-EXP from the Ramón Areces Foundation. Additional support was obtained from grant ALICIAK-2018 from the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation, University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise, Nutrition and Health, the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades; and grant DEP2005-00046/ACTI from the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations. This research was supported by grant CB22/03/00058 from the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Unión Europea–European Regional Development Fund.

The aim of this study was to examine whether metabolically healthy overweight/obese children have greater global and regional gray matter volumes than their metabolically unhealthy peers. We further examined the association between gray matter volume and academic achievement, along with the role of cardiorespiratory fitness in these associations. A total of 97 overweight/obese children (10.0 +/- 1.2 years) participated. We classified children as metabolically healthy/unhealthy based on metabolic syndrome cut-offs. Global and regional brain volumes were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Academic achievement was assessed using the Woodcock-Munoz standardized test. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20 m shuttle run test. Metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO) children had greater regional gray matter volume compared to those who were metabolically unhealthy (MUO) (all p <= 0.001). A similar trend was observed for global gray matter volume (p = 0.06). Global gray matter volume was positively related to academic achievement (beta = 0.237, p = 0.036). However, all the associations were attenuated or disappeared after adjusting for cardiorespiratory fitness (p > 0.05). The findings of the present study support that metabolically healthy overweight/obese children have greater gray matter volume compared to those that are metabolically unhealthy, which is in turn related to better academic achievement. However, cardiorespiratory fitness seems to explain, at least partially, these findings., The ActiveBrains project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the 'Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)' (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP and RYC-2011-09011). CC-S are supported by the Government of Andalusian, Integrated Territorial Initiative 2014-2020 for the province of Cadiz (PI-0002-2017) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). IE-C are supported by the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RTI2018-095284-J-100). JHM and JM-G are supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645 and FPU14/06837, respectively). JVR is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FJCI-2017-33396). PH was supported by a grant from the Strategic Research Area Health Care Science, Karolinska Institutet/Umea University. Additional funding was obtained from the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health (UCEES). Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). In addition, funding was provided by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref. RD16/0022), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI) and the European Union's 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 667302.

The aim of this study was to examine the associations of fitness and physical activity with academic achievement in children with overweight/obesity. A total of 106 (10.0 ± 1.1y, 61 boys) children participated. The fitness components were assessed by field and laboratory-based tests. Physical activity was measured via accelerometry. The academic achievement was assessed by a standardised test and school-grades. Field-based cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with language skills (ß-standardised- ranging from 0.281 to 0.365, p < 0.01). The field-based muscular strength was associated with grade point average, natural and social sciences, and foreign language (ß = 0.280–0.326, all p ≤ 0.01). Speed-agility was associated with some language-related skills (ß = 0.325–0.393, all p ≤ 0.01). The laboratory-based muscular strength also showed an association with mathematics skills (ß = 0.251–0.306, all p ≤ 0.01). Physical activity did not show significant association with academic achievement (p > 0.01). Overall, the significant associations observed for muscular strength and speed/agility were attenuated and disappeared in many cases after additional adjustments for body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness, indicating that these associations are inter-dependent. Our study contributes by indicating that other fitness components apart from cardiorespiratory fitness, such as muscular strength and speed-agility, are positively associated with academic achievement. However, these associations appear to be dependent on body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness., This work was supported by the Fundación Alicia Koplowitz [-]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [BES-2014-068829]; Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [FPU15/02645]; Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport [FPU14/06837]; Strategic Research Area Health Care Science, Karolinska Institutet/Umea University [-]; Junta de Andalucia, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades [-]; University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) [-]; European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme [667302]; The SAMID III network, RETICS [PN I+D+I 2017-2021]; ISCIII- Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) [RD16/0022]; EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations [DEP2005-00046/ACTI]; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional [DEP2013-47540]; Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities [FJC2018-037925-I].

Objective To evaluate the associations of parent-reported sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and deviceassessed sleep behaviors with behavioral and emotional functioning in pediatric patients with overweight/ obesity. Study design A total of 109 children with overweight/obesity (mean age, 10.0 (±) 1.1 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. We used the Spanish version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) to assess SDB and its subscales (ie, snoring, daytime sleepiness, and inattention/hyperactivity). Device-assessed sleep behaviors (ie, wake time, sleep onset time, total time in bed, total sleep time, and waking after sleep onset) were estimated using wrist-worn accelerometers. We used the Behavior Assessment System for Children, second edition to assess behavioral and emotional functioning (ie, clinical scale: aggressiveness, hyperactivity, behavior problems, attention problems, atypicality, depression, anxiety, retreat, and somatization; adaptive scale: adaptability, social skills, and leadership). Results SDB was positively associated with all clinical scale variables (all b > 0.197, P ≤ .041) and with lower adaptability and leadership (all b < 0.226, P < .021). Specifically, the PSQ subscale relating to daytime sleepiness was associated with higher attention problems, depression, anxiety, and retreat (all b > 0.196, P ≤ .045) and lower adaptability (b = 0.246, P = .011). The inattention/hyperactivity subscale was significantly associated with the entire clinical and adaptive scales (all b > |0.192|, P ≤ .046) except for somatization. The snoring subscale and device-assessed sleep behaviors were not related to any behavioral or emotional functioning variables. Conclusions Our study suggests that SDB symptoms, but not deviceassessed sleep behaviors, are associated with behavioral and emotional functioning in children with overweight/obesity. Specifically, daytime sleepiness, a potential SDB symptom, was related to higher attention problems, depression, anxiety, and retreat and lower adaptability. (J Pediatr 2022;246:170-8)., The ActiveBrains project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, DEP2017-91544-EXP, and RYC-2011-09011). L.V.T.-L. is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FPU17/04802). C.C.-S. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC2018-037925-I). J.H.M. is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (FPU15/02645). Additional support was provided by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Scientific Excellence Unit on Exercise and Health, by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, and European Regional Development Fund (SOMM17/6107/UGR). Funding was also provided by the SAMID III network, RETICS , funded by the PNI + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (RD16/0022 ), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health ( DEP2005-00046/ACTI ; 09/UPB/19; 45/UPB/20; 27/UPB/21), the European Union's 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement 667302, and the HL-PIVOT network Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection . Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Fund (project B-CTS-355-UGR18).

Background: Best-practice early interventions to increase physical activity (PA) in children with overweight and obesity should be both feasible and evidence based. Walking is a basic human movement pattern that is practical, cost-effective, and does not require complex movement skills. However, there is still a need to investigate how much walking—as a proportion of total PA level—is performed by children who are overweight and obese in order to determine its utility as a public health strategy. Objective: This study aimed to (1) investigate the proportion of overall PA indicators that are explained by step-based metrics and (2) study step accumulation patterns relative to achievement of public health recommendations in children who are overweight and obese. Methods: A total of 105 overweight and obese children (mean 10.1 years of age [SD 1.1]; 43 girls) wore hip-worn accelerometers for 7 days. PA volumes were derived using the daily average of counts per 15 seconds, categorized using standard cut points for light-moderate-vigorous PA (LMVPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Derived step-based metrics included volume (steps/day), time in cadence bands, and peak 1-minute, 30-minute, and 60-minute cadences. Results: Steps per day explained 66%, 40%, and 74% of variance for counts per 15 seconds, LMVPA, and MVPA, respectively. The variance explained was increased up to 80%, 92%, and 77% by including specific cadence bands and peak cadences. Children meeting the World Health Organization recommendation of 60 minutes per day of MVPA spent less time at zero cadence and more time in cadence bands representing sporadic movement to brisk walking (ie, 20-119 steps/min) than their less-active peers. Conclusions: Step-based metrics, including steps per day and various cadence-based metrics, seem to capture a large proportion of PA for children who are overweight and obese. Given the availability of pedometers, step-based metrics could be useful in discriminating between those children who do or do not achieve MVPA recommendations., This study was conducted under the umbrella of the ActiveBrains and the SmarterMove projects supported by the MINECO (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad)/FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional) (DEP2013-47540, DEP2016-79512-R, and RYC-2011-09011). JHM and JMG are supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645 and FPU14/06837). CCS is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-068829). PMG is supported by a grant from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (No. 667302). This study has been partially funded by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (reference SOMM17/6107/UGR and reference RD16/0022). In addition, funding was provided by the SAMID III (red de SAlud Materno Infantil y Desarrollo) network, RETICS (REdes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud), funded by the PN (Plan Nacional) I+D+I (Investigación + Desarrollo + Innovación) 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)–Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI), and the European Union’s 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 667302. Likewise, this research was supported, in part, by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on Aging, USA.

Background & aims: exposure to a suboptimal environment during the fetal and early infancy period's results in long-term consequences for brain morphology and function. We investigated the associations of early life factors such as anthropometric neonatal data (i.e., birth length, birth weight and birth head circumference) and breastfeeding practices (i.e., exclusive and any breastfeeding) with white matter (WM) microstructure, and ii) we tested whether WM tracts related to early life factors are associated with academic performance in children with overweight/obesity. Methods: 96 overweight/obese children (10.03 ± 1.16 years; 38.7% girls) were included from the ActiveBrains Project. WM microstructure indicators used were fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), derived from Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Academic performance was evaluated with the Battery III Woodcock–Muñoz Tests of Achievement. Regression models were used to examine the associations of the early life factors with tract-specific FA and MD, as well as its association with academic performance. Results: head circumference at birth was positively associated with FA of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus tract (0.441; p = 0.005), as well as negatively associated with MD of the cingulate gyrus part of cingulum (−0.470; p = 0.006), corticospinal (−0.457; p = 0.005) and superior thalamic radiation tract (−0.476; p = 0.001). Association of birth weight, birth length and exclusive breastfeeding with WM microstructure did not remain significant after false discovery rate correction. None tract related to birth head circumference was associated with academic performance (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: our results highlighted the importance of the perinatal growth in WM microstructure later in life, although its possible academic implications remain inconclusive., This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013 -47540 , DEP2016-79512-R, and DEP2017-91544-EXP), the European Regional Development Fund, the European Commission (No 667302 ) and the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. This study was partially funded by the UGR Research and Knowledge Transfer Fund (PPIT) 2016, Excellence Actions Programme. Units of Scientific Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES) and by the Regional Government of Andalusia, Regional Ministry of Economy, Knowledge, Entreprises and University and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR. In addition, this study was further supported by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain). Additional funding was obtained from the Andalusian Operational Programme supported with European Regional Development Funds (ERDF in English, FEDER in Spanish, project ref: B-CTS-355-UGR18). PS-U is supported by a grant from ANID /BECAS Chile/72180543. IE-C is supported by the Spanish Ministries of Economy and Competitiveness (RTI2018-095284-J-100), and Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027287-I). JV-R is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (FJCI -2017-33396). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA.

Adolescence represents an important period for the development of executive functions, which are a set of important cognitive processes including attentional control. However, very little is known regarding the associations of nutrition with components of executive functions in adolescence. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate associations of dietary patterns and macronutrient composition with attention
capacity in European adolescents. This cross-sectional study included 384 (165 boys and 219 girls) adolescents, aged 12·5–17·5 years, from five European countries in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Attention capacity was examined using the d2 Test of Attention. Dietary intake was assessed through two non-consecutive 24 h recalls using a computer-based self-administered tool.
Three dietary patterns (diet quality index, ideal diet score and Mediterranean diet score) and macronutrient/fibre intakes were calculated. Linear regression analysis was conducted adjusting for age, sex, BMI, maternal education, family affluence scale, study centre and energy intake (only for Mediterranean diet score). In these adjusted regression analyses, higher diet quality index for adolescents and ideal diet score
were associated with a higher attention capacity (standardised β =0·16, P =0·002 and β=0·15, P=0·005, respectively). Conversely, Mediterranean diet score or macronutrient/fibre intake were not associated with attention capacity (P >0·05). Our results suggest that healthier dietary patterns, as indicated by higher diet quality index and ideal diet score, were associated with attention capacity in adolescence.
Intervention studies investigating a causal relationship between diet quality and attention are warranted., The HELENA project was supported by the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (contract FOODCT-2005-007034). P. H. was supported by a grant from Henning and Johan Throne-Holst Foundation. F. B. O. and I. E.-C. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2011-09011 and FJCI-2014-19563). H. H. was supported by grants from the Swedish Society of Medicine and the County Council of Östergötland, Sweden. In addition, this study took place under the umbrella of the ActiveBrains project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref. DEP2013-47540); it was further supported by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I + D + I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (Ref. RD16/0022) and by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health.

This study examined (1) the association of dietary energy density from solid (EDS) and solid plus liquids (EDSL) with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) in children with overweight and obesity, (2) the effect of under-reporting on the mentioned associations and (3) whether the association between ED and body composition and CRF is influenced by levels of physical activity. In a cross-sectional design, 208 overweight and obese children (8-12-year-old; 111 boys) completed two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. ED was calculated using two different approaches: EDS and EDSL. Under-reporters were determined with the Goldberg method. Body composition, anthropometry and fasting blood sample measurements were performed. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was registered with accelerometers (7-d-register). Linear regressions were performed to evaluate the association of ED with the previously mentioned variables. Neither EDS nor EDSL were associated with body composition or CRF. However, when under-reporters were excluded, EDS was positively associated with BMI (P=0 019), body fat percentage (P=0 005), abdominal fat (P=0 008) and fat mass index (P=0 018), while EDSL was positively associated with body fat percentage (P=0 008) and fat mass index (P=0 026). When stratifying the group according to physical activity recommendations, the aforementioned associations were only maintained for non-compliers. Cluster analysis showed that the low-ED and high-MVPA group presented the healthiest profile for all adiposity and CRF. These findings could partly explain inconsistencies in literature, as we found that different ED calculations entail distinct results. Physical activity levels and excluding under-reporters greatly influence the associations between ED and adiposity in children with overweight and obesity., The research leading to these results has received funding from la Caixa Foundation and Triptolemos Foundation, the Ministry of Health (FIS PI081297), the Research Network on Preventative Activities and Health Promotion (RD06/0018/ 0038), the Henning and Johan Throne-Holst Foundation (F. B. O.), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/03329 to M. M.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013-47540 and DEP2016-78377-R; BES-2014-068829 to C. C.-S.), Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01335), Fondos Estructurales de la Union Europea (FEDER), Una manera de hacer Europa, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2011-09011 to F. B. O.), the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence Actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Programa de Captacion de Talento - UGR Fellows (L. G.-M.), the SAMID III network, RETICS (PN I +D+ I 2017-2021). This study has been partially funded by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference SOMM17/6107/UGR. ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (RD16/ 0022), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI), and the University of the Basque Country (GIU14/21). J. M.-G. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/06837). J. H. M. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645).

The objective of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the associations of physical activity and the adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) with bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) in children with overweight and obesity. A total of 177 (n = 80 girls) children with overweight and obesity aged 8 to 12 years old participated in the study. Both BMC and BMD were assessed by Dual-Energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary patterns were assessed by the KIDMED questionnaire and two 24-hour recalls. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometers for 7 consecutive days (24 hours/day). Low adherence to the MDP was observed in 82.4% of participants. Higher physical activity levels (of at least moderate intensity) and lower sedentary time were significantly associated with BMC and BMD in children with low adherence to the MDP (all p < 0.05). No associations were observed between physical activity and BMC and BMD in children with high adherence to the MDP. In conclusion, engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity and reducing the time spent in sedentary behavior might be particularly beneficial for improving bone health in overweight or obese children with poor adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern., The ActiveBrains Project was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Reference DEP2013-47540 and DEP2016-79512-R). EFIGRO was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health, "Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III" (PI13/01335), "Fondos Estructurales de la Union Europea (FEDER), Una manera de hacer Europa", by the University of the Basque Country (GIU14/21), and by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES). LGM is funded by Programa de Captación de Talento-UGR Fellows. MM is supported by grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/03329) and EST17/00210. LA is supported by a grant from Education, Linguistic Policy, and Culture Department of the Government of the Basque Country (PRE_2016_1_0057).

On behalf of the HELENA study group., [Background and aims] Inflammation may influence the cardio-metabolic profile which relates with the risk of chronic diseases. This study aimed to assess the inflammatory status by metabolic health (MH)/body mass index (BMI) category and to assess how inflammatory markers can predict the cardio-metabolic profile in European adolescents, considering BMI. [Methods and results] A total of 659 adolescents (295 boys) from a cross-sectional European study were included. Adolescents were classified by metabolic health based on age- and sex-specific cut-off points for glucose, blood pressure, triglycerides, high density cholesterol and BMI. C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL-6), complement factors (C3, C4) and cell adhesion molecules were assessed. [Results] Metabolically abnormal (MA) adolescents had higher values of C3 (p < 0.001) and C4 (p = 0.032) compared to those metabolically healthy (MHy). C3 concentrations significantly increased with the deterioration of the metabolic health and BMI (p < 0.001). Adolescents with higher values of CRP had higher probability of being in the overweight/obese-MH group than those allocated in other categories. Finally, high C3 and C4 concentrations increased the probability of having an unfavorable metabolic/BMI status. [Conclusions] Metabolic/BMI status and inflammatory biomarkers are associated, being the CRP, C3 and C4 the most related inflammatory markers with this condition. C3 and C4 were associated with the cardio-metabolic health consistently., The HELENA Study was supported by the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034) and the Stockholm County Council. This analysis was also supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI-2010-07055) and the gs4:European Regional Development Fund (FEDER). CCS is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES-2014-068829). FBO is supported by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2011-09011). AIR was funded by a Juan de la Cierva-Formación stipend from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government (FJCI-2014-19795)., Peer Reviewed

On behalf of the HELENA project group., Objectives To examine the association of health-related physical fitness components and accurate measures of fatness with attention in European adolescents. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods A sub-sample of 444 adolescents from the HELENA study (14.5 ± 1.2 years) from 6 different countries participated in this study. Adolescents underwent evaluations of fitness (20 m shuttle run, handgrip strength, standing long jump and 4 × 10 m shuttle run tests), fatness (body mass index, skinfold thicknesses, bioelectrical impedance, Bod Pod and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and attention (d2-test). Results Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with better attention capacity (β = 0.1, p = 0.03). Body mass index and fat mass index measured by Bod Pod and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a subset were negatively associated with attention (β = −0.11, p = 0.02; β = −0.36, p = 0.02; β = −0.34, p = 0.03; respectively). All models were adjusted for age, sex, family-affluence scale and mother education. When these models were additionally adjusted for cardiorespiratory fitness when fatness was the main predictor and vice versa, the associations were somewhat attenuated and were no longer statistically significant. Muscular strength, speed-agility and body fatness markers measured by bioelectrical impedance and skinfolds were not associated with attention. The fit and non-overweight adolescents presented the highest values of attention capacity whilst their unfit and overweight peers showed the lowest values of attention (47.31 ± 2.34 vs. 33.74 ± 4.39; p < 0.01). Conclusions Our results support that both cardiorespiratory fitness and fatness are associated with attention, yet these associations are not independent. A combined effect was also observed, with fit and non-overweight adolescents showing the highest levels of attention and those unfit and overweight the lowest., The HELENA Study was carried out with the financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034) and of the Stockholm County Council. FBO and JRR are supported by grants from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2011-09011 and RYC-2010-05957, respectively). CCS is supported by grants from the University of Granada and Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FPU2013/55, BES-2014-068829). In addition, this study takes place under the umbrella of the ActiveBrains project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref. DEP2013-47540); and it was further supported by the SAMID III network, RETICS, funded by the PN I+D+I 2017-2021 (Spain), ISCIII- Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (Ref. RD16/0022). This work is part of a Ph.D. Thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain., Peer Reviewed