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A computational predictive tool for assessing patient-specific corneal tissue properties is developed. This predictive tool considers as input variables the corneal central thickness (CCT), the intraocular pressure (IOP), and the maximum deformation amplitude of the corneal apex (U) when subjected to a non-contact tonometry test. The proposed methodology consists of two main steps. First, an extensive dataset is generated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations based on finite element models with patient-specific geometric features that simulate the non-contact tonometry test. The cornea is assumed to be an anisotropic tissue to reproduce the experimentally observed mechanical behavior. A clinical database of 130 patients (53 healthy, 63 keratoconic and 14 post-LASIK surgery) is used to generate a dataset of more than 9000 cases by permuting the material properties. The second step consists of constructing predictive models for the material parameters of the constitutive model as a function of the input variables. Four different approximations are explored: quadratic response surface (QRS) approximation, multiple layer perceptron (MLP), support vector regressor (SVR), and K-nn search. The models are validated against data from five real patients. The material properties obtained with the predicted models lead to a simulated corneal displacement that is within 10% error of the measured value in the worst case scenario of a patient with very advanced keratoconus disease. These results demonstrate the potential and soundness of the proposed methodology., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seven Framework Program managed by REA Research Executive agency http://ec.europa.eu/research/rea (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant Agreement FP7-SME-2013 606634, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under the Grant Agreement DPI2014-54981R, the Government of Aragón (predoctoral contract of the author), the Ibercaja-CAI mobility program (mobility funding for research stay of the author) and the Swiss Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research (Federal Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students).

This paper describes a real-time sequential method to simultaneously recover the camera motion and the 3D shape of deformable objects from a calibrated monocular video. For this purpose, we consider the Navier-Cauchy equations used in 3D linear elasticity and solved by finite elements, to model the time-varying shape per frame. These equations are embedded in an extended Kalman filter, resulting in sequential Bayesian estimation approach. We represent the shape, with unknown material properties, as a combination of elastic elements whose nodal points correspond to salient points in the image. The global rigidity of the shape is encoded by a stiffness matrix, computed after assembling each of these elements. With this piecewise model, we can linearly relate the 3D displacements with the 3D acting forces that cause the object deformation, assumed to be normally distributed. While standard finite-element-method techniques require imposing boundary conditions to solve the resulting linear system, in this work we eliminate this requirement by modeling the compliance matrix with a generalized pseudoinverse that enforces a pre-fixed rank. Our framework also ensures surface continuity without the need for a post-processing step to stitch all the piecewise reconstructions into a global smooth shape. We present experimental results using both synthetic and real videos for different scenarios ranging from isometric to elastic deformations. We also show the consistency of the estimation with respect to 3D ground truth data, include several experiments assessing robustness against artifacts and finally, provide an experimental validation of our performance in real time at frame rate for small maps., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under projects RT-SLAM DPI2015-67275-P, RobInstruct TIN2014-58178-R and Keratocono DPI2014-54981-R; by the FP7-SME-2013 606634 PopCorn project from the European Union FP7; by the ERA-net CHISTERA project VISEN PCIN-2013-047 and I-DRESS PCIN-2015-147; and by a scholarship FPU12/04886 awarded by the Spanish MECD., Peer reviewed

Trabajo presentado al WACV 2016: IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision, celebrado en Lake Placid, NY(US) del 7 al 9 de marzo de 2016., This paper describes an on-line approach for estimating non-rigid shape and camera pose from monocular video sequences. We assume an initial estimate of the shape at rest to be given and represented by a triangulated mesh, which is encoded by a matrix of the distances between every pair of vertexes. By applying spectral analysis on this matrix, we are then able to compute a low-dimensional shape basis, that in contrast to standard approaches, has a very direct physical interpretation and requires a much smaller number of modes to span a large variety of deformations, either for inextensible or extensible configurations. Based on this low-rank model, we then sequentially retrieve both camera motion and non-rigid shape in each image, optimizing the model parameters with bundle adjustment over a sliding window of image frames. Since the number of these parameters is small, specially when considering physical priors, our approach may potentially achieve real-time performance. Experimental results on real videos for different scenarios demonstrate remarkable robustness to artifacts such as missing and noisy observations., This work has been partially supported by the Spanish MCI under projects RobInstruct TIN2014-58178-R, SVMap DIP2012-32168 and Keratocono DPI2014-54981-R; by the ERA-net CHISTERA projects VISEN PCIN-2013-047 and I-DRESS PCIN-2015-147; and by a scholarship
FPU12/04886 of the Spanish MECD., Peer reviewed

PURPOSE. To develop a rabbit model of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) as the best method to reproduce the natural course of this disease. METHODS. To induce AK, infected contact lenses (1000 amoebae/mm2, 90% trophozoites) were placed over the previously debrided corneal surface, in combination with a temporary tarsorrhaphy. Environmental and clinical strains of Acanthamoeba spp. (genotype T4) were used. Three groups (1L, n = 32; 2L–21d, n = 5; 2L–3d, n = 23) were established according to the number of contact lenses used (1L, 1 lens; 2L–21d and 2L–3d, 2 lenses) and the placement day of these (1L, day 1; 2L–21d, days 1 and 21; 2L–3d, days 1 and 3). The infection was quantified by a clinical score system and confirmed using corneal cytology and culture, polymerase chain reaction and histopathologic analysis. RESULTS. The infection rate obtained was high (1L, 87.5%; 2L–21d, 100%; 2L–3d, 82.6%), although no clinical signs were observed in the 50% of the infected animals in group 1L. Among groups, group 2L–3d showed more cases of moderate and severe infection. Among strains, no statistically significant differences were found in the infection rate. In the control eyes, cross infection was confirmed when a sterile contact lens was placed in the previously debrided corneas but not if the eye remained intact. CONCLUSIONS. The combination of two infected contact lenses after corneal debridement seems to be an alternative model, clinically and histopathologically similar to its human counterpart, to induce the different AK stages and reproduce the course of the disease in rabbits.

In the present study a computational finite element technique is proposed to simulate the mechanical response of muscles in the abdominal wall. This technique considers the active behavior of the tissue taking into account both collagen and muscle fiber directions. In an attempt to obtain the computational response as close as possible to real muscles, the parameters needed to adjust the mathematical formulation were determined from in vitro experimental tests. Experiments were conducted on male New Zealand White rabbits (2047. ±. 34. g) and the active properties of three different muscles: Rectus Abdominis, External Oblique and multi-layered samples formed by three muscles (External Oblique, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominis) were characterized. The parameters obtained for each muscle were incorporated into a finite strain formulation to simulate active behavior of muscles incorporating the anisotropy of the tissue. The results show the potential of the model to predict the anisotropic behavior of the tissue associated to fibers and how this influences on the strain, stress and generated force during an isometric contraction.

The aim of this study was to conduct a preclinical evaluation of the behaviour of a new type of abdominal LW prosthesis (Ciberlastic), which was designed with a non-absorbable elastic polyurethane monofilament (Assuplus, Assut Europe, Italy) to allow greater adaptability to mechanical area requirements and higher bio-mimicking with the newly formed surrounding tissues. Our hypothesis was that an increase in the elasticity of the mesh filament could improve the benefits of LW prostheses. To verify our hypothesis, we compared the short- and long-term behaviour of Ciberlastic and Optilene® elastic commercial meshes by repairing the partially herniated abdomen in New Zealand White rabbits. The implanted meshes were mechanically and histologically assessed at 14 and 180 days post-implant. We mechanically characterized the partially herniated repaired muscle tissue and also determined mesh shrinkage at different post-implant times. This was followed by a histological study in which the tissue incorporation process was analysed over time. The new prosthesis designed by our group achieved good behaviour that was similar to that of Optilene®, one of the most popular LW prostheses on the market, with the added advantage of its elastic property. The mechanical properties are significantly lower than those of the polypropylene Optilene® mesh, and the new elastic mesh meets the basic mechanical requirements for positioning in the abdominal wall, which was also demonstrated by the absence of recurrences after implantation in the experimental model. We found that the growth of a connective tissue rich in collagen over the hernial defect and the proper deposit of the collagen fibres in the regenerated tissue substantially modified the original properties of the mesh, thereby increasing its biomechanical strength and making the whole tissue/mesh stiffer.

A novel technique is proposed to predict force reduction in skeletal muscle due to fatigue under the influence of electrical stimulus parameters and muscle physiological characteristics. Twelve New Zealand white rabbits were divided in four groups ((Formula presented.)) to obtain the active force evolution of in vitro Extensor Digitorum Longus muscles for an hour of repeated contractions under different electrical stimulation patterns. Left and right muscles were tested, and a total of 24 samples were used to construct a response surface based in the proper generalized decomposition. After the response surface development, one additional rabbit was used to check the predictive potential of the technique. This multidimensional surface takes into account not only the decay of the maximum repeated peak force, but also the shape evolution of each contraction, muscle weight, electrical input signal and stimulation protocol. This new approach of the fatigue simulation challenge allows to predict, inside the multispace surface generated, the muscle response considering other stimulation patterns, different tissue weight, etc.

A finite element model (FE) of the eye including cornea, sclera, crystalline lens, and ciliary body was created to analyze the influence of the silicone encircling bandwidth and the tightness degree on the myopia induced by scleral buckling (SB) procedure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was applied to the reference geometry of the FE model and then SB surgery was simulated with encircling bandwidths of 1, 2, and 2.5 mm. Different levels of tightening and three values of IOP were applied. The anterior segment resulted as unaffected by the surgery. The highest value of Cauchy stress appeared in the surroundings of the implant, whereas no increment of stress was observed either in anterior segment or in the optic nerve head. The initial IOP did not appear to play any role in the induced myopia. The wider the band, the greater the induced myopia: 0.44, 0.88, and 1.07 diopters (D) for the 1, 2, and 2.5 mm bandwidth, respectively. Therefore, patients become more myopic with a wider encircling element. The proposed simulations allow determining the effect of the bandwidth or the tightness degree on the axial lengthening, thus predicting the myopic increment caused by the encircling surgery.

The aim of this study was to assess the use of 2% HPMC during in vitro uniaxial tensile tests, with corneal strips immediately obtained or after storing the eyes for 24¿h in 0.9% NaCl solution at 4¿¿. The purpose was to establish a standardized procedure to prevent phenomena which can modify the mechanical properties of the tissue. Rabbit eyes were divided into four groups. Group A had seven eyes that were preserved in NaCl solution for 24¿h before testing. Group B had seven eyes that were immediately tested. In both groups, to prevent both swelling and dehydration, 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2% HPMC) was applied. Group C had seven eyes that were preserved in NaCl solution for 24¿h before testing. Group D had seven eyes that were immediately tested. In both groups, HPMC was not applied. Regarding the mechanical response, groups with HPMC showed similar Cauchy stress–stretch curves and there were no statistically significant differences at 5%, 10% and 15% strain between them, which mean that both showed similar mechanical behavior. The same result was obtained between groups without HPMC. However, for coupled groups with and without HPMC, statistically significant differences at 10% and 15% strain were observed. On the other hand, when grouped by storage time, statistically significant differences were found between groups that had eyes preserved for 24¿h with and without HPMC, respectively, as well as between groups immediately tested with and without HPMC, respectively, at 15% strain. Nevertheless, if coupled groups were considered, between groups that were preserved for 24¿h in NaCl before testing and groups that were immediately tested, no statistically significant differences were obtained. In addition, the Cauchy stress–stretch curves of groups without HPMC showed a decreasing slope of the linear part (strain¿>¿8%) of the graph during the experiment. In summary, the use of HPMC during the handling of the tissue from excision to testing seems to prevent both swelling and dehydration.

The aim of this study is to characterize the passive mechanical behaviour of abdominal wall in vivo in an animal model using only external cameras and numerical analysis. The main objective lies in defining a methodology that provides in vivo information of a specific patient without altering mechanical properties. It is demonstrated in the mechanical study of abdomen for hernia purposes. Mechanical tests consisted on pneumoperitoneum tests performed on New Zealand rabbits, where inner pressure was varied from 0 mmHg to 12 mmHg. Changes in the external abdominal surface were recorded and several points were tracked. Based on their coordinates we reconstructed a 3D finite element model of the abdominal wall, considering an incompressible hyperelastic material model defined by two parameters. The spatial distributions of these parameters (shear modulus and non linear parameter) were calculated by inverse analysis, using two different types of regularization: Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) and Tikhonov (H1). After solving the inverse problem, the distribution of the material parameters were obtained along the abdominal surface. Accuracy of the results was evaluated for the last level of pressure. Results revealed a higher value of the shear modulus in a wide stripe along the craneo-caudal direction, associated with the presence of linea alba in conjunction with fascias and rectus abdominis. Non linear parameter distribution was smoother and the location of higher values varied with the regularization type. Both regularizations proved to yield in an accurate predicted displacement field, but H1 obtained a smoother material parameter distribution while TVD included some discontinuities. The methodology here presented was able to characterize in vivo the passive non linear mechanical response of the abdominal wall.

Purpose: To study the functional recovery of the superior rectus muscle (SRM) after its partial resection in a rabbit model with and without cryopreserved amniotic membrane (AM).
Material and methods: Resection of the right and left SRMs of 30 rabbits was performed. On the left eyes, a single sheet of equine cryopreserved AM was placed covering the muscle edge sutured. Active and passive mechanical properties of muscles operated with and without AM were monitored over time at 30 (n = 10), 60 (n = 10), and 90 (n = 10) days after surgery. Muscle samples were extracted and electrically stimulated to register the force exerted by the samples, characterizing its active behavior. They were, then, subjected to stretching test to obtain its resistance to deformation, known as passive behavior. Moreover, right and left eyes of a control group (n = 5) were equally subjected to active and passive tests to characterize the physiological behavior of SRM muscles.
Results: On active function examination, statistically significant differences were documented between the following: control vs AM and no AM at 30 days (p = 0.002 and p = 0.04, respectively). All other comparisons were insignificant (p > 0.05). On passive function analysis, significant differences were only found between control vs. no AM at 30 days (p = 0.004) and between AM vs. no AM at 30 days (p = 0.002). Indeed, muscle operated without AM did not recover a normal passive function until 60 days after surgery.
Conclusion: Cryopreserved AM is effective in accelerating recovery of SRM passive function in rabbits. Nevertheless, AM produced no significant effect on recovery of SRM active function.¿

Despite the widespread use of synthetic meshes in the surgical treatment of the hernia pathology, the election criteria of a suitable mesh for specific patient continues to be uncertain. Thus, in this work, we propose a methodology to determine in advance potential disadvantages on the use of certain meshes based on the patient-specific abdominal geometry and the mechanical features of the certain meshes. To that purpose, we have first characterized the mechanical behavior of four synthetic meshes through biaxial tests. Secondly, two of these meshes were implanted in several New Zealand rabbits with a total defect previously created on the center of the abdominal wall. After the surgical procedure, specimen were subjected to in vivo pneumoperitoneum tests to determine the immediate post-surgical response of those meshes after implanted in a healthy specimen. Experimental performance was recorded by a stereo rig with the aim of obtaining quantitative information about the pressure-displacement relation of the abdominal wall. Finally, following the procedure presented in prior works (Simón-Allué et al., 2015, 2017), a finite element model was reconstructed from the experimental measurements and tests were computationally reproduced for the healthy and herniated cases. Simulations were compared and validated with the in vivo behavior and results were given along the abdominal wall in terms of displacements, stresses and strain. Mechanical characterization of the meshes revealed Surgipro TM as the most rigid implant and Neomesh SuperSoft® as the softer, while other two meshes (Neomesh Soft® Neopore®) remained in between. These two meshes were employed in the experimental study and resulted in similar effect in the abdominal wall cavity and both were close to the healthy case. Simulations confirmed this result while showed potential objections in the case of the other two meshes, due to high values in stresses or elongation that may led to discomfort in real tissue. The use of this methodology on human surgery may provide the surgeons with reliable and useful information to avoid certain meshes on specific-patient treatment.

Keratoconus is an idiopathic, non-inflammatory and degenerative corneal disease characterised by a loss of the organisation in the corneal collagen fibrils. As a result, keratoconic corneas present a localised thinning and conical protrusion with irregular astigmatism and high myopia that worsen visual acuity. Intracorneal ring segments (ICRSs) are used in clinic to regularise the corneal surface and to prevent the disease from progressing. Unfortunately, the post-surgical effect of the ICRS is not explicitly accounted beforehand. Traditional treatments rely on population-based nomograms and the experience of the surgeon. In this vein, in silico models could be a clinical aid tool for clinicians to plan the intervention, or to test the post-surgical impact of different clinical scenarios. A semi-automatic computational methodology is presented in order to simulate the ICRS surgical operation and to predict the post-surgical optical outcomes. For the sake of simplicity, circular cross section rings, average corneas and an isotropic hyperelastic material are used. To determine whether the model behaves physiologically and to carry out a sensitivity analysis, a (Formula presented.) full-factorial analysis is carried out. In particular, how the stromal depth insertion, horizontal distance of ring insertion (hDRI) and diameter of the ring’s cross section ((Formula presented.)) are impacting in the spherical and cylindrical power of the cornea is analysed. Afterwards, the kinematics, mechanics and optics of keratoconic corneas after the ICRS insertion are analysed. Based on the parametric study, we can conclude that our model follows clinical trends previously reported. In particular and although there is an improvement in defocus, all corneas presented a change in their optical aberrations. The stromal depth insertion is the parameter that affects the corneal optics the most, whereas hDRI and (Formula presented.) are less important. Not only that, but it is almost impossible to achieve an optimal trade-off between spherical and cylindrical correction. Regarding the mechanical behaviour, inserting the rings at 65% depth or above will cause the cornea to slightly bend. This abnormal stress distribution greatly distorts the corneal optics and, more importantly, could be the cause of clinical problems such as corneal extrusion. Not only that, but our model also supports that rings are acting as restraint elements which relax the stresses of the corneal stroma in the cone of the disease. However, depending on the exact spatial location of the keratoconus, the insertion of rings could promote its evolution instead of preventing it. ICRS inserted deeper will prevent keratoconus in the posterior stroma from growing (relaxation of posterior surface), but will promote its growing if they are located in the anterior surface (increment of stress). In conclusion, the methodology proposed is suitable for simulating long-term mechanical and optical effects of ICRS insertion.

Understanding corneal biomechanics is important for applications regarding refractive surgery prediction outcomes and the study of pathologies affecting the cornea itself. In this regard, non-contact tonometry (NCT) is gaining interest as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in ophthalmology, and is becoming an alternative method to characterize corneal biomechanics in vivo. In general, identification of material parameters of the cornea from a NCT test relies on the inverse finite element method, for which an accurate and reliable modelization of the test is required. This study explores four different modeling strategies ranging from pure structural analysis up to a fluid–structure interaction model considering the air–cornea and humor–cornea interactions. The four approaches have been compared using clinical biomarkers commonly used in ophthalmology. Results from the simulations indicate the importance of considering the humors as fluids and the deformation of the cornea when determining the pressure applied by the air-jet during the test. Ignoring this two elements in the modeling lead to an overestimation of corneal displacement and therefore an overestimation of corneal stiffness when using the inverse finite element method.

The Calcium ion Ca2+ plays a critical role as an initiator and preserving agent of the cross-bridge cycle in the force generation of skeletal muscle. A new multi-scale chemo-mechanical model is presented in order to analyze the role of Ca2+ in muscle fatigue and to predict fatigue behavior. To this end, a cross-bridge kinematic model was incorporated in a continuum based mechanical model, considering a thermodynamic compatible framework. The contractile velocity and the generated active force were directly related to the force-bearing states that were considered for the cross-bridge cycle. In order to determine the values of the model parameters, the output results of an isometric simulation were initially fitted with experimental data obtained for rabbit Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle. Furthermore, a simulated force-velocity curve under concentric contractions was compared with reported experimental results. Finally, by varying the Ca2+ concentration level and its kinetics in the tissue, the model was able to predict the evolution of the active force of an experimental fatigue protocol. The good agreement observed between the simulated results and the experimental outcomes proves the ability of the model to reproduce the fatigue behavior and its applicability for more detailed multidisciplinary investigations related to chemical conditions in muscle performance.

Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are used in the cataract treatment for surgical replacement of the opacified crystalline lens. Before being implanted they have to pass the strict quality control to guarantee a good biomechanical stability inside the capsular bag, avoiding the rotation, and to provide a good optical quality. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of the material and haptic design on the behavior of the IOLs under dynamic compression condition. For this purpose, the strain-stress characteristics of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials were estimated experimentally. Next, these data were used as the input for a finite-element model (FEM) to analyze the stability of different IOL haptic designs, according to the procedure described by the ISO standards. Finally, the simulations of the effect of IOL tilt and decentration on the optical performance were performed in an eye model using a ray-tracing software. The results suggest the major importance of the haptic design rather than the material on the postoperative behavior of an IOL. FEM appears to be a powerful tool for numerical studies of the biomechanical properties of IOLs and it allows one to help in the design phase to the manufacturers.

This work presents a novel methodology for building a three-dimensional patient-specific eyeball model suitable for performing a fully automatic finite element (FE) analysis of the corneal biomechanics. The reconstruction algorithm fits and smooths the patient’s corneal surfaces obtained in clinic with corneal topographers and creates an FE mesh for the simulation. The patient’s corneal elevation and pachymetry data is kept where available, to account for all corneal geometric features (central corneal thickness–CCT and curvature). Subsequently, an iterative free-stress algorithm including a fiber’s pull-back is applied to incorporate the pre-stress field to the model. A convergence analysis of the mesh and a sensitivity analysis of the parameters involved in the numerical response is also addressed to determine the most influential features of the FE model. As a final step, the methodology is applied on the simulation of a general non-commercial non-contact tonometry diagnostic test over a large set of 130 patients—53 healthy, 63 keratoconic (KTC) and 14 post-LASIK surgery eyes. Results show the influence of the CCT, intraocular pressure (IOP) and fibers (87%) on the numerical corneal displacement (Formula presented.) the good agreement of the (Formula presented.) with clinical results, and the importance of considering the corneal pre-stress in the FE analysis. The potential and flexibility of the methodology can help improve understanding of the eye biomechanics, to help to plan surgeries, or to interpret the results of new diagnosis tools (i.e., non-contact tonometers).

Understanding corneal biomechanics is important for applications regarding refractive surgery prediction outcomes and the study of pathologies affecting the cornea itself. In this regard, non-contact tonometry (NCT) is gaining interest as a non-invasive diagnostic tool in ophthalmology, and is becoming an alternative method to characterize corneal biomechanics in vivo. In general, identification of material parameters of the cornea from a NCT test relies on the inverse finite element method, for which an accurate and reliable modelization of the test is required. This study explores four different modeling strategies ranging from pure structural analysis up to a fluid–structure interaction model considering the air–cornea and humor–cornea interactions. The four approaches have been compared using clinical biomarkers commonly used in ophthalmology. Results from the simulations indicate the importance of considering the humors as fluids and the deformation of the cornea when determining the pressure applied by the air-jet during the test. Ignoring this two elements in the modeling lead to an overestimation of corneal displacement and therefore an overestimation of corneal stiffness when using the inverse finite element method., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects DPI2014-54981-R and DPI2017-84047-R). M. A. Ariza-Gracia was supported by the Swiss Government through the ESKAS program (ESKAS-No: 2016.0194. Federal Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students FCS, Switzerland).

A finite element model (FE) of the eye including cornea, sclera, crystalline lens, and ciliary body was created to analyze the
influence of the silicone encircling bandwidth and the tightness degree on the myopia induced by scleral buckling (SB) procedure
for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was applied to the reference geometry of the FE model and
then SB surgery was simulated with encircling bandwidths of 1, 2, and 2.5 mm. Different levels of tightening and three values of
IOP were applied.The anterior segment resulted as unaffected by the surgery. The highest value of Cauchy stress appeared in the
surroundings of the implant, whereas no increment of stress was observed either in anterior segment or in the optic nerve head.
The initial IOP did not appear to play any role in the induced myopia.The wider the band, the greater the induced myopia: 0.44,
0.88, and 1.07 diopters (D) for the 1, 2, and 2.5mm bandwidth, respectively.Therefore, patients become more myopic with a wider
encircling element. The proposed simulations allow determining the effect of the bandwidth or the tightness degree on the axial
lengthening, thus predicting the myopic increment caused by the encircling surgery., The authors wish to acknowledge the research support by
the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science Research
Project DPI2014-54981R, the CIBER initiative, Instituto de
Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) Platformfor Biological Tissue Characterization
of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red
en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBERBBN),
and the Department of Industry and Innovation
(Government of Aragón) through the research group Grant
T88 (Fondo Social Europeo).