BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[EN] Lakes with strong variations in their water coverage may act as in
dicators of different natural phenomena. Recent techniques for the extraction of Satellite-Derived Shorelines (SDSs) with subpixel accuracy are potentially useful for accurate and continuous monitoring of the limits of water bodies along large periods. This work proposes a method for combining the shoreline position with a digital elevation model to assign elevation values to the points defining the SDSs along the period 1984¿2020 in the shallow Gallocanta Lake (NE Iberian Peninsula). The relationship between the water surface and the elevation allows modeling the phenomena of lake changes as well as an estimation of the volume. The obtained data enables analyzing size and elevation changes of the water surface and the volumetric changes of the lake over more than three decades with a sub-weekly frequency (2¿5 days). The results constitute a valuable data package for robust analysis of lake trends. In the short term, the methodology provides sufficient precision to capture the changes caused by single meteorological events such as rainfall, even of small magnitude. The method constitutes a novel approach for curate hydric monitoring of lakes and water bodies, along large terrtories without requiring continuous in situ data acquisition., Support This research has been supported by the projects 'Monitorizacion de precision de las fluctuaciones de agua de humedales salinos intermitentes RAMSAR en la cuenca media del Ebro mediante teledeteccion espacial' with the financial support of Fundacion Biodiversidad from the Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge (MITECO), PCI2018-092999 (AQUASALT) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and co-funded by European Union, AQ-01.2021 (IRENE) funded by the Government of Aragon, MONOBESAT (PID2019-111435RB-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, and the Margarita Salas contract within the Re-qualification programme by the Spanish Ministry of Universities financed by the European Union-NextGenerationEU. This is a contribution to Research Group RNM 328 of the Andalusian Research Plan (PAI), and to CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Tele-deteccion (PTI-TELEDETECT). ESA and USGS provided access to the satellite imagery. The Spanish Meteorological Agency (AEMET) provided data after contract no. L2990130734. The Ebro River-Basin Authority (CHE) provided the water level data.

Microbial communities inhabiting hypersaline wetlands, well adapted to the environmental fluctuations due to flooding and desiccation events, play a key role in the biogeochemical cycles, ensuring ecosystem service. To better understand the ecosystem functioning, we studied soil microbial communities of Salineta wetland (NE Spain) in dry and wet seasons in three different landscape stations representing situations characteristic of ephemeral saline lakes: S1 soil usually submerged, S2 soil intermittently flooded, and S3 soil with halophytes. Microbial community composition was determined according to different redox layers by 16S rRNA gene barcoding. We observed reversed redox gradient, negative at the surface and positive in depth, which was identified by PERMANOVA as the main factor explaining microbial distribution. The Pseudomonadota, Gemmatimonadota, Bacteroidota, Desulfobacterota, and Halobacteriota phyla were dominant in all stations. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) revealed that the upper soil surface layer was characterized by the predominance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) affiliated to strictly or facultative anaerobic halophilic bacteria and archaea while the subsurface soil layer was dominated by an OTU affiliated to Roseibaca, an aerobic alkali-tolerant bacterium. In addition, the potential functional capabilities, inferred by PICRUSt2 analysis, involved in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles were similar in all samples, irrespective of the redox stratification, suggesting functional redundancy. Our findings show microbial community changes according to water flooding conditions, which represent useful information for biomonitoring and management of these wetlands whose extreme aridity and salinity conditions are exposed to irreversible changes due to human activities., We acknowledge the European program ERANET-MED through the AQUASALT (NMED-0003-01) project, the French Research Agency (ANR) through the ANR-17-NMED-0003-01, and the Spanish Research Agency (AEI) through the PCI2018-092999 project.

Pedofeatures associated with ancient cold climatic conditions have been recognized in soils on terraces in the Monegros area (central Ebro Basin, Spain), at a latitude of 41°49′N and an altitude of 300 m a.s.l. Eleven soil profiles were described on fluvial deposits corresponding to the most extensive terrace (T5) of the Alcanadre River, Middle Pleistocene in age (MIS8–MIS7). Each soil horizon was sampled for physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological analyses. Macromorphological features related to pedocryogenic processes were described: involutions, jacked stones, shattered stones, detached and vertically oriented carbonatic pendents, fragmented carbonatic crusts, laminar microstructures, succitic fabric, silt cappings on rock fragments and aggregates, and irregular, broken, discontinuous and deformed gravel and sandy pockets. Accumulations of Fe–Mn oxides, dissolution features on the surface of carbonatic stones, and calcitic accumulations were identified related to vadose–phreatic conditions. The observed periglacial features developed under cold environmental conditions in exceptional geomorphic and hydrological conditions. This soil information may have potential implications in studies of paleoclimate in the Ebro Valley as well as in other Mediterranean areas., This study was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España under the projects CGL 2017‐89603‐R and PCI2018‐092999.

The aim of the present study consists on the establishment of any relationship or interaction between geomorphological processes and vegetation/habitat distribution in an area with strong environmental gradients: an active saline lake in NE Spain. The resulting maps of the major geoforms and CORINE habitats within the lacustrine area were overlain to determine any significant relationships, taking into account the elevation derived from Lidar data. Whereas the geoforms resulted to have a roughly concentric distribution, the habitats appeared to be spread across different areas, and flooding frequency seemed not to be a determining factor in their altitudinal distribution. The correspondence matrix for geoforms and habitats underlined the coincidence between presently active morphodynamic units, flooding/salinity, and habitats typical of saline environments. Geomorphological units associated with the presently active shoreline dynamics host the habitats more typically related to frequent flooding and high salinity levels. The delay between geomorphological dynamics and vegetation changes, together with the opportunistic character of vegetation, promote the coexistence of different geomorphological processes and a great variety of plant communities and habitats. As a major conclusion, the present study provides a method throughwhich a standard procedure may be set up to further determine the interaction between geomorphological processes and vegetation distribution, very useful for understanding vegetation patterns and conservation biodiversity, and the planning and managing of Natura 2000 sites., The Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Universidades funded this study (grant PCI2018-092999) within the project ERANETMED3-173 AQUASALT and additional grants were PIE-201840I009 and the support from Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, through the Fundación Biodiversidad. This is a contribution to Andalusia Research Group (P.A.I.) RNM 328. We thank Anika Meyer for her support on GIS tools.

52 Pags.- 9 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00489697, The aim of the present study consists on the establishment of any relationship or interaction between geomorphological processes and vegetation/habitat distribution in an area with strong environmental gradients: an active saline lake in NE Spain. The resulting maps of the major geoforms and CORINE habitats within the lacustrine area were overlain to determine any significant relationships, taking into account the elevation derived from Lidar data. Whereas the geoforms resulted to have a roughly concentric distribution, the habitats appeared to be spread across different areas, and flooding frequency seemed not to be a determining factor in their altitudinal distribution. The correspondence matrix for geoforms and habitats underlined the coincidence between presently active morphodynamic units, flooding/salinity, and habitats typical of saline environments. Geomorphological units associated with the presently active shoreline dynamics host the habitats more typically related to frequent flooding and high salinity levels. The delay between geomorphological dynamics and vegetation changes, together with the opportunistic character of vegetation, promote the coexistence of different geomorphological processes and a great variety of plant communities and habitats. As a major conclusion, the present study provides a method through which a standard procedure may be set up to further determine the interaction between geomorphological processes and vegetation distribution, very useful for understanding vegetation patterns and conservation biodiversity, and the planning and managing of Natura 2000 sites., The Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Universidades funded this study (grant PCI2018-092999) within the project ERANETMED3-173 AQUASALT and additional grants were PIE-201840I009 and the support from Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, through the Fundación Biodiversidad. This is a contribution to Andalusia Research Group (P.A.I.) RNM 328., Peer reviewed

35 Pags.- 3 Tabls.- 5 Figs. The definitive version is available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00652113., The agricultural and environmental functionality of irrigation districts is sometimes controversial, with salinity as a frequent argument in the arid countries. In the 20th century, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture studied the degree and extent of salinity and other facets of irrigated districts in Spain by conducting soil surveys and land evaluations from the 1940s to the early 1980s. This article presents a—probably partial—list and the available details of these studies for the Ebro Basin. We had access to some of these studies, although for most of them we only have indirect information; we also indicate the existence of these kinds of studies for other regions of mainland Spain. However, updated systematic estimations of the extent and degree of soil salinity are unavailable for most of the irrigated lands in Spain and for many other dry countries. A feasible task, as shown further in the article, is screening the value of the still readable studies and selecting the irrigation districts whose past documentation and present status allow for a new evaluation of soils, or at least measuring their actual salinity for comparison with the previous data. The results will help irrigators, government agencies, and other stakeholders in the appraisal of the effects of agricultural practices—chiefly the application of water—and to re-design them if needed. We advocate for the collection and critical review of the surviving soil studies, and for their rescue through scanning and digitalization. This task is compelling due to the decay of the existing paper documents., The Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIUN) funded this study (grant PCI2018-092999) within the project ERANETMED3-173 AQUASALT., Peer reviewed

15 Pags.- 1 Tabl. The definitive version is available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00652113, Language simplification in scientific works that use electromagnetic induction (EMI) will promote this technique in soil and water-related research and applications. One way of fostering easy understanding and communication of ideas is by omitting the usage of the term “apparent electrical conductivity” (ECa) when dealing with EMI techniques. Herein we justify that the use of ECa terminology in many EMI sensor applications is unnecessary and can create confusion due to issues on units and dimensions of ECa. While the concept of a relative electrical conductivity within a soil system may have merit, it is our opinion that the use of the term ECa is not of primary importance in many applications of EMI to the pedosphere and hydrosphere, thus, omission of the term is warranted., This contribution was written in the framework of the Letter of Intent between CSIC and TTU. The Spanish Government funded this study (grant PCI2018-092999) within the project ERANETMED3-173 AQUASALT., Peer reviewed

39 Pags.- 9 Figs.- 3 Tabls. The definitive version is available at: https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14350661, Indicator of Reduction In Soils (IRIS) technology is an important tool for identifying hydric soils, but it does not allow the user to monitor in real time. IRIS uses metal‐oxide coatings on a polyvinyl chloride surface that, under anaerobic conditions, are removed to varying degrees over a 4‐wk incubation period, during which time the user is not cognizant of the outcome. We document the viability of an alternative IRIS approach using clear‐IRIS tubes, made from cellulose acetate butyrate, that can be continuously monitored in situ with a Wi‐Fi–enabled video camera. This work shows that IRIS and clear‐IRIS tubes are statistically equivalent. Manganese‐oxide coated clear‐IRIS tubes correlated well with IRIS tubes (r = .79) and ferrous‐oxide had a high correlation (r = .97). A time‐series analysis showed that rain‐driven soil saturation induced IRIS metal‐oxide reduction and controlled the rate. Clear‐IRIS tubes enable remote sensing of metal‐oxide removal over time., This work was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project Number: MD‐ENST‐7741. C.C. and B.L. were funded by the project ERANETMED3‐173 AQUASALT (Spanish Government grant PCI2018‐092999)., Peer reviewed

17 pages, 11 figures.-- Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request, Shallow lakes in semi-arid environments are very sensitive to hydrological alterations associated with climate change. Their shorelines and geometry can change according to water level fluctuations. Gallocanta Lake (NE Spain) is a typical example of such lacustrine conditions because it is exposed to strong winds parallel to its elongation axis and is located in a semi-arid Mediterranean environment. In this work, a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area is used to compare the distribution of coastal forms (beaches, barrier islands, deltas, lagoons, etc.) with the frequency at which different water levels are attained. As a result, a clear relationship is obtained between presently active forms and the water levels most frequently reached in the lake. It is deduced that, once formed, the surrounding coastal plains related to these coastal forms control the permanence of water around a given height interval, favouring the development of these morphologies, in a positive feedback mechanism only broken by subsequent climate warming and lake water lowering. The hydrodynamic conditions responsible for activating the coastal forms have been analysed by applying a mathematical model of wind-driven currents in the lake that predicts the present erosional/progradational trends associated with them. The combination of the different results obtained was used to generate a synthetic map of active coastal processes and trends along the lake shore during high water episodes, with two versions according to the two dominant wind scenarios in the region. The distribution of erosion/sedimentation trends along the lake shores has helped to propose the existence of longitudinal littoral cells, each one recording different shoreline trend (retreat, progradation, and stability), depending on the prevailing wind scenario. This synthetic scheme can be useful for predicting the eco-morphological trends of the lake shore and adapting the present management practices in this protected area accordingly, This work has been funded by Fundación Biodiversidad (grant ‘Monitorización de precisión de las fluctuaciones de agua de humedales salinos intermitentes RAMSAR en la cuenca media del Ebro mediante teledetección espacial’) and by the grants PCI2018-092999 and PID2021-127170OB-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, both of them co-funded by the European Union, With the institutional support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), Peer reviewed

The dataset includes two Excel spreadsheets with the soil and water characteristics from samples obtained during wet (April) and dry (September) seasons in 2019, and at the end of the experiment, July 2020. The sampling was designed to characterize the soil and water in the context of the study of soil redox conditions using IRIS (Indicators of Reducing of Soils) devices. The selected sampling locations represent a gradient of water within the playa-lake: bare soil very frequently flooded (SAL-1); bare soil often flooded (SAL-2); and the plot colonized by annual and perennial halophytes (SAL-3). Soil data includes the main description of the soil layers per date in the three sampling plots, and their chemical and physical analytical data determined in the field and in the lab. We analyzed water from three different origins: i) surface water when present, ii) shallow groundwater from piezometers up to 80 cm depth, iii) suction probes installed at 20 and 40 cm depth, and iv) saturated paste extracts of soil samples. Photograph P1170434.jpg shows a view of the field setting of the experiment in 2019, April 17., The data corresponds to the Spanish study area, the Salineta inland saline wetland (41°28'55.34"N, 0° 9'23.59"W) located 60 km far from Zaragoza city, in one of the most arid areas of the Central Ebro Basin, NE Spain. In this project we studied the redox conditions of the hypersaline soils in Salineta playa-lake, which are subjected to intermittent flooding, along a period of 17 months, in 2019 and 2020., These data belong to the research project AQUASALT, EraNET that in Spain has been supported by grant PCI2018-09299 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110 0 011033 and co-funded by the European Union., Peer reviewed

This dataset comprises 20 folders corresponding to the 10 iron plus 10 manganese IRIS film samplings in Salineta playa-lake. Each IRIS sampling includes also a video obtained with the clear IRIS tubes installed close to the IRIS films. We followed the method and camera instrument described in Scott et al. (2021) (DOI: 10.1002/saj2.20171). The videos of the soil allowed the direct monitoring of the oxide-paint removal and guided the successive sampling of the IRIS films. Each sampling included the video-image monitoring of the clear-IRIS tubes and the retrieval of three replicates of Fe and Mn IRIS films. Each folder contains the field photographs of the three iron or manganese films sampled. The photographs were processed: after cropping to the area of interest, they were binarized and the reduced (white) area of the film was then quantified. The numbering of the folders follows the order of sampling, from 1 to 10, and folders are labeled with F for iron and with M for manganese films.

The Excel worksheet included in the present dataset contains the quantification data of the oxide-coating removed from iron and manganese films, together with the quantification of the black sulfides deposited on the iron films. The film area under reducing conditions (white PVC film) is expressed in percentage of the total film area. This percentage of paint removed has been calculated: 1) for every cm of the film depth (50 cm), 2) in the upper 0-30 cm of the film, and 3) in the total length of the film (0-50 cm). The removal rate indicates the reducing conditions evolution and intensity in the studied soils of the saline wetland., The data corresponds to the Spanish study area, the Salineta inland saline wetland (41°28'55.34"N, 0° 9'23.59"W) located 60 km far from Zaragoza city, in one of the most arid areas of the Central Ebro Basin, NE Spain. In this project we studied the redox conditions of the hypersaline soils in Salineta playa-lake, which are subjected to intermittent flooding, along a period of 17 months, in 2019 and 2020. The data were obtained during the monitoring of the soil redox conditions using IRIS (Indicators of Reduction in Soils) films and clear IRIS tubes coated with iron oxide and manganese oxide and supplied by the Prof. Martin Rabenhorst and Dr. Brian Scott, from the University of Maryland, USA. The monitoring of the IRIS films consisted on the quantification of the oxide-coating removed from the films. The oxide-coating of the films was reduced and then dissolved due to the microbial action. Firstly, the manganese-oxide coated films and later the iron-oxide coated films lost gradually their cover paint until showing the white underlying PVC film without paint., These data belong to the research project (AQUASALT), EraNET that in Spain has been supported by grant PCI2018-09299 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110 0 011033 and co-funded by the European Union., Peer reviewed

Indicator of Reduction In Soils (IRIS) technology is an important tool for identifying hydric soils, but it does not allow the user to monitor in real time. IRIS uses metal-oxide coatings on a polyvinyl chloride surface that, under anaerobic conditions, are removed to varying degrees over a 4-wk incubation period, during which time the user is not cognizant of the outcome. We document the viability of an alternative IRIS approach using clear-IRIS tubes, made from cellulose acetate butyrate, that can be continuously monitored in situ with a Wi-Fi–enabled video camera. This work shows that IRIS and clear-IRIS tubes are statistically equivalent. Manganese-oxide coated clear-IRIS tubes correlated well with IRIS tubes (r =.79) and ferrous-oxide had a high correlation (r =.97). A time-series analysis showed that rain-driven soil saturation induced IRIS metal-oxide reduction and controlled the rate. Clear-IRIS tubes enable remote sensing of metal-oxide removal over time.