BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

[Abstract] The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure., This research has been funded by the Projects EPOS IP 676564, EPOS SP 871121, SERA 730900, GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government) and the Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) under the Grant Agreement 823844. IDF was funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). JA and M-GL are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJC 2018-036074-I and IJC 2018-036826-I, respectively), funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. AH is grateful for his Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC 2020-029253-I). Additional funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI 2018-095594-B-I00, PGC 2018-095154-B-100) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, 2017SGR1022). AP’s work was supported by: a Science Foundation Ireland Career Development Award (17/CDA/4695); an investigator award (16/IA/4520); a Marine Research Programme funded by the Irish Government, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/CC/18/01); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme InnoVar under grant agreement No 818144; SFI Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science 18/CRT/6049, and SFI Research Centre awards I-Form 16/RC/3872 and Insight 12/RC/2289_P2. AH and SG thank the Spanish research project PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2-1-R) which provided some of their financial support. JF is supported by an Atracción de Talento senior fellowship (2018-T1/AMB/11493) funded by Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), and a project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-114854GB-C22), Junta de Castilla y León; SA0084P20, Generalitat de Catalunya; 2017SGR1022, Science Foundation Ireland; 17/CDA/4695, Science Foundation Ireland; 16/IA/4520, Ireland. Marine Institute; PBA/CC/18/01, Science Foundation Ireland; 18/CRT/6049, Science Foundation Ireland; 16/RC/3872, Science Foundation Ireland; 12/RC/2289_P2, Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid; 2018-T1/AMB/11493

AGU Fall Meeting 2020 ,online 1-17 December 2020, The present-day lithospheric structure of the Central Mediterranean Orogenic system is largely the result of tectonic and geodynamic processes related to the full subduction of the Tethyan oceanic domains. During the last decades, this region has been the target of numerous geological and geophysical studies to unravel the crustal and lithospheric structure. However, the contribution of the chemical composition and phase transitions on the physical properties in the lithospheric mantle are usually not considered. We aim at constraining and characterizing the present-day lithosphere and mantle structure along a geo-transect crossing the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, the Northern Apennines, the Adriatic Sea, the Dinarides fold belt and the Pannonian back-arc basin by applying the integrated petrological-geophysical modelling tool, LitMod2D_2.0. Key properties of rocks (i.e., density, thermal conductivity and seismic velocities) and their spatial distribution are inferred from geophysical data (gravity, seismic, elevation, and heat flow) consistently with the thermochemical conditions and with the isostatic equilibrium along the section. Our results imply prominently lateral variations in the present-day lithospheric structure along the modeled geo-transect, affecting crustal and lithospheric mantle thickness, temperature, density distribution, and mantle composition that reveals the imprint of the complex geodynamic evolution of the area., This is a GeoCAM contribution (PGC2018-095154-B-I00)

EGU General Assembly 2021, Online, 19–30 April 2021, A number or previous studies indicate the possibility of post-collisional continental delamination
in the northern Apennines. In this study we investigate by means of thermo-mechanical modelling
the conditions for, and consequences of, delamination postdating continental subduction in this
region. The modelled cross-section strikes approximately from Corsica to the Adriatic Sea. The
initial model setup simulates the scenario at ca 20 Ma, where the oceanic lithosphere of the
westward-subducting Adria plate was entirely consumed and some amount of continental
subduction also occurred. The negative buoyancy of the slab remnant, together with the low
viscosity of the dragged down lower continental crust, promote lithospheric mantle sinking into
the mantle and asthenospheric upwelling and its lateral expansion along the lower crust.
Consistent with geological data, the compressional front produced by delamination migrates
about 260 km eastwards, causing a similar migrating pattern of extension from the northern
Tyrrhenian Sea, to Tuscany and the seismogenically active Apennines backbone. The topographic
response is computed by means of a true free-surface approach, and reflects the same eastward
migrating pattern of uplift caused by asthenospheric inflow in the internal part of the system and
crustal thickening; and subsidence at the front caused by the negative buoyancy of the sinking
Adria slab. The conditions for the occurrence of magmatism and high heat flow beneath Tuscany
are also explored. Simulations resulting in fast migration of the delamination front predict slab
necking and breakoff, which could be consistent with the slab window observed beneath the
central Apennines. Subcrustal seismicity beneath the Northern Apennines can be interpreted as
the result to this incipient slab necking., This is a GeoCAM contribution (PGC2018-095154-B-I00)

Special issue Physical properties and observations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system.-- 21 pages, 15 figures, 3 tables, 1 appendix, The topography of the Iberian Peninsula is characterized by the presence of Variscan and Alpine orogenic belts and foreland basins, but what sets it apart from the rest of Western Europe are the large elevated flat surfaces (700 m above sea-level on average) in its central parts. The origin and support of such high average topography, whether isostatic or dynamic in nature, is a matter of intense debate. To understand Iberian topography, it is key to have a reliable image of the present-day lithospheric thermochemical structure. So far, this structure remains poorly constrained, particularly at mantle level. The goal of this paper is to derive robust estimates of the thermal, compositional and density structure of the lithosphere beneath the Iberian Peninsula from an integrated geophysical-petrological probabilistic inversion of surface wave, elevation, geoid anomaly and heat flow data. Our inversion reveals an average lithospheric thickness of 80–100 km in the Iberian Peninsula with only moderate lateral variations. The most prominent lithospheric thickness change is a steep decrease from the central to the easternmost Pyrenees. The thinnest lithosphere in our models is found below the south-eastern Mediterranean margin (<80 km), overlapping with the Neogene Tallante-Cabo de Gata volcanic fields. The present-day thermochemical structure reveals a clear imprint of the geodynamic evolution of Iberia. Lithospheric thickness and, therefore, lithospheric geotherms are to a large extent related to Alpine Cenozoic compression and extension. The western Pyrenees and Iberian chains seem to have been affected by Mesozoic rifting processes that imprinted a fertile signature into the originally more refractory Variscan Iberian lithosphere. In the Betic domain to the south, the lithospheric thermochemical structure is likely conditioned by the ongoing Alboran subduction. Except for the Mediterranean margin, where we find evidence for moderate negative dynamic topography, most of the surface elevation in Iberia can be explained by lateral density contrasts associated with variations in crustal and lithospheric thickness and lithology, This project has been funded by Spanish Ministry of Science projects CGL2012-37222 (J. Fullea) and PGC2018-095154-B-I00 (A.M Negredo). J. Fullea is supported by an Atracción Talento senior fellowship (2018-T1/AMB/11493) funded by Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain). I. Palomeras is funded by the Beatriz Galindo fellowship (BEAGAL18/00090) co-founded by the Spanish Ministry of Education and University of Salamanca (Spain). ICM-CSIC is a Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project CEX2019-000928-S, Peer reviewed

The geodynamic evolution of the Western Mediterranean for the past 35 My is a matter of debate. Present-day structure and composition of the lithosphere and sublithospheric mantle may help in constraining the geodynamic evolution of the region. We use an integrated geophysical-petrological modeling to derive and compare the present-day thermal, density and compositional structure of the lithosphere and sublithospheric mantle along two NNW-SSE oriented transects crossing the back-arc Alboran and Algerian basins, from onshore Iberia to the northern Africa margin. The crust is constrained using available seismic data and geological cross-sections, whereas seismic tomography and mantle xenoliths constrain the upper mantle structure and composition. Results show a thick crust (37 and 30 km) and a relative deep LAB (130 and 150 km) underneath the HP/LT metamorphic units of the Internal Betics and Greater Kabylies, respectively, which contrast with the 16 km thick magmatic crust of the Alboran Basin and the 10 km thick oceanic crust of the Algerian Basin. The sharp change in lithosphere thickness, from the orogenic wedge to the back-arc basins, contrasts with the gentler lithosphere thickening toward the respective opposed margins. Our results confirm the presence of detached slabs ∼400 °C colder than upper mantle and a fertile composition than the continental lithospheric mantle beneath the External Betics and Saharan Atlas. Presence of detached quasi-vertical sublithospheric slabs dipping toward the SSE in the Betics and toward the NNW in the Kabylies and the opposed symmetric lithospheric structure support an opposite dipping subduction and retreat of two adjacent segments of the Jurassic Ligurian-Tethys realm., This work is funded by the EU Marie Curie Initial Training Network “SUBITOP” (674899-SUBITOP-H2020-MSCA-ITN-2015) and partly by SUBTETIS (PIE-CSIC-201830E039, CSIC), ALORBE (PIE-CSIC-202030E310), GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government), Equinor R&T Fornebu (Norway), and the Generalitat de Catalunya grant (AGAUR 2017 SGR 847). This work has been done using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modeling from Geo3BCN-CSIC., Peer reviewed

GeoMod 2021 conference , September 19-23, Utrecht, The Netherlands, The possibility of post-collisional continental delamination in the northern Apennines has been suggested by an
increasing number of studies. We evaluate quantitatively this hypothesis by means of thermo-mechanical modelling.
We use the Finite Element open source code ASPECT 2.2.0 (Bangerth et al., 2020) published under the GPL2, to solve
the coupled equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy for a 2D vertical section of an incompressible
fluid. We adopt a visco-plastic rheology with a composite viscosity given by a combination of diffusion and creep
dislocation viscous flow laws. The incorporation of a free surface along the top boundary allows us for properly
modelling the topographic response.
The modelled cross-section strikes approximately from Corsica to the Adriatic Sea (solid blue line in Figure 1). The initial
model setup simulates the scenario at ca 25 Ma, and it is characterised by compressional front being located in Corsica
and the presence of some amount of continental subduction. The negative buoyancy of the slab remnant, together with
the low viscosity of the dragged-down lower continental crust, promote lithospheric mantle sinking into the mantle. In
turn, the low viscosity of the dragged-down lower continental crust enables asthenospheric upwelling and its lateral
expansion along the lower crust., This is a GeoCAM contribution (PGC2018-095154-B-I00)

GeoMod 2021 conference , September 19-23, Utrecht, The Netherlands, The target area of this work is located at the junction between the Central Mediterranean Sea and the Alpine-
Carpathian orogenic belt (Fig. 1). The present-day crust and upper mantle structure of this area results from a
complex tectonic scenario mainly driven by subduction of Tethyan oceanic domains, which results in orogenic
belts (Apennines, Dinarides, and Carpathians) separated by extensional back-arc basins (Tyrrhenian and
Pannonian) and the Adriatic microplate. During the last decades, this area has been surveyed by several
geological and geophysical studies. However, the majority of them ignore the role of the petrophysical
features, including chemical composition and phase transitions, on the physical properties in the lithospheric
mantle. Here, we aim to derive the present-day crust and upper mantle structure (up to 400 km depth) along
an about 1070 km long geo-transect, crossing the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, the Northern Apennines, the
Adriatic Sea, the Dinarides fold belt, and the Pannonian back-arc basin (Fig. 1)., This research has been funded by the GeoCAM Project (PGC2018-095154-B-I00) with the contribution of the China Scholarship Council.

The geodynamic evolution of the Western Mediterranean related to the closure of the Ligurian-Tethys ocean is not yet fully resolved. We present a new 3D numerical model of double subduction with opposite polarities fostered by the inherited segmentation of the Ligurian-Tethys margins and rifting system between Iberia and NW Africa. The model is constrained by plate kinematic reconstructions and assumes that both Alboran-Tethys and Algerian-Tethys plate segments are separated by a NW-SE transform zone enabling that subduction polarity changes from SE-dipping in the Alboran-Tethys segment to NW-dipping in the Algerian-Tethys segment. The model starts about late Eocene times at 36.5 Ma and the temporal evolution of the simulation is tied to the geological evolution by comparing the rates of convergence and trench retreat, and the onset and end of opening in the Alboran Basin. Curvature of the Alboran- Tethys slab is imposed by the pinning of its western edge when reaching the end of the transform zone in the adjacent west-Africa continental block. The progressive curvature of the trench explains the observed regional stress reorientation changing from N-S to NW-SE and to E-W in the central and western regions of the Alboran Basin. The increase of the retreat rates from the Alboran- Tethys to the Algerian-Tethys slabs is compatible with the west-to-east transition from continental-to-magmatic-to-oceanic crustal nature and with the massive and partially synchronous calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism. Alkaline magmatism is related to the induced sublithospheric mantle flow by the double subduction system depicting a NE-SW upwelling trend., This work is funded by the SUBTETIS (PIE-CSIC-201830E039, CSIC), ALORBE (PIE- CSIC-202030E310), GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government), Equinor R&T Fornebu (Norway), and the Generalitat de Catalunya grant (AGAUR 2017 SGR 847). We also thank the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) through several projects (AECT-2019-1-0013 and AECT-2019-2-0005). S. Z. has been funded by the Spanish Ministry through Grant DPI2017-85139-C2-2-R, by the Catalan Government through Grant 2017-SGR-1278, and by the EU's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 777778. This work has been done in the framework of the Unidad Asociada of LACAN-UPC with CSIC and using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modeling from Geo3BCN-CSIC., Numerical experiments are named M1 and M2. M1: Alboran-Algerian system; M2: Alboran system, according to Figure S2 in Peral et al., 2022. Increasing numbers indicate different timesteps of each experiment., Peer reviewed

The geodynamic evolution of the Western Mediterranean related to the closure of the Ligurian-Tethys ocean is not yet fully resolved. We present a new 3D numerical model of double subduction with opposite polarities fostered by the inherited segmentation of the Ligurian-Tethys margins and rifting system between Iberia and NW Africa. The model is constrained by plate kinematic reconstructions and assumes that both Alboran-Tethys and Algerian-Tethys plate segments are separated by a NW-SE transform zone enabling that subduction polarity changes from SE-dipping in the Alboran-Tethys segment to NW-dipping in the Algerian-Tethys segment. The model starts about late Eocene times at 36.5 Ma and the temporal evolution of the simulation is tied to the geological evolution by comparing the rates of convergence and trench retreat, and the onset and end of opening in the Alboran Basin. Curvature of the Alboran-Tethys slab is imposed by the pinning of its western edge when reaching the end of the transform zone in the adjacent west-Africa continental block. The progressive curvature of the trench explains the observed regional stress reorientation changing from N-S to NW-SE and to E-W in the central and western regions of the Alboran Basin. The increase of the retreat rates from the Alboran-Tethys to the Algerian-Tethys slabs is compatible with the west-to-east transition from continental-to-magmatic-to-oceanic crustal nature and with the massive and partially synchronous calc-alkaline and alkaline magmatism., This work is funded by the SUBTETIS (PIE-CSIC-201830E039, CSIC), ALORBE (PIE-CSIC-202030E310), GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government), Equinor R&T Fornebu (Norway), and the Generalitat de Catalunya grant (AGAUR 2017 SGR 847). We also thank the computer resources at MareNostrum and the technical support provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) through several projects (AECT-2019-1-0013 and AECT-2019-2-0005). S. Z. has been funded by the MCIN/AEI doi:10.13039/501100011033 through project PID2020-113463RB-C32, and by EU H2020 MSCA grant agreement No 777778. This work has been done in the framework of the Unidad Asociada of LACAN-UPC with CSIC and using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modelling from Geo3BCN-CSIC., Peer reviewed

Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580, The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure.

Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580, This research has been funded by the Projects EPOS IP 676564, EPOS SP 871121, SERA 730900, GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00, Spanish Government) and the Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) under the Grant Agreement 823844. IDF was funded by a FEDER-Junta de Castilla y León Postdoctoral contract (SA0084P20). JA and M-GL are funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (IJC 2018-036074-I and IJC 2018-036826-I, respectively), funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033. AH is grateful for his Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC 2020-029253-I). Additional funding was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTI 2018-095594-B-I00, PGC 2018-095154-B-100) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR, 2017SGR1022). AP’s work was supported by: a Science Foundation Ireland Career Development Award (17/CDA/4695); an investigator award (16/IA/4520); a Marine Research Programme funded by the Irish Government, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (Grant-Aid Agreement No. PBA/CC/18/01); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme InnoVar under grant agreement No 818144; SFI Centre for Research Training in Foundations of Data Science 18/CRT/6049, and SFI Research Centre awards I-Form 16/RC/3872 and Insight 12/RC/2289_P2. AH and SG thank the Spanish research project PaleoModes (CGL2016-75281-C2-1-R) which provided some of their financial support. JF is supported by an Atracción de Talento senior fellowship (2018-T1/AMB/11493) funded by Comunidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain), and a project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-114854GB-C22)., Peer reviewed

Creep due to ice flow is generally thought to be the main cause for the formation of crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) in polycrystalline anisotropic ice. However, linking the development of CPOs to the ice flow history requires a proper understanding of the ice aggregate's microstructural response to flow transitions. In this contribution the influence of ice deformation history on the CPO development is investigated by means of full-field numerical simulations at the microscale. We simulate the CPO evolution of polycrystalline ice under combinations of two consecutive deformation events up to high strain, using the code VPFFT (visco-plastic fast Fourier transform algorithm) within ELLE. A volume of ice is first deformed under coaxial boundary conditions, which results in a CPO. The sample is then subjected to different boundary conditions (coaxial or non-coaxial) in order to observe how the deformation regime switch impacts the CPO. The model results indicate that the second flow event tends to destroy the first, inherited fabric with a range of transitional fabrics. However, the transition is slow when crystallographic axes are critically oriented with respect to the second imposed regime. Therefore, interpretations of past deformation events from observed CPOs must be carried out with caution, particularly in areas with complex deformation histories., Maria-Gema Llorens was supported by a Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación fellowship (IJC2018-036826-I), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. Enrique Gomez-Rivas was supported by the Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2018-026335-I), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE. Ilka Weikusat received support from the HFG grant no. VH-NG-802. This work is part of the CSIC-PTI POLARCSIC activities, and it has been developed using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modelling of GEO3BCN and a computer cluster of the University of Tübingen. Funding was provided partly by GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-100) of the Spanish Government.

We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)., Peer reviewed

The software used is LitMod2D_2.0 and can be downloaded from:
https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/9063 or GitHub https://github.com/ajay6763/LitMod2D_2.0_package_dist_users

All methodological information can be found on the publication., GeoCAM (ref. PGC2018-095154-B-I00), - BestfitModel.zip: The files for best fitting model. It can be loaded by LitMod2D_2.0. - BestfitModel_No_mantle_anomalies.zip: The files for best fitting model without mantle anomalies. It can be loaded by LitMod2D_2.0. - Readme.txt., Peer reviewed

This study presents a geophysical-geochemical integrated model of the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere and uppermost mantle along a transect from the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea to the Pannonian Basin, crossing the northern Apennines, the Adriatic Sea, and the Dinarides fold-thrust belt. The objectives are to image crustal thickness variations and characterize the different mantle domains. In addition, we evaluate the topographic response of opposed subductions along this transect and discuss their implications in the evolution of the region. Results show a more complex structure and slightly higher average crustal density of Adria compared to Tisza microplate. Below the Tyrrhenian Sea and Western Apennines, Moho lays at <25 km depth while along the Eastern Apennines it is as deep as 55 km. The modeled lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) below the Tyrrhenian Sea and Pannonian Basin is flat lying at ∼75 and 90 km, respectively. Below the External Apennines and Dinarides the LAB deepens to 150 km, slightly shallowing toward the Adriatic foreland basin at 125 km depth. Our results are consistent with the presence of two mantle wedges, resulting from the rollback of the Ligurian-Tethys and Vardar-NeoTethys oceanic slabs followed by continental mantle delamination of the eastern and western distal margins of Adria. These two opposed slabs beneath the Apennines and Dinarides are modeled as two thermal sublithospheric anomalies of −200°C. Most of the elevation along the profile is under thermal isostasy and departures can be explained by regional isostasy with an elastic thickness between 10 and 20 km., This work is funded by GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00) from the Spanish Government, the Generalitat de Catalunya Grant (AGAUR 2017 SGR 847) and ALORBE (PIE-CSIC-202030E10). WZ is supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC-201904910470) and EBG by the Spanish Government Grant PRE2019-090524., Peer reviewed

Renewable energy sources are key to achieve the transition toward clean energy system. Among them, the geothermal energy has a production whose effectiveness requires sufficient understanding of the temperature distribution and fluid circulation at depth, as well as of the lithological and petrophysical properties of the crust. The focus of this paper is twofold: first, we summarize the main advances in the development of new methodologies and numerical codes to characterize the properties of the thermal lithosphere in terms of its, temperature, density and composition; second, based on the compilation of available thermal modelling results, we present the depth of the thermal Lithosphere–Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) of the Iberian Peninsula and the temperature distribution at crustal depths of 5, 10, and 20 km, in addition to at Moho level. At 5 km depth, the temperature is above 110 °C with local anomalies (> 130 °C) located in the Iberian Massif and Cenozoic volcanic provinces. A similar pattern is observed at 10 and 20 km depth, where temperatures are above 190 °C and 350 °C, respectively. At 20 km depth, anomalies above > 500 °C, delineate the SE and NE Cenozoic volcanic provinces. At Moho depths, temperature ranges from 450 to 800 °C with hot regions mainly located along the Iberian Massif and the SE and NE volcanic provinces. The compiled results do not show any lithospheric anomaly that could give rise to high temperatures at shallow depths, but they do show an acceptable exploitation potential at intermediate depths. With regard to the direct use of district and greenhouse heating and for industrial processes, the potential is great throughout the Peninsula, the main challenges being the availability of groundwater and drilling costs., This work has been supported by EVAMED (PID2020-118999GB-I00) and GEOCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-100) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e). JA is funded by Grant IJC2018-036074-I and EGR by the Ramón y Cajal Fellowship RYC2018-026335-I, both funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN)/State Research Agency of Spain (AEI). Additional funding comes from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033.e., Peer reviewed

In this study we present a geophysical-geochemical integrated model of the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere and uppermost mantle of the Adria and Tisza microplates along two transects running from the Northern Apennines to the Pannonian Basin, and from the Southern Apennines to the Balkanides, respectively. The objectives are to image crustal thickness variations and characterize the different mantle domains. In addition, we evaluate the topographic response of opposed subductions and discuss their implications in the evolution of the region. Results show a more complex structure and slightly higher average crustal density of Adria compared to Tisza microplate. Below the Tyrrhenian Sea and Western Apennines, Moho is much shallower (< 25 km) than along the Eastern Apennines, where it can reach depths of 50-55 km. The LAB depth shows significant lateral variations, from the shallow LAB of the Tyrrhenian Sea and Western Apennines (< 80 km) to the thick LAB underneath the eastern Apennines and Adriatic Sea (150 and 125 km, respectively). Our results are consistent with the presence of two mantle wedges, resulting from the rollback of the Ligurian-Tethys and Vardar-NeoTethys oceanic slabs followed by continental mantle delamination of the eastern and western distal margins of Adria. These two opposed slabs beneath the Apennines and Dinarides are modelled as two thermal sublithospheric anomalies of -200°C. A Tecton garnet lherzolite (Tc_2 of Griffin et al., 2009) for the whole lithospheric mantle allows fitting geoid height and long-wavelength Bouguer anomalies. Most of the elevation along the profile is under thermal isostasy and departures can be explained by regional isostasy with an elastic thickness between 10 and 20 km.

This research has been funded by the GeoCAM Project (PGC2018-095154-B-I00) with the contribution of the China Scholarship Council., his research has been funded by the GeoCAM Project (PGC2018-095154-B-I00) with the contribution of the China Scholarship Council.

This study integrates geophysical-geochemical data to investigate the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere and sublithospheric mantle, along the Southern Tyrrhenian Basin, Apennines, Adriatic Sea, Dinarides, and Carpathians-Balkanides. We present the lithospheric structure of the Adria microplate and the two opposing mantle slabs along its NE and SW margins. The modelling shows the presence of two asthenospheric mantle wedges aligning with the Apenninic and Dinaric continental mantle slab rollback, along with cold (-200ºC) sublithospheric anomalies beneath Adria’s NE and SW margins. In the northern Adria region, the lithosphere undergoes synchronous thinning in the Tyrrhenian domain and thickening toward the forefront of the northern Apennines. This is associated with the northeastward rollback of the SW Adriatic slab, leading to subsequent delamination of the continental mantle. In the southern Adria region, the complex deep structure results from the variably oriented lithospheric slabs, and nearly 90-degree shift of the tectonic grain between the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc. At the SW Adria margin, beneath the northern Apennines, the thermal sublithospheric anomaly is attached to the shallower lithosphere, while a slab gap is modelled in the southern Apennines. One possibility is that the gap is due to a recent horizontal slab tear. Along the NE margin of Adria, the thermal anomaly penetrates to depths of about 200 km in the northern Dinarides and 280 km in the southern Dinarides, shallower than the SW Adria anomaly, which extends to at least 400 km depth., GeoCAM (ref. PGC2018-095154-B-I00);
GEOADRIA (PID2022-139943NB-I00);
(AGAUR 2021 SGR 00410);, File List: - BestfitModel.zip: The files for best fitting model with two sublithospheric anomalies (a attached slab beneath Dinarides and a slab gap beneath Apennines). It can be loaded by LitMod2D_2.0. - BestfitModel_No_mantle_anomalies.zip: The files for best fitting model without mantle anomalies. It can be loaded by LitMod2D_2.0. - Model_With_Two_attached_slabs.zip: The files for best fitting model with two attached sublithospheric anomalies (both slabs attached, no slab gap beneath Apennines). It can be loaded by LitMod2D_2.0. - Readme.txt., Peer reviewed

This study integrates geophysical-geochemical data to investigate the thermochemical structure of the lithosphere and sublithospheric mantle, along the Southern Tyrrhenian Basin, Apennines, Adriatic Sea, Dinarides, and Carpathians-Balkanides. We present the lithospheric structure of the Adria microplate and the two opposing mantle slabs along its NE and SW margins. The modeling shows the presence of two asthenospheric mantle wedges aligning with the Apenninic and Dinaric continental mantle slab rollback, along with cold (−200°C) sublithospheric anomalies beneath Adria's NE and SW margins. In the northern Adria region, the lithosphere undergoes synchronous thinning in the Tyrrhenian domain and thickening toward the forefront of the northern Apennines. This is associated with the northeastward rollback of the SW Adriatic slab, leading to subsequent delamination of the continental mantle. In the southern Adria region, the complex deep structure results from the variably oriented lithospheric slabs, and nearly 90-degree shift of the tectonic grain between the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc. At the SW Adria margin, beneath the northern Apennines, the thermal sublithospheric anomaly is attached to the shallower lithosphere, while a slab gap is modeled in the southern Apennines. One possibility is that the gap is due to a recent horizontal slab tear. Along the NE margin of Adria, the thermal anomaly penetrates to depths of about 200 km in the northern Dinarides and 280 km in the southern Dinarides, shallower than the SW Adria anomaly, which extends to at least 400 km depth., We are grateful to Editor Isabelle Manighetti, Associate Editor Peter DeCelles and to W. Cavazza and L. Jolivet for their constructive and detailed comments, which have significantly enhanced the quality of our manuscript. We express our sincere gratitude for the highly constructive discussions and comments provided by Eugenio Carminati. We thank Eugenio Trumpy and Adele Manzella for providing us the Geothermal Database obtained within Geothopica Project and Ajay Kumar for the fruitful discussions on the software code and interpretation. This work is funded by GeoCAM (PGC2018-095154-B-I00) and GEOADRIA (PID2022-139943NB-I00) from the Spanish Government and the Generalitat de Catalunya Grant (AGAUR, 2021 SGR 00410). Wentao Zhang is funded by the China Scholarship Council (CSC-201904910470). This work has been done using the facilities of the Laboratory of Geodynamic Modeling from Geo3BCN-CSIC.
We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI)., Peer reviewed