BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

The mechanical behavior of block-in-matrix materials is heavily dependent on their block content. This parameter is in most cases obtained through visual analyses of the ground through digital imagery, which provides the areal block proportion (ABP) of the area analyzed. Nowadays, computer vision models have the capability to extract knowledge from the information stored in these images. In this research, we analyze and compare classical feature-detection algorithms with state-of-the-art models for the automatic calculation of the ABP parameter in images from surface and underground outcrops. The outcomes of this analysis result in the development of a framework for ABP calculation based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM), which is capable of performing this task at a human level when compared with the results of 32 experts in the field. Consequently, this model can help reduce human bias in the estimation of mechanical properties of block-in-matrix materials as well as contain underground technical problems due to mischaracterization of rock block quantities and dimensions. The methodology used to obtain the ABP at different outcrops is combined with estimates of the rock matrix properties and other characterization techniques to mechanically characterize the block-in-matrix materials. The combination of all these techniques has been applied to analyze, understand and try, for the first time, to model Roman gold-mining strategies in an archaeological site in NW Spain. This mining method is explained through a 2D finite-element method numerical model., Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B-2022-007, Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-104297GB-I00, Universidade de Vigo

La investigación mediante métodos de teledetección del territorio del campamento de Legio (León) ha llevado a identificar casi una veintena de recintos militares romanos. Una primera aproximación permite interpretarlos como campamentos para prácticas, dispuestos en una plataforma llana y bien nivelada, con un gran dominio visual sobre el valle del Bernesga, y organizados en torno a la vía romana que se dirigía hacia Asturica. Los recintos, algunos de ellos conservados parcialmente, presentan diferentes orientaciones pero todos ellos comparten la típica planta campamental rectangular con esquinas redondeadas. A la espera de avances en el trabajo de campo, todo parece indicar que se trata de recintos de época imperial para prácticas de castrametación. Se conocen varios conjuntos de este tipo en el Imperio, especialmente en las provincias septentrionales.

Con autorización de la editorial para autores CSIC., Transhumance landscapes are sensitive semi-natural environments in upland European areas. Shaped through human activities from the earliest times, they provide habitat for many threatened species and produced a rich cultural heritage. They bear witness to the complex and mutually beneficial interplay between natural resources and human activities. Today, they are threatened by societal, economic and ecological factors. The purpose of this article is to identify the roles and intangible values of transhumance systems through the analysis of three studies, in Norway, France and Spain, and to raise awareness about the benefits of continuous traditional transhumance practices for the preservation of pastoral biodiversity and the mountain landscapes’ character., This study was funded by a pilot call of the European Joint Programming Initiative on ‘Cultural Heritage
– A Challenge for Europe (Project Reference: AH/L503976/1) and The Research Council of Norway
(Project Number: 237096). It is also supported by the Spanish IVGA Project - developed within LOKI
(PID2019-104297GB-100) and NyNo (CSIC PIE 202010E147), Peer reviewed

© M.a Dolores Dopico Caínzos M. Villanueva Acuña (eds.) © desta edición: Deputación de Lugo © dos textos: os seus autores, Esta investigación se desarrolla en el marco de los siguientes proyectos: Economías locales, economía imperial: el Occidente de la Península Ibérica (siglos ii a. C.–ii d. C.), LOKI (PID2019-104297GB-I00); Paisajes culturales en el norte y noroeste de la Península Ibérica (PIE 202010E147); AVRIFER TAGVS: Minería romana del oro y poblamientoen Lusitania (AuTagus); AVRARIA: el oro de Hispania (2019-T1/HUM-14288); IGAEDIS: da civitas Igaeditanorum àEgitânia (DGPC: 2016-2019): INDIGENAE: Registros ambiguos: comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en losmetalla publica del noroeste hispano (PID2020-114248GA-I00), Peer reviewed

Con autorización de la editorial para este capítulo., The aim of this paper is to delve deeper into the interpretation of the archaeological record in Northwestern Iberia on the basis of the conceptualisation of the peasantry in classical sociological theory from a diachronic perspective. The Iron Age agrarian castro societies are compared with Roman rural provincial society for the purpose of presenting two diametrically opposed models. The key to this distinction is the definition of social inequality and the existence or not of social relations of exploitation. Two forms of agrarian-based social organization are analysed. On the one hand, the Iron Age segmentary societies. On the other, the Roman provincial society based on the exploitation of the peasantry. These are two forms of rurality articulated on two very different forms of organization of production. Our interpretations are supported by regional studies of the Asturian and Galician area (Baixo Miño basin, El Bierzo, Northwestern Zamora-Eastern Tràs-os-Montes). Iron Age
agrarian communities actively resisted social hierarchy, a tendency that was latent in both the possibilities of intensifying their production system and the external pressure from Mediterranean areas and/or from the Peninsula’s interior. Provincial society, with its class inequalities, was based on the peasantry’s dependence on dominant groups. Two possibilities are available in the light of current evident: direct exploitation through structural or productive clientelae or the intermediation of the power structure of the civitas —as a tool at the service of imperial taxation— with forms of political subordination marked by personal patronage., This article has been funded by the research project “Economías locales, economía imperial: el Occidente de la Península Ibérica (siglos II a.C.-II d.C.)” [Local and imperial economies: Western Iberian Peninsula (2nd century B.C.-A.D. 2nd century)] (PID2019-104297GB-I00/ MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/) directed from the Instituto de Historia (CSIC)., Peer reviewed

[EN] The application of the label “small towns” to the study of the Hispania civitates is not exempt from
problems, which are amplified when analysing this phenomenon not only from the point of view of
the urbs, its intramural area, but also when approaching its ager, its territory. In this case, the
diversity of Roman legal and land-surveyor sources shows the capacity of the Roman administration
to adapt to, manage and control the various local communities, as well as the difficulty of defining
them precisely. This paper raises some examples and significant documents in this regard, focusing
on municipal territories and civitates of peregrini., [ES] La aplicación de la etiqueta de small towns al estudio de las civitates de Hispania no está exenta de
problemas, que se amplifican al analizar este fenómeno no solo desde el punto de vista de la urbs,
su área intramuros, sino al aproximarse a su ager, su territorio. Aquí, la diversidad de situaciones
jurídicas y de agrimensura, recogidas en las fuentes documentales, muestra la capacidad de la
administración romana para adaptarse a las diversas comunidades y la dificultad de definirlas con
precisión. Este trabajo plantea algunos ejemplos y documentos significativos al respecto, centrados
en los territorios de municipios y de civitates de peregrinos., Este trabajo se ha realizado en el marco de los siguientes proyectos de investigación: “Economías locales, economía imperial: el occidente de la Península Ibérica (s. II a.C.- s. II- d.C.) (LOKI)” PID2019-104297GB-I00 financiado por MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033; “Paisajes culturales en el norte y noroeste de la Península Ibérica” (NyNO) (PIE 202010E147); “Registros ambiguos: comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en los metalla publica del noroeste hispano (INDIGENAE)” (PID2020-114248GA-I00); “Paisajes de la Hispania Romana -2”, HAR2017-87488-R, MINECO., Peer reviewed

Material suplementario para el artículo "LOS “COLGANTES-AMULETO” DE ORO CASTREÑOS EN FORMA DE PIEL EXTENDIDA: APORTACIONES PARA SU ESTUDIO", Revista Complutum nº 34, 2 (año 2023). Incluyendo tablas complementarias con resultados analíticos obtenidos con la técnica SEM-EDX sobre las piezas estudiadas., Análisis SEM-EDS del grupo de los colgantes-amuletos castreños de oro en forma de piel extendida (material suplementario), SEM-EDS analysis of the animal hide-shaped gold "amulet pendats" group from the castros culture (Suppl. Material), Peer reviewed

The mechanical behavior of block-in-matrix materials is heavily dependent on their block content. This parameter is in most cases obtained through visual analyses of the ground through digital imagery, which provides the areal block proportion (ABP) of the area analyzed. Nowadays, computer vision models have the capability to extract knowledge from the information stored in these images. In this research, we analyze and compare classical feature-detection algorithms with state-of-the-art models for the automatic calculation of the ABP parameter in images from surface and underground outcrops. The outcomes of this analysis result in the development of a framework for ABP calculation based on the Segment Anything Model (SAM), which is capable of performing this task at a human level when compared with the results of 32 experts in the field. Consequently, this model can help reduce human bias in the estimation of mechanical properties of block-in-matrix materials as well as contain underground technical problems due to mischaracterization of rock block quantities and dimensions. The methodology used to obtain the ABP at different outcrops is combined with estimates of the rock matrix properties and other characterization techniques to mechanically characterize the block-in-matrix materials. The combination of all these techniques has been applied to analyze, understand and try, for the first time, to model Roman gold-mining strategies in an archaeological site in NW Spain. This mining method is explained through a 2D finite-element method numerical model., This research was partially funded by Xunta de Galicia, grant number ED481B-2022-007 (I. Pérez-Rey’s research grant), and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, project code PID2019-104297GB-I00 (B.X. Currás). The APC was funded by MDPI and, partially, by Universidade de Vigo/CISUG., Peer reviewed

The historical understanding of the Roman gold mines of the Hispanic Northwest (1st – 2nd centuries AD) requires a detailed analysis of the involvement of local communities. The conquest of the lands of Asturia, Gallaecia and northern Lusitania allowed the Roman State to control their resources (including gold) and their populations. This Hispanic gold has become crucial for the imperial fiscus, given the regular need for the precious metal for minting the aurei. The territorial and administrative frameworks that organized the land and the provincial communities made possible the tributary work (operae) of the indigenous communities, in the context of the fiscal requirements. A significant aspect is to identify who
benefited from this activity, and whether the benefits were direct or indirect. Finally, a review of some theonyms and cults documented in certain sectors and their meaning in relation to the configuration of rural civitates is proposed. No specifically mining divinities are identified and the epigraphy does not differ from that of other neighbouring rural areas. This reinforces the point that mining is integrated as one more exploitable resource in the general use of the territory., Cette contribution a été réalisée grâce aux projets de recherche : “Economías locales, economía
imperial: el occidente de la Península Ibérica (siglos ii a.C. – ii d.C.) (LOKI)” (PID2019-104297GB-I00) financé par MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033/; “Paisajes culturales en
el norte y noroeste de la península Ibérica: territorios urbanos, agrarios y mineros (NyNO)”
(PIE CSIC 202010E147); “AVRARIA: el oro de Hispania” (2019-T1/HUM-14288); “Registros
ambiguos: comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en los metalla publica del noroeste
hispano (INDIGENAE)” (PID2020-114248GA-I00)., Peer reviewed

Este capítulo está sujeto a una licencia CC BY-SA 4.0, Cette contribution propose un bilan des études sur les paysages miniers du Nord-Ouest hispanique développées par le groupe de recherche EST-AP (CSIC) au cours de la dernière décennie. À la suite des premières recherches dans la province de Léon (La Cabrera, La Valduerna, Las Médulas), nos objectifs, ainsi que les zones de travail ont été élargis, englobant presque la totalité des régions minières aurifères du nord-ouest de la péninsule Ibérique.Tout en parcourant les projets de recherche pilotés récemment, nous présentons les principaux résultats d’un programme de recherche qui vise à appréhender les transformations territoriales déclenchées par la domination romaine. Différents sujets seront abordés, dont l’évolution du peuplement, les mutations des structures sociales, les nouveaux cadres juridiques et la technologie minière. L’incorporation des nouvelles techniques de télédétection et l’approche géo-archéologique aident à dessiner une image plus précise de l’histoire des paysages miniers de l’or., Este trabajo se ha realizado dentro de los proyectos de
investigación “Economías locales, economía imperial: el
occidente de la península ibérica (siglos II a.C. al II d.C.)”
(PID2019-104297GB-100), “Paisajes culturales en el norte y
noroeste de la península ibérica: territorios urbanos, agrarios
y mineros” (PIE202010E147), “El oro de Hispania. Impacto
territorial, económico y medioambiental de la minería del
oro en el Imperio Romano” (2019-T1/HUM-14288), “Registros
ambiguos: comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en los
metalla publica del noroeste hispano” (PID2020-114248GA-I00)., Peer reviewed

[ES] La orfebrería durante la Edad del Hierro es una de las manifestaciones más características de los pueblos prerromanos que habitaron el Noroeste
de la Península Ibérica. Sin embargo, su estudio y, particularmente, su datación ha estado lastrada por la falta de contextos arqueológicos.
Los descubrimientos recientes de varios talleres de artesanos en el contexto de poblados fortificados y la identificación de minas de oro explotadas
con anterioridad a la conquista romana, no sólo por bateo, como se suponía, sino practicando minería compleja en galerías, ha modificado de
manera muy notable nuestro conocimiento de la minería y metalurgia de metales preciosos durante la Edad del Hierro.
En la comunicación se propone informar de los poblados fortificados que han aportado datos relativos a la manipulación y transformación de
estos metales así como de los registros arqueológicos que refrendan su sincronía con las explotaciones mineras.
Se trata de expresivos testimonios de actividad metalúrgica en un territorio con abundantes y ricos veneros metálicos con una tradición minera
que se remonta al Calcolítico. Su estudio abre perspectivas de investigación novedosas relativas a la procedencia de las materias primas empleadas
(incluida su caracterización isotópica), datación de la orfebrería castreña y rol desempeñado en la implantación de la minería aurífera a gran
escala tras la conquista romana., [FR] L’orfèvrerie à l’âge du fer est l’une des manifestations les plus caractéristiques des peuples préromains qui habitaient le nord-ouest de la Péninsule
Ibérique. Cependant, l’étude et leur datation, plus particulièrement, a été entravée par l’insuffisance de contextes archéologiques.
La découverte récente de nouveaux ateliers artisanaux dans des villages fortifiés (castros) et la découverte des mines d’or exploitées avant la
conquête romaine, qui témoignent une activité minière complexe en galeries et non exclusivement par l’orpaillage, comme on le supposait, ont
remarquablement modifié nos connaissances sur l’extraction et la métallurgie des métaux précieux à l’âge du Fer.
Dans cet article, il est proposé de rendre compte des villes fortifiées qui ont fourni des données relatives à la manipulation et à la transformation
de ces métaux ainsi que le dossier archéologique qui confirme sa simultanéité avec les travaux miniers.
Ce sont des témoignages expressifs de l’activité métallurgique dans un territoire aux abondants et riches gisements métalliques et à une tradition
minière qui date du Chalcolithique. Leur étude dévoile des nouvelles perspectives à la recherche sur l’origine des matières premières utilisées (y
compris leur caractérisation isotopique), à la datation de l’orfèvrerie castreña et après la conquête romaine le rôle joué dans la mise en œuvre
de l’extraction aurifère à grande échelle., Esta comunicación fue elaborada como parte del Proyecto LOKI.
Economías locales, economía imperial: el occidente de la Península Ibérica,
siglos II a.C.- II d.C. (PID2019-104297GB-I00), « Proyectos de I+D+I »,
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación., Peer reviewed

[EN] Cultural landscapes often pose problems for planning and management because of insufficient information regarding visitor movements, interests and infrastructure burden. Traditionally visitor surveys have helped to fill this gap, albeit limited to their incomplete and occasional nature. This paper presents a methodology for using cellular antenna metadata for understanding tourism flows. This information is collected systematically by the mobile phone network but only recently has its big data potential begun to be exploited for understanding socio-economic phenomena. The present case study of the Roman gold mine of Las Médulas (León, Spain) provides a model for tourism impact analysis using anonymized data from cell phone towers., [Es] La planificación y la gestión de los paisajes culturales a menudo plantea problemas debido a la falta de información sobre los movimientos de los visitantes, sus intereses, así como su impacto sobre las infraestructuras locales. Tradicionalmente, las encuestas a visitantes han ayudado a llenar este vacío, aunque limitadas a su carácter incompleto y ocasional. Este artículo presenta una metodología para utilizar los datos de las antenas de telefonía móvil para comprender los flujos turísticos. Esta información es recopilada sistemáticamente por la red de telefonía, pero solo recientemente se ha empezado a explotar su potencial para comprender fenómenos socioeconómicos mediante análisis de la big data.El presente caso de estudio de la mina de oro romana de las Médulas (León, España) aporta un modelo para el análisis del impacto del turismo utilizando datos anonimizados de antenas de telefonia móvil., This work was supported by the following research projects: "Local economies, imperial economy: Western Iberia (II B.C,- II AD) (LOKI)" (PID2019-104297GB-I00), funded by the MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/; "AVRARIA: el oro de Hispania (2019-T1/HUM-14288; Registros ambiguos. Comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en los metalla pública del noroeste hispano (INDIGENAE)" (PID2020-114248GA-100); Paisajes y Territorios: arqueología y patrimonio en el noroeste peninsular (PATEAR) (202410E064)., Peer reviewed

Judging by the numerous references to its many uses and applications in the literary sources, salt was a precious commodity in Antiquity. However, the archaeological traces of sea salt production are rather scarce with only a few known sites throughout the Mediterranean preserving remains of ancient salinae. In the Roman Empire as a whole, it is the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula that has provided the greatest amount of direct evidence of sea salt production. After analysing the archaeological evidence documented in excavations and field surveys conducted during the past 10 years, this paper describes the Roman salt landscapes on the Atlantic coast of ancient Gallaecia, the distribution of evidence, and the chronological indicators allowing to date them to the Roman Imperial period. The legal and tax system determining the forms of ownership and labour organization of saltworks is also examined. In light of the results, it is possible to conclude that on the northwest Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula there was a major sea salt and fish salting production network which had a direct impact on the socioeconomic structure of provincial society., This study forms part of the research project, Economías locales, economía imperial: el occidente de la península ibérica (siglos II a.C.–II d.C.) (PID 2019-104297 GB-I00. MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)., Peer reviewed

Water reservoirs located on the mining fronts were essential for the operation of Roman gold
mining. They served purposes such as the extraction and washing of gold deposits, and the
final disposal of waste. The history of a Roman gold mine is intricately linked to its hydraulic
network. Therefore, dating the construction, usage, and abandonment layers of water
reservoirs enables us to comprehend the evolution of mining operations. In this paper, we
present a methodological approach consisting of the opening of archaeological sondages in
the water reservoirs to understand their stratigraphy and operating phases, together with
sampling to obtain chronological and pollen information. We present the work carried out
in four case studies located in various mining areas in the northwest of the Iberian
Peninsula. Results indicate that water reservoirs serve as paleoenvironmental archives,
facilitating the chronological unravelling of mining operations and the landscape
reconstruction from the period immediately preceding the onset of mining operations to
their abandonment. Results also have highlighting some of the challenges when
interpreting radiocarbon results. We conclude that the archaeological analysis of hydraulic
mining infrastructure is an effective methodology for understanding the evolution of mining
landscapes., This work was supported by the following research projects:
‘Local economies, imperial economy: Western Iberia (II
B.C.- II AD) (LOKI)’ (PID2019-104297GB-I00), funded by
the MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033/; ‘AVRARIA: el
oro de Hispania’ (2019-T1/HUM-14288); and ‘Registros
ambiguos: comunidades locales y poblamiento indígena en
los metalla publica del noroeste hispano (INDIGENAE)’
(PID2020-114248GA-I00)., Peer reviewed