BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

This work is the result of an international research effort to determine the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine recreational fishing. Changes were assessed on (1) access to fishing, derived from lockdowns and other mobility restrictions; (2) ecosystems, because of alterations in fishing intensity and human presence; (3) the blue economy, derived from alterations in the investments and expenses of the fishers; and (4) society, in relation to variations in fishers’ health and well-being. For this, a consultation with experts from 16 countries was carried out, as well as an international online survey aimed at recreational fishers, that included specific questions designed to capture fishers’ heterogeneity in relation to behavior, skills and know-how, and vital involvement. Fishers’ participation in the online survey (5,998 recreational fishers in 15 countries) was promoted through a marketing campaign. The sensitivity of the fishers’ clustering procedure, based on the captured heterogeneity, was evaluated by SIMPER analysis and by generalized linear models. Results from the expert consultation highlighted a worldwide reduction in marine recreational fishing activity. Lower human-driven pressures are expected to generate some benefits for marine ecosystems. However, experts also identified high negative impacts on the blue economy, as well as on fisher health and well-being because of the loss of recreational fishing opportunities. Most (98%) of the fishers who participated in the online survey were identified as advanced, showing a much higher degree of commitment to recreational fishing than basic fishers (2%). Advanced fishers were, in general, more pessimistic about the impacts of COVID-19, reporting higher reductions in physical activity and fish consumption, as well as poorer quality of night rest, foul mood, and raised more concerns about their health status. Controlled and safe access to marine recreational fisheries during pandemics would provide benefits to the health and well-being of people and reduce negative socioeconomic impacts, especially for vulnerable social groups., This work was funded by the Xunta de Galicia (RECREGES II project under Grant ED481B2018/017, and Grupo de Referencia Competitiva GI-2060 AEMI, under Grant ED431C2019/11). PP acknowledges economic support of the project Grupo de Trabajo Sobre Pesca Marítima Recreativa en España, funded by the Fundación Biodiversidad of the Spanish Ministerio Para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, co-funded by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. SV acknowledges the financial support of the EQUALSEA project ERC Consolidator Grant Agreement No. 101002784 funded by the European Research Council, and the CYTED program for the ECOMAR Network. AML, CS, and MW have been co-funded by the European Commission’s Data Collection Framework (DCF). CS acknowledge founding from the Danish Rod and Net Fish License funds (Project No. 39122). The CCMAR affiliated authors acknowledge Portuguese national funds from FCT-Foundation for Science and Technology through project UIDB/04326/2020. MaR acknowledges FCT funding through a post-doctoral grant (SFRH/BPD/116307/2016). AA acknowledges funding of FAPES, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo, Brazil - PROFIX program 10/2018 - T.O.: 348/2018 for AA postdoctoral scholarship. JR-F acknowledges funding of Participatory Fishing Monitoring accomplished by the ICHTUS Soluções em Meio Ambiente Ltda. KF was funded by the tourist fishing project (“Kartlegging av Turistfiske”), which is part of the Coastal Zone Ecosystem Program at the Institute of Marine Research of Norway. JG-C and VS were funded in part by a contract with the Regional Fisheries and Aquaculture Service - Autonomous Community of the Region of Murcia - Spain (with funds from the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund) and the project “MaReFish” financed by the MedPAN network under its “Small Projects – 2018” call. JA was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (Grant No. RYC2018-024488-I) and received funding from the CLOCKS (Grant No. PID2019-104940GA-I00) and JSATS (Grant No. PIE202030E002) projects funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). VSB is supported by a “Juan de la Cierva Incorporación” research fellowship (IJC2018-035389-I) granted by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). HS acknowledges financial support by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany in the framework of marEEshift (Project No. 01LC 1826B).

(Rscript.R): R-script for estimating the effects of boat noise on fish movement from the detection pattern provided by a fixed array of acoustic receivers
(input.RData): Example of input data for the Rscript.R
(AllData): Folder containing all data (receiver detections by
individual) used in our work, The datasets are suplementary materials for the article "A State-Space model to derive motorboat noise effects on fish movement from acoustic tracking data". Motorboat noise is recognized as a major source of marine pollution, however little is known about its ecological consequences on coastal systems. We developed a State Space Model
(SSM) that incorporates an explicit dependency on motorboat noise to derive its effects on the movement of resident fish that transition between two behavioural states (swimming vs. hidden). To explore the performance of our model, we carried out an experiment where free-living Serranus scriba were tracked with acoustic tags, while motorboat noise was simultaneously recorded. We fitted the generated tracking and noise data into our SSM and explored if the noise generated by motorboats passing at close range affected the movement pattern and the probability of transition between the two states using a Bayesian approach. Our results suggest high among individual variability in movement pattern and transition between states, as well as in fish response to the presence of passing motorboats. These findings suggest that the effects of motorboat noise on fish movement are complex and require the precise monitoring of large numbers of individuals. Our SSM provides a methodology to address such complexity and can be used for future investigations to study the effects of noise pollution on marine fish., Marie S. Curie postdoctoral fellowship: WildFishGenes-891404 (Margarida Barcelo-Serra) Contrato postdoctoral Ramón y Cajal: RYC2018-024488-I (Josep Alós) Proyecto investigación: JSATS (grant num. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), and the Spanish National Research Council Proyecto investigación: CLOCKS (grant num. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), No

Recent advances in tracking systems have revolutionized our ability to study animal movement in the wild. In aquatic environments, high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems make it technically possible to simultaneously monitor large amounts of individuals at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions, providing a unique opportunity to study the behaviour and social interactions using a reality mining approach. Despite the potential, high-resolution telemetry systems have had very limited use in coastal marine areas due to the limitations that these environments pose to the transmission of acoustic signals. This study aims at designing and testing a high-resolution acoustic telemetry system to monitor, for the first time, a natural fish population in an open marine area. First, we conducted preliminary range tests and a computer simulation study to identify the optimal design of the telemetry system. Then, we performed a series of stationary and moving tests to characterize the performance of the system in terms of positioning efficiency and precision. Finally, we obtained a dataset corresponding to the movements of 170 concurrently tagged individuals to demonstrate the overall functioning of the system with a real study case of the behaviour of a small-bodied coastal species. Our results show that high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems efficiently generate positional data in marine systems, providing a precision of few meters, a temporal resolution of few seconds, and the possibility of tracking hundreds of individuals simultaneously. Data post-processing using a trajectory filter and movement models proved to be key to achieve a sub-meter positioning precision. The main limitation detected for our system was the restricted detection range, which was negatively affected by the stratification of the water column. Our work demonstrates that high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems are an effective method to monitor the movements of free-ranging individuals at the population level in coastal sites. By providing highly precise positioning estimates of large amounts of individuals, these systems represent a powerful tool to study key ecological processes regarding the social interactions of individuals, including social dynamics, collective movements, or responses to environmental perturbations, and to extend the studies to poorly studied small-sized species or life-stages., The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. #033W024A). EA was supported by a Margalida Comas postdoctoral grant from the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund (Grant No. PD/023/2018). JA was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (Grant No. RYC2018-024488-I) and received funding from the CLOCKS R&D Project (Grant No. PID2019-104940GA-I00) and the intramural research project JSATS (Grant No. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish National Research Council. GFB was supported by a Ph.D. fellowship (FPI-INIA 2015–0013-CPD2015-0084) from the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology., Peer reviewed

Los datos fueron generados manualmente a través de la visualización de videos de los experimentos. Fueron introducidos en RStudio Team (2020), donde se analizaron para la obtención de los resultados.-- este conjunto de datos es original de este trabajo. No se ha usado datos de estudios preliminares.-- Datos recogidos en experimentos realizados en el Laboratorio de Investigaciones Marinas y Acuicultura (LIMIA) en Mallorca. Los individuos experimentales fueron capturados en la Bahía de Palma, Mallorca., This data set is supplementary material for the article "Types of behaviour related to aggressiveness in pearlescent fish". Animal personality has a very relevant implication in a multitude of eco-evolutionary processes. It is a topic very approached in freshwater fish, not so in marine species, because its captivity is a challenge to reproduce its natural habitat. this is the first evidence of behavioural traits in the pearly razorfish. For this, we designed experiments in the laboratory, where the experimental individuals were subjected to the mirror test—a widely used test to determine each individual's aggressiveness. By not recognizing their reflection in the mirror, fish perceive their reflection as the intrusion of another individual into their territory. Thanks to these experiments, we were able to determine each individual's aggressiveness score, finding significant differences between individuals. Differences found regardless of height, sex or individual condition. These findings suggest that this species' aggressiveness may have a genetic origin, as has been demonstrated in other species., Este trabajo ha recibido financiación del Proyecto CLOCKS I + D + i (subvención no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) financiado por el MICINN y la Agencia Estatal de Investigación, y del proyecto de investigación intramuros JSATS (subvención no. PIE202030E002) financiado por la MICINN y Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Martina Martorell-Barceló contó con una beca pre doctoral FPI (ref. FPI / 2167/2018) de la Dirección General de Innovación e Investigación del Gobierno de las Illes Balears. Josep Alós ha recibido una Beca Ramón y Cajal (beca nº. RYC2018-024488-I) financiada por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN). Margarida Barcelo-Serra fue apoyada por una MSCA-IF (subvención núm. WildFishGenes-891404)., No

Motorboat noise is recognized as a major source of marine pollution, however little is known about its ecological consequences on coastal systems. We developed a State Space Model (SSM) that incorporates an explicit dependency on motorboat noise to derive its effects on the movement of resident fish that transition between two behavioural states (swimming vs. hidden). To explore the performance of our model, we carried out an experiment where free-living Serranus scriba were tracked with acoustic tags, while motorboat noise was simultaneously recorded. We fitted the generated tracking and noise data into our SSM and explored if the noise generated by motorboats passing at close range affected the movement pattern and the probability of transition between the two states using a Bayesian approach. Our results suggest high among individual variability in movement patterns and transition between states, as well as in fish response to the presence of passing motorboats. These findings suggest that the effects of motorboat noise on fish movement are complex and require the precise monitoring of large numbers of individuals. Our SSM provides a methodology to address such complexity and can be used for future investigations to study the effects of noise pollution on marine fish., MBS was supported by a MSCA-IF (Grant num. WildFishGenes-891404). JA was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (Grant num. RYC2018-024488-I) and received funding from the intramural research project JSATS (Grant num. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), and the Spanish National Research Council and the CLOCKS R&D Project (Grant num. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by the MICINN. The SNAP was purchased with the funding provided by FNRS to Eric Parmentier, ULiege (Grant num. J.0150.16.F). This work is a contribution of the joint research unit IMEDEA-LIMIA., Peer reviewed

Assessing the motivations and wildlife-related value orientations (WVOs) of outdoor recreations, such as recreational fishing (RF), is of key importance to understand the human dimensions of natural resource use and to inform management actions. Using a national random telephone survey, we contrasted the participation rate, the socio-economical profile, and the motivations and WVO of the participants of RF, outdoor recreation (OR), consumptive outdoor recreation (COR), and indoor recreation (IR) in Spain. Participation rates of the four subgroups were 6.6, 15.3, 49.4, and 28.4%, for RF, COR, OR, and IR, respectively. The four subgroups differed in socio-economic characteristics, with women being substantially less involved in RF compared to COR, OR, and IR. Moreover, we found higher incomes and educational degrees of the participants in the three outdoor modalities compared to IR. Motivations to engage in RF, COR, OR, and IR were different. Recreational fishers placed significantly more importance on the motives “to be close to nature,” “to experience tranquility,” “to get away from the usual demands of life,” “to relax psychically,” “to stay with family,” and “to get exercise” compared to the other recreational groups, being very different from the ones to practice IR. We did not find significant differences in the WVO among the participants of the four recreational activities. We conclude that recreational fishing is a widespread recreational activity in Spain, embedded in all the segments of the society, thereby generating substantial psychological benefits, which are not equally produced by other forms of indoor and outdoor recreation., JA was supported by the Ramón y Cajal Grant (Grant no. RYC2018-024488-I), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN), and he also received funding from the CLOCKS R&D Project (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by the MICINN and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, and the intramural research project, JSATS (Grant no. PIE202030E002) funded by the MICINN and the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). RA acknowledges funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research (marEEshift: 01LC1826D, Aquatag 033W046A).

Despite their potential to generate high-quality positioning data, the use of high-resolution acoustic telemetry systems (HRATS) has been neglected in coastal marine areas due to the limitations that these environments pose to the transmission of acoustic signals. In this work, we applied a HRATS and social network analysis (SNA) to study the social interactions of the pearly razorfish (Xyrichtys novacula), a small coastal wrasse, in a Mediterranean marine reserve. Our analysis was based on proximity measures estimated from high-resolution trajectories from 232 individuals tracked during 55 days within a marine protected area. Associations were defined as the proportion of 5-min intervals in which two individuals were observed within 1 m from each other, and social networks were generated for the overall tracking period and for each particular day. The obtained network parameters were contrasted against 1,000 null association models obtained by randomly redistributing individual trajectories within the study area. The obtained networks showed a harem-like social structure, with agonistic behavior between males and larger association indices between individuals of different sex. Occasionally, sporadic associations of large groups of females were observed conducting excursions along the study area. By providing a comprehensive view of the organizational structure of the pearly razorfish, our study demonstrates the potential of HRATS to efficiently produce high-throughput tracking data from large numbers of individuals and of proper null social model formulation to reconstruct the social networks in wild-living marine fish populations. The combination of HRATS and SNA represents a powerful tool to study key ecological processes regarding the social interactions of individuals, including social dynamics, collective movements, and the response to environmental perturbations., The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A). EA was supported by a Margalida Comas Postdoctoral Grant from the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund (Grant No. PD/023/2018). JA was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (Grant No. RYC2018-024488-I) and received funding from the CLOCKS R&D Project (Grant No. PID2019-104940GA-I00) and the Intramural Research Project JSATS (Grant No. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish National Research Council. The publication fee was supported by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

Behavioural types (i.e., personalities or temperament) are defined as among individual differences in behavioural traits that are consistent over time and ecological contexts. Behavioural types are widespread in nature and play a relevant role in many ecological and evolutionary processes. In this work, we studied for the first time the consistency of individual aggressiveness in the pearly razorfish, Xyrichtys novacula, using a mirror test: a classic method to define aggressive behavioural types. The experiments were carried out in semi-natural behavioural arenas and monitored through a novel Raspberry Pi-based recording system. The experimental set up allowed us to obtain repeated measures of individual aggressivity scores during four consecutive days. The decomposition of the phenotypic variance revealed a significant repeatability score (R) of 0.57 [0.44–0.60], suggesting high predictability of individual behavioural variation and the existence of different behavioural types. Aggressive behavioural types emerged irrespective of body size, sex and the internal condition of the individual. Razorfishes are a ubiquitous group of fish species that occupy sedimentary habitats in most shallow waters of temperate and tropical seas. These species are known for forming strong social structures and playing a relevant role in ecosystem functioning. Therefore, our work provides novel insight into an individual behavioural component that may play a role in poorly known ecological and evolutionary processes occurring in this species., This work was carried out as part of the research project Cronofish (AAEE 101/2017) funded by Balearic Islands Government. In addition, this project also received financing from the CLOCKS project from the Spanish Government (PID2019-104940GA-I00). Martina Martorell-Barceló was supported by an FPI predoctoral fellowship (ref. FPI/2167/2018) from the Balearic Islands Government General Direction of Innovation and Research. Josep Alós was supported by a Ramon y Cajal Grant (grant no. RYC2018-024488-I) and the intramural research project JSATS (grant no. PIE 202030E002) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and the Spanish National Research Council.

Accurate and precise monitoring of the absolute density (i.e., number of fish per area or volume unit) of exploited fish stocks would be strongly advisable for deriving stock status and for designing proper management plans. Moreover, monitoring should be achieved at relevant (i.e., sufficiently large) temporal and spatial scales. This objective is particularly challenging for data-poor fisheries, as is often the case for recreational fisheries. Therefore, the feasibility of underwater video monitoring (vertical unbaited cameras) for estimating, as a proof of concept, the absolute density (and its ecological drivers) of a coastal sedentary fish species is demonstrated. The absolute density of a small serranid (Serranus scriba) targeted by recreational fishing was estimated along the southern coast of Mallorca Island (nearly 100 km). The median fish density ranged between 111 ind/km2 (Es Molinar) and 14,110 ind/km2 (Cabrera). Absolute density was correlated with fishing exposure, habitat, and depth. Site specific, seemingly long-term, effects of fishing exposure were negatively correlated with fish density, but short-term effects (assessed by the interaction between fishing exposure and before/after the season when recreational fishing occurred in the study area) were not detected. We suggest that the short-term effects of fishing may remain undetected because highly exploited sites could contain fish that are already not vulnerable to recreational fishing gear, irrespective of the short-term fishing pressure exerted. Such a process may explain some hyper-depletion patterns and should preclude the use of fisheries-dependent data for monitoring fish density. The results reported here indicate that monitoring fish abundance with vertical unbaited cameras at large spatial and temporal scales can be a reliable alternative for many species., This work was funded by the PHENOFISH R&D project (ref. CTM2015–69126-C2–1-R; MINECO) and CLOCKS R&D project (Grant num. PID2019–104940GA-I00; MICINN). This work is a contribution of the Joint Associated Unit IMEDEA-LIMIA. GFB was supported by a Spanish Ph.D. fellowship (ref. FPI-INIA 2015-0013 CPD2015- 0084) from the National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA). PAL was supported by a postdoctoral grant (Juan de la Cierva Incorporación; IJCI- 2015–25595) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness., Peer reviewed

24 pages, 6 figures.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, The ocean is a key component of the Earth's dynamics, providing a great variety of ecosystem services to humans. Yet, human activities are globally changing its structure and major components, including marine biodiversity. In this context, the United Nations has proclaimed a Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development to tackle the scientific challenges necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean by means of the Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG14). Here, we review how Acoustic animal Tracking, a widely distributed methodology of tracking marine biodiversity with electronic devices, can provide a roadmap for implementing the major Actions to achieve the SDG14. We show that acoustic tracking can be used to reduce and monitor the effects of marine pollution including noise, light, and plastic pollution. Acoustic tracking can be effectively used to monitor the responses of marine biodiversity to human-made infrastructures and habitat restoration, as well as to determine the effects of hypoxia, ocean warming, and acidification. Acoustic tracking has been historically used to inform fisheries management, the design of marine protected areas, and the detection of essential habitats, rendering this technique particularly attractive to achieve the sustainable fishing and spatial protection target goals of the SDG14. Finally, acoustic tracking can contribute to end illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing by providing tools to monitor marine biodiversity against poachers and promote the development of Small Islands Developing States and developing countries. To fully benefit from acoustic tracking supporting the SDG14 Targets, trans-boundary collaborative efforts through tracking networks are required to promote ocean information sharing and ocean literacy. We therefore propose acoustic tracking and tracking networks as relevant contributors to tackle the scientific challenges that are necessary for a sustainable use of the ocean promoted by the United Nations, Agencia Estatal Investigación, España, Grant/Award Number: PID2019-104940GA-I00; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Grant/Award Number: PIE202030E002; Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0036, BECORV PTDC/BIABMA/30278 and UID/Multi/04326/2020; European Regional Development Fund: Interreg, MarGen II Project, Grant/Award Number: 175806; H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Grant/Award Number: 793627 and 891404; Juan de la Cierva, Ministerio Ciencia e Innovación, España, Grant/Award Number: IJC2019-038852-I; Norwegian Research Council, Grant/Award Number: LOST; European Cooperation in Science and Technology, Grant/Award Number: CA18102 COST, Peer reviewed

[Methods used for collection/generation of data] Standardized behavioral tests were continuously recorded by a camera attached to each arena controlled by a Raspberry Pi 3 system. All the behavioral tests were analyzed using a trained deep learning algorithm., [Methods for processing the data] Deep learning algorithm and R-Studio., The tests started with wild individuals on March 11th, 2019 and ended on April 23rd, 2019. Reared individuals were tested starting on July 19th, 2019 and ending on August 22nd, 2019., Project funded by the research project FISHOBES (grant no. CTM2017-91490-EXP) funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN). Marco Signaroli was supported by a “Ayudas para contratos predoctorales” (grant no. PRE2020-095580) funded by MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE “invierte en tu futuro”. Aina Pons was supported by an FPI predoctoral fellowship (ref. FPI/2269/2019) from the Balearic Islands Government General Direction of Innovation and Research. Josep Alós received funding from the CLOCKS I+D+I project (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) and the JSATS PIE project (grant no. PIE202030E002) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE “invierte en tu futuro”., Peer reviewed

[Methods] Data obtained from an acoustic telemetry experiment. The acoustic detection sequence was imported to R software to apply a Hidden Markov Model to separate the active and rest states and obtain the circadian-related traits., This dataset contains the necessary data to replicate the work entitled 'Circadian-related behavioural types in free-living marine fish revealed by high-throughput telemetry'. The data were obtained through a high-resolution acoustic telemetry experiment tracking a population of pearly razorfish between April and September 2019. The time series of detections were imported into the R computing environment. We discretized the detections generated by the individuals into bins of 5 minutes (time-steps). We fitted a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to probabilistically assign two behavioural states to each temporal bin: rest (R) or active (A). We used a zero-inflated Poisson HMM implemented in the ziphsmm package. During these months, two different periods in the reproduction of this species were included: the pre-spawning period and the spawning period. For this purpose, the data were separated into two different datasets: the pre-spawning period dataset, which contains all individuals tracked for at least seven days between April 30 and May 31, and the spawning period dataset, which includes all individuals tracked for at least seven days between June 15 and July 31. The data between June 1 and June 15 were discarded due to maintenance tasks on the acoustic receivers. The data from August and September were discarded due to low data yields. Finally, a third dataset was created, which includes individuals tracked for at least seven days in each period. The three datasets are configured in the same manner, with ID as the identifier for each individual, Day as the tracking date, Dayn as the day of the trial, Awakening Time as the activity onset time in minutes relative to sunrise, Rest Onset as the rest onset time in minutes relative to sunset, RelActivityDuration as the active hours (calculated as the difference between the awakening time and rest onset) relative to daylight hours (calculated as the difference between sunrise and sunset), RelRestDuration as the resting hours (calculated as the difference between the rest onset time and awakening time of the next day) relative to night hours (calculated as the difference between sunset and sunrise of the next day), RelRestMidpoint as the midpoint of the rest relative to the middle of the night, Sex, Size (cm), Period, CHL as the concentration of chlorophyll (Relative Fluorescence Units, RFU), CurrentDirection as the direction in degrees of the surface current, CurrentSpeed as the speed in m/s of the surface current, Light as the daily mean light (lux), O2 as the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water (mV), Salinity (PSU), Temperature as the daily mean temperature (ºC), WavesHeight as the daily mean wave height (m), and WindSpeed as the speed in m/s of the wind., The research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the "Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellence" accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). The CLOCKS I+D+I project funded this work (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE invierte en tu futuro. The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A)., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001198)., Pre-Spawning_Dataset, Spawning_Dataset, BothPeriods_Dataset., Peer reviewed

Recent technological advances in marine biotelemetry have demonstrated that marine fish species perform activity-rest rhythms that have relevant ecological and evolutionary consequences. The main objective of the present report is to study the circadian rhythm of activity-rest of the pearly razorfish, Xyrichtys novacula in its own habitat, before and during the reproduction season using a novel biotelemetry system. This fish species is a small-bodied marine species that inhabits most shallow soft habitats of temperate areas and has a high interest for commercial and recreational fisheries. The activity of free-living fish was monitored by means of high-resolution acoustic tracking of the motor activity of the fish in one-minute intervals. The obtained data allowed the definition of the circadian rhythm of activity-rest in terms of classical non-parametric values: interdaily stability (IS), intradaily variability (IV), relative amplitude (RA), average activity during the most-active period of consecutive 10 h (M10), and average activity during the least-active period of consecutive 5 h (L5). We observed a well-marked rhythm, with little fragmentation and good synchrony with the environmental cycle of light-darkness, regardless of sex and the period studied. However, the rhythm was found to be slightly more desynchronized and fragmented during reproduction because of variations in the photoperiod. In addition, we found that the activity of the males was much higher than that of the females (p < 0.001), probably due to the peculiar behavior of the males in defending the harems they lead. Finally, the time at which activity began in males was slightly earlier than it was in females (p < 0.001), presumably due to the same fact, as differences in activity or for the individual heterogeneity of this species in the time of awakening are considered to be an independent axis of the fish's personality. Our work is novel, as it is one of the first studies of activity-rest rhythm using classical circadian-related descriptors in free-living marine fish using locomotory data facilitated by novel technological approaches., This work received funding from the CLOCKS I+D+i project (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. The wild tracking sample was generated using a telemetry system financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant no. #033W024A)., Peer reviewed

Chronotypes, the individual differences in daily activity timing, have profound associations with numerous physiological processes. Despite this, the covariance between chronotypes and other aspects of an individual's behaviour has been infrequently explored in non-human animals. This study delves into individual's variation across four axes of personality in a controlled environment, utilising the pearly razorfish, a model species for fish chronotype studies. We identified behavioural types across the aggressiveness continuum and established behavioural syndromes amongst exploration, activity, and boldness, irrespective of body size and condition. Subsequent to this, the experimental subjects were reintroduced to their natural habitat and individually tracked using high-resolution technology to ascertain their chronotypes. Our results revealed that whilst the exploration-activity-boldness syndrome bore no correlation with chronotypes, a significant association was observed between aggressiveness and chronotype. Hence, individuals with later awakening times and rest onsets were more aggressive than their counterparts with earlier awakening times and rest onsets. This study provides pioneering evidence linking fish chronotypes with other behavioural traits, such as aggressiveness, suggesting that behavioural variation could be potentially linked to the individuals' variation in internal clocks and the environmental variables influencing their expression., This work received funding from the CLOCKS I+D+i project (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This manuscript is a contribution of the Joint Research Unit IMEDEA-LIMIA. The present research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the "Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellence" accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). The telemetry system for free-living tracking was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A). Martina Martorell-Barceló was supported by an FPI predoctoral fellowship from the Direcció General de Innovació I Recerca of the Balearic Islands Government (ref. FPI/2167/2018). Eneko Aspillaga was supported by Margalida Comas (ref. PD/023/2018) and Vicenç Mut (PD/041/2021) Postdoctoral Grants from the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund. Margarida Barcelo-Serra received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. WildFishGenes-891404., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001198)., Peer reviewed

Like terrestrial animals, wild fish exhibit individual differences in daily activity patterns, known as chronotypes. However, monitoring free-living fish has posed challenges in studying chronotypes and their plasticity in response to the environment. To address this issue, we utilized high-throughput telemetry to measure daily activity in a large group of free-living pearly razorfish, Xyrichtys novacula, while also monitoring fine-scale environmental variables. Using hidden Markov models for behavioural segmentation, we quantified four circadian-related traits (awakening time, rest onset, activity duration relative to the daytime and rest midpoint relative to middle of the night) during two biological contexts (prespawning and spawning). We then used linear mixed-effects models to decompose the variation of these traits into individual, ecological (contextual environment) and population components. Our findings revealed the presence of chronotypes in both sexes, with greater between-individual variation in behaviour during spawning. Males exhibited longer activity duration due to an earlier awakening time than females, and temperature, waves and light significantly influenced daily activity behaviours. However, there was considerable individual variation in response to environmental changes, indicating the emergence of behavioural reaction norms (i.e. plasticity), with females showing greater plasticity in rest onset and relative rest midpoint. Our study also identified significant correlations among traits, suggesting that the activity duration continuum defines the pearly razorfish chronotype. Overall, our work represents the most comprehensive description of individual and ecological contextual variation in chronotypes within a wild marine fish population. It underscores the importance of environmental fluctuations in shaping the expression of internal clocks., The research was carried out within the framework of the activities of the Spanish Government through the ‘Maria de Maeztu Centre of Excellence’ accreditation to IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB) (CEX2021-001198). The CLOCKS I+D+I project funded this work (grant no. PID2019-104940GA-I00) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the FSE invierte en tu futuro. The telemetry system was financed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. #033W024A). M.M.B. was supported by an FPI predoctoral fellowship from the Direcció General de Innovació i Recerca of the Balearic Islands Government (ref. FPI/2167/2018). E.A. was supported by a Margalida Comas (ref. PD/023/2018) and a Vicenç Mut (PD/041/2021) Postdoctoral Grants from the Government of the Balearic Islands and the European Social Fund. M.B.S. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. WildFishGenes-891404., With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘María de Maeztu Unit of Excelence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001198-M)., Peer reviewed