19 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablas, Global warming will inevitably affect crop development and productivity, increasing uncertainty regarding food production. The exploitation of genotypic variability can be a promising approach for selecting improved crop varieties that can counteract the adverse effects of future climate change. We investigated the natural variation in yield performance under combined elevated CO2 and high-temperature conditions in a set of 60 bread wheat genotypes (59 of the 8TH HTWSN CIMMYT collection and Gazul). Plant height, biomass production, yield components and phenological traits were assessed. Large variations in the selected traits were observed across genotypes. The CIMMYT genotypes showed higher biomass and grain yield when compared to Gazul, indicating that the former performed better than the latter under the studied environmental conditions. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analyses revealed that the 60 wheat genotypes employed different strategies to achieve final grain yield, highlighting that the genotypes that can preferentially increase grain and ear numbers per plant will display better yield responses under combined elevated levels of CO2 and temperature. This study demonstrates the success of the breeding programs under warmer temperatures and the plants’ capacity to respond to the concurrence of certain environmental factors, opening new opportunities for the selection of widely adapted climate-resilient wheat genotypes., This research was supported by the Spanish National R&D&I Plan of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects AGL2013-41363-R and AGL2016-79589-R) and Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project PID2019-107154RB-100), as well as the regional government, the Junta de Castilla y León (Projects CSI083U16 and CSI260P20), with European Regional Development Fund, ERDF. Project “CLU-2019-05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence”, funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF “Europe drives our growth”). E.L. Marcos-Barbero was the recipient of a pre-doctoral contract from the Junta de Castilla y León (E-37-2017-0066125), Peer reviewed

23 páginas, 1 tabla, 6 figuras, Triticum aestivum L. cv. Gazul is a spring wheat widely cultivated in Castilla y León (Spain). Potted plants were grown in a scenario emulating the climate change environmental conditions expected by the end of this century, i.e., with elevated CO2 and high temperature under two water deficit regimes: long (LWD) and terminal (TWD). Changes in biomass and morphology, the content of proline (Pro), ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH), and enzymatic antioxidant activities were analyzed in flag leaves and ears. Additionally, leaf gas exchange was measured. LWD caused a decrease in biomass and AsA content but an increase in Pro content and catalase and GSH reductase activities in flag leaves, whereas TWD produced no significant changes. Photosynthesis was enhanced under both water deficit regimes. Increase in superoxide dismutase activity and Pro content was only observed in ears under TWD. The lack of a more acute effect of LWD and TWD on both organs was attributed to the ROS relieving effect of elevated CO2. Gazul acted as a drought tolerant variety with anisohydric behavior. A multifactorial analysis showed better adaptation of ears to water deficit than flag leaves, underlining the importance of this finding for breeding programs to improve grain yield under future climate change., This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”, grant numbers AGL2016-79589-R and PID2019- 107154RB-100, and the regional government of Castilla y León, grant number CSI260P20. The Project “CLU-2019-05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence” funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF “Europe drives our growth”) is also acknowledged., Peer reviewed

21 páginas, 6 figuras, 1 esquema, 1 tabla, Understanding the kinetic mechanism of enzyme inactivation by suicide substrate is of relevance for the optimal design of new drugs with pharmacological and therapeutic applications. Suicide substrate inactivation usually occurs via a two-step mechanism, although there are enzymes such as peroxidase and catalase in which the suicide inactivation by H2O2 happens in a single step. The approximate solution of the ordinary differential equation (ODE) system of the one step suicide substrate inactivation kinetics for a uni–uni reaction following the irreversible Michaelis–Menten model was previously analytically solved when accumulation of the substrate–enzyme complex was negligible, however not for more complex models, such as a ping-pong reaction, in which the enzyme is present in two active states during the catalytic turnover. To solve this issue, a theoretical approach was followed, in which the standard quasi-steady state and reactant stationary approximations were invoked. These approximations allowed for solving the ODE system of a ping-pong reaction with one substrate undergoing disproportionation when suicide inactivation was also present. Although the approximate analytical solutions were rather unwieldy, they were still valuable in qualitative analyses to explore the time course of the reaction products and identify the enzyme active state that irreversibly reacted with the suicide substrate during the reaction., This research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, grant number PID2019-107154RB-100, and the regional government of Castilla y León, grant number CSI260P20. The Project “CLU-2019-05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence”, funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co financed by the European Union (ERDF “Europe drives our growth”), and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGROFOR) are also acknowledged., Peer reviewed

3 páginas, This article comments on: Sapeta H, Yokono M, Takabayashi A, Ueno Y, Cordeiro AM, Hara T, Tanaka A, Akimoto S, Oliveira MM, Tanaka R. 2023. Reversible down-regulation of photosystems I and II leads to fast photosynthesis recovery after long-term drought in Jatropha curcas. Journal of Experimental Botany 74, 336–351., The author’s research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, grant number PID2019-107154RB-100, and the regional government of Castilla y León, grant number CSI260P20. The Project ‘CLU-2019–05-IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence’ funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF ‘Europe drives our growth’) and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGROFOR) are also acknowledged, Peer reviewed

7 páginas, 2 figuras, Predicted increases in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the earth’s mean surface temperature will be accompanied by a higher incidence of drought events. These environmental changes are likely to adversely affect crop productivity and quality, including wheat, an essential food in the human diet. We investigated the primary C-N metabolism response to drought stress at the whole-plant level and its dependence on plant development in bread wheat grown under combined elevated CO2 and temperature. With this aim, the content of carbohydrates, nitrate, proteins and amino acids, together with the biomass were assessed in flag leaves and roots of wheat grown in controlled environment chambers at both ear emergence and anthesis stages. Multifactorial analysis revealed that the organ was the main factor explaining data variation. The physiological and biochemical traits in the flag leaves were more affected by drought than growth stage, leading to an accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, nitrate and amino acids. By contrast, roots were affected by the developmental stages but not by the treatment. The root content of fructose, glucose, starch and amino acids was higher at ear emergence than anthesis, whereas the accumulation of sucrose, fructans, proteins and nitrate increased at the latest growth stage. This study provides new insights into the reprograming of primary metabolism at whole plant level throughout the development in response to the future climate scenario, which could help to select traits ensuring sustainable food production systems that strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change following the Sustainable Development Goals of 2030 Agenda, This research was supported by the Spanish National R&D&I Plan (Project PID2019-107154RB-100; AGL2016-79589-R) and the Regional Government of Castilla y León (CSI260P20). The Project “CLU—2019—05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence” funded by Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF “Europe drives our growth”) is also acknowledged. Ms. N. Bueno-Ramos and Mr. E. L. Marcos-Barbero are the recipients of a pre-doctoral contract from the Junta de Castilla y León (E-37-2020-0042432 and E-37-2017-0066125, respectively); Dr. A.I González-Hernández holds a JCyL postdoctoral contract funded by the Project CSI260P20, Ms. O. Bendou holds an Algerian Government fellowship; Mr. I. Gutiérrez-Fernández holds a contract funded by the project CLU-2019-05., Peer reviewed

Comprises 3 sheets: 1. Leaf morphological traits. 2. Physiological traits. 3. Chl fluorescence traits 4. Final productivity. 5. Mineral content. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: (a) ‘leaf morphological traits’: traits were determined at early milk grain development (growth stage 73 (Z73) according to the Zadoks scale (Zadoks et al., 1974). The mass of the dry-oven flag leaves was measured after their incubation in an oven at 60 ºC for 48 h. Leaf area was determined using an electronic planimeter Li-COR Model Li-3050A (Lincoln, ME, USA). (b) ‘physiological traits’: samples were collected during two consecutive days at Z73. Ψleaf was determined using a Schölander pressure chamber instrument Model 1000 (PMS Instrument Company, Albany OR), after maintaining the flag leaves in a humid and cold ambient for 25 min to achieve water equilibrium. RWC was calculated after determining fresh mass, dry mass and 24-h water-saturated mass of the flag leaves. The Chl content was measured using Dualex instrument (FORCE-A, Paris, France) (Goulas et al., 2004). Photosynthesis traits (Aatm, Eatm, gs, atm, Ci, atm, WUEins, atm) were determined with the portable photosynthesis system CIRAS-3 (PP System, Amesbury, MA) and parameter settings were as follows: 22 ºC; light intensity, 1500 μmol m−2 s−1 with a blue:green:red LED ratio of 38:37:25; cuvette flow of air, 250 cm3 min−1 and relative humidity, 50%. The flag leaves were powdered and stored at −80 ºC. Samples were extracted in ethanol/water to assess the content of NO3- and FAA. NO3- content was measured in the soluble ethanol/water extracts as described in the study by Cawse(1967) with minor modifications to accommodate it to a 96-well microplate reader. The total content of FAA was determined by the ninhydrin colorimetric method as described in the study by (Vicente et al., 2016). The content of Pro, AsA and GSH was extracted and spectrophotometrically determined as described in the study by Bendou et al.(2022). (c) ‘chl fluorescence components’: Chl fluorescence related traits (Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, ΦNPQ, ΦNO) were measured using a portable fluorometer PAM 2000 (Walz, Effeltrich, Germany). The whole plant remained in the dark for 30 min before starting a dark-light induction curve within the slow-kinetic window for 30 min (Kasajima et al., 2009). (d) ‘final productivity’: samples were collected at maturity and final harvest after senescence. The number of ears per plant, grain yield per ear (GYE), grain number per ear (GNE) and the oven-dry mass of the above- and underground components of the plants were computed after drying them in an oven at 60 ºC. (d) ‘mineral content’: Flag leaves and grains from final harvest at maturity were separated to measure their mineral composition. The content of C and N in powdered flag leaves and grains was determined by the Dumas combustion method using a C-N analyser Leco model CHN-628 (LECO Corporation, St. Joseph, MI) as described in the study by (Pereira et al., 2023). The content of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo and Na was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy using an ICP-OES model Varian 720-ES (Agilent, Santa Clara CA). All the samples were dried in an oven at 105 ºC for 12 h. An amount of 0.5 g of each sample was weighed and digested in a microwave digestion system model EthosTM Up (Milestone Srl, Italy) using a volume of 10 mL of 65% HNO3 and 30% H2O2 in a ratio of 8:2 (v:v) and a temperature of 200 ºC for 15 min. The digested samples were finally diluted with ultrapure water to 25 mL before ICP-OES analysis., In this research study, we evaluated the effect of mild water deficit on the physiological response of the flag leaf at the milky grain development stage and the final grain yield and mineral content at maturity of bread wheat (Tritticum aestivum cv Gazul). Three plants were grown in 5-L pots containing a mixture of perlite and vermiculite in a volumetric ratio of 3 to 1 as the soilless substrate and under greenhouse conditions from February 2023 to July 2023. After seed sowing, the potted plants were fertigated at full-holding capacity (100% FC) three days per week. After the unfolding of the fourth leaf, pots were divided into two blocks: one half of the pots followed the same fertigation pattern at 100% FC while fertigation was reduced to 65% FC in the other half until plant maturity and senescence. At the milky grain development stage, when plants water demand was highest, we assessed leaf morphological traits, photosynthesis related traits, content of proline, free amino acids, ascorbic acid, glutathione and nitrate at two consecutive days. At maturity, plants were harvested to determine final biomass, water use efficiency, grain yield, and mineral content of the flag leaves and the grains., Research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Project nº PID2019-107154RB-100) and the regional government of Castilla y León (Project nº CSI260P20). The Project ‘CLU-2019–05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence’ funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF ‘Europe drives our growth’) and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGROFOR) are also acknowledged., No

20 páginas, 9 figuras, Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by energy transfer and electron transport in plant chloroplast thylakoids at non-toxic levels under normal growth conditions, but at threatening levels under adverse or fluctuating environmental conditions. Among chloroplast ROS, singlet oxygen and superoxide anion radical, respectively, produced by photosystem II (PSII) and PSI, are known to be the major ROS under several stress conditions. Both are very unlikely to diffuse out of chloroplasts, but they are instead capable of triggering ROS-mediated chloroplast operational retrograde signalling to activate defence gene expression in concert with hormones and other molecular compounds. Therefore, their detection, identification and localization in vivo or in biological preparations is a priority for a deeper understanding of their role in (concurrent) regulation of plant growth and defence responses. Here, we present two EPR spin traps, abbreviated as TEMPD-HCl and DEPMPO, to detect and identify ROS in complex systems, such as isolated thylakoids, together with some hints and cautions to perform reliable spin trapping experiments., We thank Dr. Anja Krieger-Liszkay for her careful and critical reading. The research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Project n° PID2019-107154RB-100) and the regional government of Castilla y Leo´ n (Project n° CSI260P20).The Project “CLU-2019–05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence”
funded by the Junta de Castilla y Leo´ n and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF, “Europe Drives Our Growth”) and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGROFOR) are also acknowledged., Peer reviewed

21 páginas, 4 figuras, Singlet oxygen is a reactive oxygen species that causes oxidative damage to plant cells, but intriguingly it can also act as a signalling molecule to reprogram gene expression required to induce plant physiological/cellular responses. Singlet oxygen photosensitization in plants mainly occurs in chloroplasts after the molecular collision of ground-state molecular oxygen with triplet-excited-state chlorophyll. Singlet oxygen direct detection through phosphorescence emission in chloroplasts is a herculean task due to its extremely low luminescence quantum yield. Because of this, indirect alternative methods have been developed for its detection in biological systems, for example, by measuring the changes in the EPR signal or fluorescence intensity of singlet oxygen reaction-based probes. The singlet oxygen chemiluminescence (SOCL) is a chemiluminescence probe with high sensitivity and selectivity towards singlet oxygen and promising use to detect it in living cells without the inconvenience of low stability of the EPR signal of spin probes in the presence of redox compounds, spurious light scattering coming from the light source required for the excitation of fluorescence probes or the light emission of endogenous fluorescent molecules like chlorophyll in chloroplasts. The protocol presented in this chapter describes the first steps to characterizing singlet oxygen production within the biological system under study; this is accomplished through monitoring molecular oxygen consumption by SOCL using a Clark-type oxygen electrode and measuring the chemiluminescence generated by SOCL 1,2-dioxetane using a spectrofluorometer. For singlet oxygen detection within living cells, a version of SOCL with increased membrane permeability (SOCL-CPP) is described., The research was funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (Project n PID2019-107154RB-100) and the regional government of Castilla y León (Project n CSI260P20). The Project ‘CLU-2019–05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence’ funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF ‘Europe Drives Our Growth’) and the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGROFOR) are also acknowledged, Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Comunicación oral presentada en el III Annual International Congress of Doctoral Students, celebrado telemáticamente, del 2 al 3 de febrero de 2023, The projected continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 accompanied by an increase in global mean temperatures will bring together more frequent and severe drought episodes, particularly in Mediterranean regions. Wheat is one of the most cultivated cereals in the world, and these future climate changes will negatively affect its growth and productivity, especially during the reproductive stage. In the present study, we aim to investigate the effect of different water regimes on flag leaves and ears of a bread wheat genotype Gazul. Potted wheat plants were grown in an environmentcontrolled chamber in which CO2 above the current average temperatures typically experienced in the province of Salamanca (Spain) and was maintained at 26 ºC/16 ºC day/night. The plants were subjected to two different water deficits: a long water deficit (LWD) applied at the vegetative growth stage, and a terminal water deficit (TWD) applied at the ear emergence stage. Both organs were analysed for changes in biomass and morphology, the content of proline (Pro), ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities. The statistical analysis was performed using the R software. The obtained results showed a different behaviour of the organs toward the water deficit regimes. LWD significantly reduced the biomass, area, moisture content percentage (MC%) and AsA content but caused an increase in dry matter per area (DMA), Pro content, catalase and glutathione reductase activities of the flag leaf. However, TWD treatment produced no significant changes for this organ compared to control. In contrast, both treatments similarly affected the ears by reducing the biomass, DMA and GSH content, and enhancing MC%. Additionally, TWD caused an increase in Pro content and superoxide dismutase activity. In conclusion, the results showed that elevated CO2 might mitigate the severity of both water deficits and thereby reduce ROS production in both organs. Furthermore, the multifactorial analysis showed better adaptation of ears to water deficit than flag leaves, underlining the importance of this finding for breeding programs to improve wheat productivity under future climatic changes scenarios., Funding sours references: PID2019-107154RB-100, CSI260P20 and CLU-2019-05IRNASA/CSIC, Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Comunicación oral presentada en el III Annual International Congress of Doctoral Students, celebrado telemáticamente, del 2 al 3 de febrero de 2023, El trigo es un cereal esencial en la alimentación humana ya que proporciona el 20% de las calorías de la dieta y es una fuente importante de proteínas, carbohidratos, minerales, vitaminas y fitoquímicos. En las próximas décadas, el aumento de CO2 y temperatura de la atmósfera irá acompañado de periodos de sequía más frecuentes, intensos y duraderos que podrán afectar a la productividad y calidad de los cultivos agroalimentarios, incluido el trigo, y comprometer la seguridad alimentaria. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar el efecto del déficit hídrico
moderado y terminal en el rendimiento y calidad del grano de plantas de trigo crecidas en condiciones de CO2 y temperatura elevada. Con esta finalidad, se cultivaron plantas de trigo en cámaras de crecimiento de ambiente controlado bajo un déficit hídrico moderado de larga duración (65% capacidad de campo aplicado en fase vegetativa), déficit hídrico terminal (50% capacidad de campo inducido en la emergencia de la espiga) y control hídrico (100%
capacidad de campo). En la madurez del cultivo, se determinó la biomasa, los componentes del rendimiento y parámetros de calidad del grano (minerales, carbohidratos, proteínas, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante total). Ambos déficits hídricos redujeron la biomasa y el rendimiento, el número de espigas y granos, la relación C/N y el contenido de Ca, Mn y Zn, mientras que aumentaron el número de tallos no productivos y el contenido de proteínas
y K en el grano. El déficit hídrico terminal disminuyó, en comparación con las plantas de control hídrico, el índice de cosecha y el contenido de fructosa, y aumentó la capacidad antioxidante total y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos y S en el grano. El déficit hídrico moderado aumentó la relación raíz/parte aérea de las plantas de trigo y el contenido de Na con respecto al control hídrico. Entre ambos déficits hídricos hubo diferencias en la biomasa del tallo, la relación
C/N, capacidad antioxidante y el contenido de proteínas, compuestos fenólicos, Na y S. Este trabajo refleja el impacto de condiciones ambientales complejas asociadas al cambio climático global en el rendimiento y calidad del grano de trigo, Plan Nacional I+D+i (PID2019-107154RB-100) y Junta de Castilla y León (CSI260P20, E-37-2020-0042432, CLU-2019-05 IRNASA/CSIC), Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Comunicación oral presentada en el III Annual International Congress of Doctoral Students, celebrado telemáticamente, del 2 al 3 de febrero de 2023, La sequía es uno de los estreses abióticos que más reduce el crecimiento y la productividad de los cultivos. El uso de macetas para estudiar el efecto del déficit hídrico en plantas permite diseñar ensayos en invernaderos o cámaras de crecimiento bajo condiciones controladas. Sin embargo, la variabilidad en el diseño experimental para definir y mantener las condiciones de déficit hídrico suele ser el principal motivo por el cual se observa una baja reproducibilidad entre experimentos de diferentes laboratorios. El potencial hídrico del suelo (XX), definido como la energía potencial del agua retenida en el suelo por unidad de volumen con respecto al agua pura como referencia, es un parámetro físicoquímico útil para establecer el nivel de sequía con independencia del sustrato utilizado; aunque el uso de sensores para medir XX conlleva ciertas consideraciones, en particular aquellas relacionadas con el rango de sensibilidad, la posición y orientación en la maceta, así como el tamaño de estas. El presente estudio preliminar tuvo dos objetivos: primero, relacionar XX con una capacidad de campo (CC) establecida y, segundo, monitorizar cambios en XX del sustrato durante el desarrollo de plantas de trigo (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gazul) bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico moderado. Se utilizó como sustrato una mezcla de perlita: vermiculita (3:1, v/v). En el desarrollo vegetativo, se indujo un déficit hídrico del 65% de CC, mientras que las plantas de control hídrico se mantuvieron al 100% de CC. El seguimiento de la pérdida de agua por evapotranspiración se realizó por métodos gravimétricos, reponiendo la cantidad de agua necesaria para mantener el sustrato al nivel hídrico establecido. Los datos registrados del XXX muestran un patrón oscilante, que aumentó notablemente en fases avanzadas del desarrollo de la planta, particularmente desde el estado de bota. En la madurez, las plantas cultivadas en condiciones de estrés hídrico tuvieron una biomasa y un rendimiento de grano menor que los controles. Este comportamiento puede ser determinante en diseños experimentales de sequía para definir la frecuencia de riego a lo largo del desarrollo del cultivo y atenuar la posible influencia en parámetros fisiológicos y bio químicos más sensibles al XXX en etapas claves del crecimiento del trigo, La investigación fue financiada por el Plan Nacional R&D&I (Project PID2019-107154RB-100) y la Junta de Castilla y León (CSI260P20, CLU-2019-05 IRNASA/CSIC), Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Póster presentado en el V Simposio Español de Fisiología y Mejora de Cereales, celebrado en Lleida, del 8 al 9 de mayo de 2023, Wheat is an essential cereal in human nutrition. It provides 20% of the calories in daily intake and is an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals. In the coming decades, the global demand for wheat will increase with the growing population worldwide, whereas its productivity may decrease due to climate change. This study reflects the negative impact of complex environmental conditions associated with change on the wheat grain yield and quality, This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (project PID2019-107154RB-100) and the Junta de Castilla y León (project XSI260P20, ERDF)., Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Comunicación oral presentada en el V Simposio Español de Fisiología y Mejora de Cereales, celebrado en Lleida, del 8 al 9 de mayo de 2023, Wheat is one of the main staple foods worldwide due to its nutritional value and high consumption by human population. However, its production is expected to decline because of the effect of global climate change. Together with the increase in atmospheric (CO2) and Earth's average surface temperature, there will be stronger and more frequent episodes of drought threating wheat productivity, especially in the Mediterranean zone. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of water deficit on the physiological and photosynthetic response of the flag leaf of three different genoytypes of two wheat species (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gazul and CIMMYT-HTWSN 41 and Triticum durum L. cv. Regallo) grown under a controlled environment, in which CO2 was kept at 900 ppm and the daily and sesaonal temperature was 4ºC above the current average of Salamanca region, This work was supported by projects AGL2016-79589-R (ERDF) and PID2019-107154RB-100, Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Comunicación oral presentada en el V Simposio Español de Fisiología y Mejora de Cereales, celebrado en Lleida, del 8 al 9 de mayo de 2023, The continous rise in the atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature of the Earth's surface threatens the nutritional value of agricultural edibles. Used as a major staple food, wheat grain provides a large proportion of proteins, minerals and vitamins for human nutrition. This study uncovers potential biomarkers for the improvement of nutritional quality at different N availabilites., This work was supported by projects AGL2016-79589-R (ERDF) and PID2019-107154RB-100, Peer reviewed

1 página. -- Póster presentado en el V Simposio Español de Fisiología y Mejora de Cereales, celebrado en Lleida, del 8 al 9 de mayo de 2023, Among abiotic stresses, drought is the main cause of crop yield loss. Studies on water deficit effects are commonly carried out using pots inside greenhouses or controlled-environment chambers, whiche allow more stable conditions. However, comparisons of main results from different laboratories point to different approaches defining and maintaining water conditions as the main cause of low experimental reproductibility, This research was supported by the Spanish National R&D&I Plan (Project PID2019-107154RB-100) and the Regional Government of Castilla y León (CSI250P20, CLU-2019-5-IRNASA/CSIC), Peer reviewed

Comprises 6 files: - ‘Figure S1_Bendou et al.docx’ comprises one single page: ‘Figure S1. Structure of the raw LEYQ data set and multivariate analyses applied to the data set using the ade4 package.’ - ‘TS1_TS5_Supplementary material_Bendou et al.xlsx’ comprises 5 sheets: ‘Table S1. Raw data set.’ ‘Table S2. Extreme outliers of the raw data set.’ ‘Table S3. Shapiro tests.’ ‘Table S4. Levene tests.’ ‘Table S5. Selection of tests (two-way, one-way Anova or T test) to be performed (if needed) according to the presence or absence of extreme outliers and the compliance with the assumptions of normal distribution and homocedasticity.’ -‘TS6_TS7_Supplementary material_Bendou et al.xlsx’ comprises 2 sheets: ‘Table S6. List of variables showing statistical significance after performing, firstly, two-way ANOVA and then one-way ANOVA or T test if there was no statistical significance for an interaction effect between factors.’ ‘Table S7. Summary of post-hoc tests.’ -‘TS8_TS10_Supplementary material_Bendou et al.xlsx’ comprises 3 sheets ‘Table S8. Dudi output elements of the BCA.’ ‘Table S9. Results of the BCA Monte-Carlo test (randtest in ade4).’ ‘Table S10. BCA column normed scores of the variables of the four meaningful blocks. -‘TS11_TS12_Supplementary material_Bendou et al.xlsx’ comprises 2 sheets ‘Table S11. Result of the COIA Monte-Carlo test (randtest in ade4).’ ‘Table S12. COIA loadings for the variables of the blocks of Yield and Quality.’ -‘TS13_TS15_Supplementary material_Bendou et al.xlsx’ comprises 3 sheets ‘Table S13. MBPLS regression using the grain yield as the dependent data block and flag leaves and ears as the explanatory blocks.’ ‘Table S14. Projection of the dependent variables on the LCs and loadings of the explanatory variables in the MBPLS regression.’ ‘Table S15. Determination of the cumulated variable importance index (vipc) to obtain the variables of the explanatory blocks (i.e., leaves and ears) that best explained the dependent block (i.e., grain yield) in the MBPLS regression., The effect of mild water deficit starting at the vegetative state on the physiological and biochemical response of wheat was investigated in a pot experiment. Wheat plants were grown in a controlled warming environment, in which the atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperatures were set to match those projected by the end of this century. Three wheat genotypes of different polyploidy level were selected: two bread (hexaploidy) genotypes named Gazul and HTWSN 41 respectively, and a durum (tetraploid) genotype named Regallo. The set of the potted plants of each genotype were split into two groups when they reached stage 14 within the decimal Zadoks growth scale. One was maintained under well water conditions, at field capacity, and another followed mild water deficit imposed at 65% of field capacity. At ear emergence, foliar pigments and leaf photosynthesis were measured. Additionally, flag leaves and ears from a subset of each group per genotype and water treatment were harvested to measure morphophysiological, water-related and biochemical traits. The remaining potted plants were left until maturity. The above- and belowground parts of the plants were harvested and the grains separated from the ears to quantify both yield- and quality-related traits. A total of 81 continuous measures were collected from the analyses performed on flag leaves and ears at ear emergence, and grains and total biomass at maturity. The variables were divided into four blocks named Leaf, Ear, Yield and Quality to performed supervised statistical multivariate analysis with the ade4 package. The statistical analysis of the results showed that three genotypes experienced reductions in leaf nitrogen balance and the number of productive tillers, though leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency were rather stable. Ear water content and antioxidant status largely remained unchanged. Grain yield per plant decreased in the three genotypes, while grain yield per ear and grain biomass displayed reduced variability. Both leaves and ears equally contribute to grain yield. Under water deficit conditions, bread wheat genotypes showed a significant increase in nitrogen content, whereas Regallo maintained higher stable nitrogen content and better grain quality except for iron content. From a methodological viewpoint, the use of several functions maintaining the structure of an object of the subclass dudi (duality diagram) within the ade4 package open a new predictive statistical methodology in the screening of wheat with relevant organ and grain traits, This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades [grant numbers PID2019-107154RB-100 and PID2023-148311OB-I00, MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER, UE] and the Junta de Castilla y León [grant number CSI260P20]. The Project ‘CLU-2019–05—IRNASA/CSIC Unit of Excellence’ funded by the Junta de Castilla y León and co-financed by the European Union (ERDF ‘Europe drives our growth’), the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Optimization of Agricultural and Forestry Systems (PTI-AGRO4FOOD) and the CSIC scientific network WheatNet are also acknowledged., No