[EN] Peru constituted the most important Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in South America, with the Port of Callao controlling the South Pacific trade routes. Although it was safe in its infancy, Callao suffered coastal attacks leading to its fortification. However, on 28 October 1746, an earthquake and tidal wave devastated the port, leading to its relo cation and the construction of the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao, the South Pacific¿s most significant fortification. The fortress was based on 18th century military conceptions adapted to the specific conditions of the coastal lands of the Peruvian Viceroyalty, such as the lack of stone, the use of adobe, and the frequent earthquakes. This research sought to identify the architectural theories influencing its design, the adaptations necessary for its coastal location, and the underlying mathematical and military concepts. Photogramme try based techniques and a geographic information system (GIS) were used for georefer encing historical planimetry, along with the analysis of historical documents. This allowed us to reconstruct the original design and make evident how European ideas were adjusted to the particularities of the American territory, thus contributing to the improvement of knowledge about Spanish military architecture in America., This research was funded by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia and by the R + D + i project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency/10.13039/501100011033.

[EN] The emergence of drones in recent years has revolutionized the field of photogrammetry due to the advantages that their use entails. opening a new variety of possibilities, as the use of close-range aerial photogrammetry. Therefore, the main objective of this contribution is to analyse the legal limits for this kind of drones under 250 g and to determine the quality of the results that can be obtained when they are used for graphic surveying.
The methodology consisted in carrying out the survey of a renaissance courtyard, which is known as the Patio del Embajador Vich, one of the most relevant spaces in the city of Valencia that is currently integrated inside of the Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia. The courtyard constitutes an excellent test bench due to the complexity of its sculptural forms and its combination with the large stucco panels. The photogrammetric survey was carried out with a DJI mini 2 drone, weighting less than 250 gr, equipped with a 1/2.3¿ CMOS sensor with a resolution of 12 Mp. In addition, a survey with a laser scanner Leica RTC 360 was also carried out to compare both of them and to estimate the precision of the photogrammetric survey.
Two types of photogrammetric surveys were carried out, the first of which was taken at a medium distance to achieve the restitution of part of the general volume, while the second consisted of a very close-range survey of one of the original capitals, in order to restore a more detailed model. The conclusions of this study, that arises from the comparison and study of the models obtained, will reveal the convenience of using this kind of drones and its application to architectural heritage surveying., This contribution is part of the R+D+i project / Grant PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/ State Research Agency/10.13039/501100011033.

[EN] The architectural graphic expression, with all the
variants that make it up, strengthens a substantial
part of the process of approaching the project,
also of its resolution. When the architectural
intervention corresponds to the rehabilitation
of a historic building, the aforementioned link
acquires greater prominence, both in the previous
phases of analysis, and in the consequent
decisions that will derive from them. The help
of technologies in the capture of information
and the possibilities of virtualization provided by
computer applications, have determined both
the work methodologies and the forms of graphic
representation to obtain results.
This article describes the processes carried out
for the graphic representation of a Renaissance
palace in the province of Teruel, Casa Castellote,
as a starting point to advance in its knowledge.
Every graphic survey, any virtual model analyzing
an architectural object, the intangible contribution of the initial sketches, and the conclusive
planimetric representation configure an essential
scientific research to address a project solution.
This analytical graphic process, as well as the
consequent creative graphic process, require
systematization. The result is the obtaining of a
digital model that will allow the study and analysis
of the model through different visualizations,
whether planimetry, or virtual three-dimensional
models, which, in addition, enable accessibility to
the documentation of the heritage asset and its
dissemination to society., This article thus presents the result of part of the research carried out for the R&D&i project PID2020-119469RB-I00 entitled comprehensive 3D graphic survey of heritage. Optimisation of workflows and proposal of standards. 3DHERITATGE , funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Research Agency/ 10.13039/501100011033 as a specific case study of the needs and advantages of using computer tools to establish standards for
photogrammetric documentation.

[ES] Las nubes de puntos son una herramienta esencial para documentar el patrimonio arqueológico
y arquitectónico, dado que son el resultado primigenio fruto de un escaneado láser o de un levantamiento fotogramétrico. A pesar de ser una fuente de información muy básica y discretizada, que contiene únicamente puntos coloreados, puede utilizarse como una primera aproximación al modelo mediante una visualización virtual o recorrido interactivo. La gestión y visualización de nubes de puntos no es una tarea sencilla, ya que implica la representación de millones de puntos y es necesaria la instalación de visores específicos. La mayoría de estos visores especiales son programas comerciales, pero existen algunas alternativas gratuitas, [EN] Point clouds are an essential tool for document- ing archaeological and architectural heritage, since they are the initial product that can be ob- tained from a laser scanner or photogrammetry survey. Despite being a very basic and discretized source of information containing only coloured points, they can be used as a first approach to the surveyed model through a virtual visualization or interactive tour., This contribution is part of the R+D+i project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/ State Research Agency/ 10.13039/501100011033

[EN] As part of a doctoral research project on military architecture in the Viceroyalty of Peru, a study of various historical fortifications was conducted. To analyze their layout, understand the technical principles applied in their design and construction, and assess their state of conservation, it was necessary to develop a precise architectural survey process. Among the cases examined, the Real Felipe Fortress of Callao stands out as one of the most significant military monuments in terms of historical, strategic, and heritage value. Due to its size and the complexity of its preservation conditions, the survey required the integration of both aerial and terrestrial recording. The former allowed for the accurate documentation of the entire fortified enclosure, while the latter enabled the detailed capture of specific construction elements. The combination of these two scales formed the methodological basis for its architectural analysis and heritage assessment., [ES] En el marco de una investigación doctoral sobre la arquitectura militar en el virreinato del Perú, se llevó a cabo el estudio diversas fortificaciones históricas. Para analizar su trazado, comprender los principios técnicos empleados en su diseño y construcción, así como evaluar su estado de conservación, fue necesario desarrollar un proceso de levantamiento arquitectónico preciso. Entre los casos analizados destaca la Fortaleza del Real Felipe del Callao, uno de los monumentos militares más relevantes del ámbito histórico, estratégico y patrimonial. Debido a su extensión y a la complejidad de su estado de conservación, el levantamiento requirió la integración de registro aéreo y terrestre. El primero permitió documentar con exactitud la totalidad del recinto amurallado, mientras que el segundo posibilitó la captura detallada de elementos constructivos específicos. La combinación de ambas escalas constituyó la base metodológica para su análisis arquitectónico y diagnóstico patrimonial.

Graphic info: P1-Battery 3D4HERITAGE, pdf file, Battery floor plant; P2-Battery 3D4HERITAGE, pdf file, Powder magazine elevator; P2-Battery 3D4HERITAGE, pdf file, Command and Observation Post; 3D machine-gun nest, pdf file

Datos gráficos incluidos: 1. plano CB 1, archivo en formato pdf con el alzado del ingreso del castillo; 2. plano CB 2, archivo en formato pdf con la planta y seccion longitudinal del castillo; 3. 3D-Bayren Castle, archivo comprimido con modelo 3D ligero en formato obj

Graphic info from Fishermen’s Houses 3D4HERITAGE.

[EN] The methodology employed for the digital graphic survey of heritage has undergone significant advancements in recent years. The development of multi-image photogrammetry (SfM+IM), combined with the evolution of 3D laser scanning technology, has marked a major advancement in the digitalization of heritage. Today, the integrated use of these technologies allows for the creation of hyper-realistic three-dimensional models in a simple, accurate, and cost-effective manner, while also producing visually compelling results. The objective of this research is present the methodology applied in the comprehensive digital graphic survey of the Church of the Immaculate Conception, located in Santa Eulalia del Campo (Teruel) along with the graphical results, which adhere to the required representation standards. The focus of this graphic survey is on the descriptive and typological analysis of the building, serving as a preliminary step before the intervention project., [ES] La metodología empleada para el levantamiento gráfico digital del patrimonio ha experimentado importantes avances en los últimos años. El desarrollo de la fotogrametría multiimagen (SfM), combinado con la evolución de la tecnología de escaneo láser 3D, ha supuesto un gran avance en la digitalización del patrimonio. Hoy en día, el uso integrado de estas tecnologías permite la creación de modelos tridimensionales hiperrealistas de una manera precisa, rentable y relativamente sencilla, a la vez que produce resultados visualmente atractivos. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar la metodología aplicada para el levantamiento gráfico digital integral de la Iglesia de la Inmaculada Concepción, en Santa Eulalia del Campo (Teruel) junto con sus resultados gráficos, que se ajustan a los estándares de representación exigidos. El enfoque de este levantamiento gráfico se centra en el análisis descriptivo y tipológico del edificio, sirviendo como paso previo al proyecto de intervención., This contribution is part of the R+D+i project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/ State Research Agency/ 10.13039/501100011033.

[EN] Among the different types of popular house styles found in Spain, we encounter the unusual case of cave dwellings. In the Valencian Community; we find them in the villages of Paterna, Godella, Rocafort, Moncada, Bétera, Ribarroja and Villamarchante. In the mid 19th century, the population living in cave dwellings reached significant numbers, thus constituting an important typology of today’s local architectural heritage. This case study can be framed in the broader field of the Underground Built Heritage (UBH), so including some of the aspects, factors and issues which may have influenced the strategies and tools used in the acquisition data phase. In this article, we present the methodologies and workflows used for the terrestrial laser scanning digital survey –through comparison with commonly used methodologies for this specific kind of heritage– and the subsequent graphic design surrounding the necessary architectural plans, carried out on a case study: Betera’s cave dwellings. Making use of the Visual Inertial System (VIS) technology integrated into the tool, it was possible to achieve comprehensive coverage of the case of study while ensuring high efficiency in the heritage surveying process. The digital documentation obtained is, beyond doubt, the fundamental tool for the knowledge and conservation of semi-abandoned heritage assets; only a few caves are occupied today, and most of them show a state of significant damage. Starting from the survey process, the methodological issues peculiar to the typology of the case study, i.e. underground architecture in an urban setting, which are involved in the survey project drafting are analysed, also taking into account those aspects related to the definition of surveying standards. Computational methodologies are also proposed, through the implementation of an algorithmic definition –reusable for similar case studies– that can help us to deepen our knowledge of the artefact, also in a broader perspective of process automation and informative enrichment of the obtained models. The results obtained serve as significant documentation of a relevant typology of the local architectural heritage and provide a starting point for further analysis on optimising survey planning for this peculiar type of scenario., This contribution is part of the R&D&I project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/ StateResearch Agency/ 10.13039/501100011033.Figure 13: Workflow and different software used.

[EN] Seville was at the height of its commercial prosperity in the 16th century. It was then decided to renovate the gates of its walled enclosure using a Renaissance architectural language, following a report by the architect Hernán Ruiz II from 1560. The Puerta de la Carne was located near the Judería district and close to the city’s slaughterhouse. Asencio de Maeda directed the work execution around 1577. After being deemed an urban obstacle, the gate was demolished in 1864. For its graphic reconstruction, the 2006 London Charter, the 2012 Seville Principles, and other bibliographic references have been considered. To document and illustrate significant architectural and urban transformations, important historical images have been gathered and analysed for the first time: Bambrilla (1585–1588), Hoefnagel (1598), Olavide (1771), Hurtado (1786), an anonymous oil painting (c. 1800), Ford (1831), Domínguez Bécquer (1838), and Vigier (1851), among others. A photograph commercialised by Gaudin Frères (c. 1855) served as the basis for the 3D graphic reconstruction. Treatises on 16th-century architecture have been consulted to sketch the architectural details of its composition, which was similar to the Puerta Real, attributed to Hernán Ruiz II. A plan of urban alignments from the late 19th century has helped to determine its position, supported by the 3D scanning of the current environment. Game-engine rendering technology was used to integrate and visualise all these data. Thus, the aim is to highlight the Puerta de la Carne, an important sample of vanished architectural heritage. This research will facilitate debate regarding its potential material reconstruction as a symbol of identity and a source of progress for the city., The authors wish to thank the architect Rafael Manzano Martos, who is a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, Madrid. This research has been supported by a post-doctoral researcher contract from the VI Plan Propio de Investigación y Transferencia of Universidad de Sevilla (reference VIPPIT-2020-II.5). This contribution is part of the R&D&I project PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation/ StateResearch Agency/ 10.13039/501100011033.Figure 13: Workflow and different software used.

[EN] During the first decade of the millennium, a slow evolution in the digitalisation of architectural surveying took place. The qualities achieved at first were difficult to compete with analogue systems, so they had to mature until being definitively established. In any case, it was technological development in the following decade that brought about a true revolution in digitisation. Thus, it was during the last ten - twelve years that we have witnessed a true revolution in the methods used within the three-dimensional graphic survey of architectural and archaeological heritage. The incorporation of multi-image photogrammetry (SfM, Structure from Motion) and the new 3D laser scanners broke through in a rather short period of time, allowing us to speak about the advent of a new paradigm. All of this has not only favoured the obtaining of hyper-realistic three-dimensional models, but also the popularisation of such methods due to their extreme simplicity, economy and the visual appeal of their outcomes. In consequence, we can state that these technological advances have triggered a genuine revolution in the documentation of architectural and archaeological heritage., The call for papers in the present issue of the journal is directly related to its editors work
on the national research project entitled Inte- gral 3D graphical survey of heritage. Optimisa- tion of workflows and proposal of standards. 3D4HERITAGE (R+D+i Retos 2020. Ref. PID2020-
119469RB-I00. Ministry of Science and Innova- tion. Spanish Government).

[EN] To know an architectural asset, the greatest source of information is the graphic surveying. In the last decade we have experienced a technological advance that has brought technology closer to the user, allowing us to handle tools and software that were unimaginable until recently, while obtaining high-precision surveys in a short time. The research shown here includes the survey of all the fishermen's houses located in Cullera Cape, currently owned by the Town Hall. The objective of the survey is to know, analyze and study the houses with the intention of proposing our strategies that help their restoration, conservation, and enhancement., [ES] Para conocer un bien arquitectónico la mayor fuente de información es la que obtenemos a través del levantamiento gráfico. El avance tecnológico que hemos vivido en la última década ha supuesto una aproximación de la tecnología al usuario, permitiéndonos manejar herramientas y software hasta hace poco inimaginables, a la vez que obtener levantamientos de gran precisión en escaso tiempo de toma de datos. La investigación que aquí se muestra recoge el levantamiento del conjunto de las casas de pescadores situadas en el cabo de Cullera, actualmente propiedad del ayuntamiento. El objetivo del levantamiento es conocer, analizar y estudiar las casas con la intención de plantear estrategias que ayuden a su restauración, conservación y puesta en valor., La presente contribución es parte del proyecto de I+D+i PID2020-119469RB-I00, financiado por el
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/ Agencia Estatal de Investigación/ 10.13039/501100011033.

Datos semibrutos 3D Photogrammetry (SfM) Pointcloud photogrammetry

[EN] The Spanish Civil War is a chapter of a historical memory that has been avoided for years, rejecting any lived event. In recent years, this trend is changing, and public administrations are beginning to promote its recovery, starting by declaring this heritage as an Asset of Local Relevance. The aim of the current research is to study, analyze, and document the military constructions erected by the Government of the Republic during 1936-1939, at the Cullera's Cape (Valencia). The research begins with the historical context definition, to subsequently approach the study of the material remains, analyzed after an exhaustive and rigorous graphic documentation work. The methodology followed had to be adapted to the needs of the constructions and their surroundings, which led to the use of a combination of 3D survey techniques based on terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry methods. Accordingly, we were able to digitize, geometrize, and document both the buried and the exposed construction remains, in a correct and precise manner. This is a unique and unprecedented investigation despite its significance and historical relevance. The present work can serve as a basis for the musealization of the site, contributing to its recovery and enhancement., This contribution is part of the R+D+i project Ref. No PID2020-119469RB-I00, funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation, State Research Agency, 10.13039/501100011033.
The authors acknowledge the Leica company for the technical support provided to this project, as well as the City Council of Cullera for its administrative support.