MONITORIZACION INTELIGENTE PARA REDUCIR LA INCERTIDUMBRE EN LA VIDA UTIL: SENSORES DE CORROSION POTENCIOSTATICOS
PID2020-119744RB-C21
•
Nombre agencia financiadora Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Acrónimo agencia financiadora AEI
Programa Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientado a los Retos de la Sociedad
Convocatoria Proyectos de I+D+i (Generación de Conocimiento y Retos Investigación)
Año convocatoria 2020
Unidad de gestión Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020
Centro beneficiario UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA
Identificador persistente http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033
Resultados relacionados
Resultados totales (Incluyendo duplicados): 18Encontrada(s) 1 página(s)
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2024
Corrosion Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Structures by Means of Embedded Sensors and Multivariate Analysis—Part 2: Implementation
DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana
- Ramón Zamora, Jose Enrique
- Gandía-Romero, José Manuel
The economic cost of repairing corrosion-affected reinforced concrete structures (RCSs) means that reliable and accurate assessment and early detection methods must be sought after. Conventional techniques, such as visual inspections, or measuring either cover layer resistivity or the corrosion potential, are methods that require accessibility and involve personnel having to travel to take in situ measurements. Monitoring by embedded sensors is a much more efficient approach that allows early detection by remote sensing. This work presents the implementation of a new measurement protocol regarding the existing monitoring system called INESSCOM (Integrated Sensor Network for Smart Corrosion Monitoring). Along with the corrosion intensity measurement in embedded sensors, it also proposes monitoring the double layer capacity of the sensors’ responses. It aims to determine, along with the rebars’ corrosion rate, the triggering agent of the corrosion process. This study was carried out using three reinforced concrete scaled columns that were exposed to different environments. The results demonstrate with this new protocol that the remote INESSCOM monitoring system can establish the corrosion rate and identify the precursor agent of corrosion (carbonation or chlorides), even when the recorded corrosion rates are similar, This research was funded by the Spanish Government, grant number PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Peer reviewed
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2026
Experimental assessment of a controlled-polarization technique for the in-situ measurement of corrosion rate in reinforced concrete, Evaluación experimental de una técnica con polarización controlada para la medición in situ de la velocidad de corrosión en hormigón armado
DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
- Ramón Zamora, Jose Enrique
- Martínez Sierra, Isabel
- Castillo Talavera, Ángel
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana
[EN] This work presents the experimental evaluation of a novel methodology for the in situ assessment of corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. The technique is based on dynamic control of the applied current to maintain appropriate polarization conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on specimens with different concrete types and exposure conditions. The results show improved polarization control compared to previous generations of confined current corrosion meters, with corrosion rate values comparable to reference techniques such as Linear Polarization Resistance and embedded multiparametric systems. The originality lies in ensuring appropriate polarization regardless of corrosion state through a non-invasive approach, demonstrating strong potential as an effective tool for corrosion diagnosis., [ES] Este trabajo presenta la evaluación experimental de una nueva metodología para la evaluación in situ de la corrosión en estructuras de hormigón armado. La técnica se basa en el control dinámico de la corriente aplicada para asegurar una polarización adecuada. Se realizaron ensayos en laboratorio con distintos tipos de hormigón y condiciones de exposición. Los resultados muestran un mejor control de la polarización respecto a generaciones anteriores de corrosímetros por corriente confinada, con valores de velocidad de corrosión comparables a técnicas de referencia como la Resistencia a la Polarización Lineal y sistemas multiparámetro embebidos. La originalidad radica en asegurar la polarización adecuada independientemente del estado de corrosión mediante una aproximación no invasiva, con potencial como herramienta eficaz de diagnóstico., This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects PID2020-119744RB-C21 and PID2020-119744RB-C22. It also received funding from the State Research Agency through the financial aid scheme for public–private partnership projects (project CPP2023-010657). The authors would like to thank the Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja(IETcc-CSIC) and the Universitat Politècnica de València for their support. They would also like to express special thanks to the IETcc-CSIC laboratory technicians Ana Labanda, Isaías Benjamín and Luis Córdoba for their valuable contribution to the experimental work., Peer reviewed
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2022
Real-time corrosion monitoring of an ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete offshore raft by using an autonomous sensor sytem
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Ramón Zamora, José Enrique
- Bataller Prats, Román
- López, Juan A.
- Soto Camino, Juan
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] The excellent high-durability features of ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) have been verified in laboratory studies, but its performance under service conditions are being studied. Indeed, structural health monitoring (SHM) can be considered an efficient strategy to assess built structures in which concrete matrix performance differs from that those found when assessing laboratory samples (variable actions, cracking, etc.). This work presents INESSCOM, an automated corrosion rate monitoring system, as an innovative support to SHM strategy to monitor UHPFRC structures in terms of durability. Its innovation lies in its durable and multi-parametric sensor designed to be embedded in multiple parts of a structure. The results from pre-vious laboratory tests and those obtained during real-time monitoring of an offshore UHPFRC raft are presented. Acceptable deviation of 20% was obtained in corrosion rate measurements with the advantageous reference-electrode-free cell of the sensor with respect to the classical three-electrode cell. Furthermore, sensor provided accurate corrosion measurements in UHPFRC despite its extremely high electrical resistivity and large amount of steel fibres. After 17-month monitoring of the UHPFRC raft, excellent perfor-mance was evidenced under service conditions with corrosion rate values always <0.1 ¿A/cm2. Conversely, corrosion rate reached 0.4 ¿A/cm2 in a con-ventional concrete specimen installed for comparison. Corrosion initiation and propagation stages were clearly defined through the corrosion-penetration-damage (¿m) diagram obtained for the specimen. Present work positions INESSCOM as an innovative support to structural health monitoring strategy in UHPFRC structures., UPV, Grant/Award Number: SP20180245; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant/Award Numbers: BIA2016-78460-C3-3-R, PID2020-119744RB-C21, PID2020-119744RB-C22; Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant/Award Number: FPU13/00911
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2022
Hardened Concrete State Determination System Based on a Stainless Steel Voltammetric Sensor and PCA Analysis
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Soto Camino, Juan
[EN] Monitoringreinforced concrete structures (RCS)
is essential to ensure their service life. Monitoring the parameters associated with deterioration processes can be key
for proactive maintenance. A gap exists between engineering
practices and sensor technology innovation in the construction field, which prevents more development and widespread
applications of using voltammetric sensors and a multivariate analysis. This review demonstrates the effectiveness of
voltammetric stainless steel (SS) sensors, plus a principal
component analysis (PCA), to detect the aspects involved in
corrosion processes; e.g. concrete carbonation or presence
of chlorides. Sensors were embedded in different concrete
mixtures and exposed to different conditions. Electrochemical techniques were applied. Then the results were analysed by a PCA, which defined the durability control model. This
model is able accurately detect the concrete state, which is verified by the model¿s validation. This novel system helps to
sustainably preserve the service life of RCS., This work was supported by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Ayudas a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-06-18) through the Lengua Electronica Voltametrica para el Control de Durabilidad en Hormigones under Grant SP20180245. The work of Ana Martinez Ibernon was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Predoctoral Scholarship under Grant FPU 16/00723. The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was Prof. Rosario Morello.
is essential to ensure their service life. Monitoring the parameters associated with deterioration processes can be key
for proactive maintenance. A gap exists between engineering
practices and sensor technology innovation in the construction field, which prevents more development and widespread
applications of using voltammetric sensors and a multivariate analysis. This review demonstrates the effectiveness of
voltammetric stainless steel (SS) sensors, plus a principal
component analysis (PCA), to detect the aspects involved in
corrosion processes; e.g. concrete carbonation or presence
of chlorides. Sensors were embedded in different concrete
mixtures and exposed to different conditions. Electrochemical techniques were applied. Then the results were analysed by a PCA, which defined the durability control model. This
model is able accurately detect the concrete state, which is verified by the model¿s validation. This novel system helps to
sustainably preserve the service life of RCS., This work was supported by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Ayudas a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-06-18) through the Lengua Electronica Voltametrica para el Control de Durabilidad en Hormigones under Grant SP20180245. The work of Ana Martinez Ibernon was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the Predoctoral Scholarship under Grant FPU 16/00723. The associate editor coordinating the review of this article and approving it for publication was Prof. Rosario Morello.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2022
Improved Tafel-Based Potentiostatic Approach for Corrosion Rate Monitoring of Reinforcing Steel
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Ramón, José Enrique
- Martínez, Isabel
- Soto Camino, Juan
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
[EN] Potential step voltammetry (PSV) was introduced in earlier works as an advantageous alternative to traditional methods for
measuring corrosion rate in reinforced concrete. The present study aims to improve PSV to maximize its applicability in
corrosion rate monitoring, that is, beyond the narrowly-defined steel¿concrete systems in which was initially validated. It
was therefore identified necessary to address the most suitable PSV pulse amplitudes to accurately obtain the Tafel lines
and, therefore, corrosion rate in steel-mortar systems with well-differentiated ohmic drop. PSV findings were compared to
reference methods, i.e. Tafel intersection and linear polarization resistance. As a novelty, we propose a procedure to improve
the reliability of the PSV-determined Tafel lines, which is based on three protocols (P1, P2 and P3). P1 consists of a specific
pulse sequence to accurately characterize the morphology of the polarization curve without disturbing the system. P2 consists
of two short pulses for determining the ohmic drop compensation factor. Finally, P3 consists of a simple calculation procedure
to accurately adjust the PSV pulse amplitudes (V) to the steel¿concrete system assessed, thus obviating the need for preset
values and, therefore, ensuring accurate corrosion rate results. The procedure proposed is intended to improve PSV with a
view to its consolidation as a reliable tool for the unsupervised monitoring of real structures., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Jose Enrique Ramon Zamora by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant Number FPU13/00911). We would also like to acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the national programs of oriented research, development and innovation to societal challenges (Project Numbers BIA2016-78460-C33-R, PID2020-119744RB-C21 and PID2020-119744RB-C22). To the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the financial support in the project "Ayudas a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-0618)"-SP20180245.
measuring corrosion rate in reinforced concrete. The present study aims to improve PSV to maximize its applicability in
corrosion rate monitoring, that is, beyond the narrowly-defined steel¿concrete systems in which was initially validated. It
was therefore identified necessary to address the most suitable PSV pulse amplitudes to accurately obtain the Tafel lines
and, therefore, corrosion rate in steel-mortar systems with well-differentiated ohmic drop. PSV findings were compared to
reference methods, i.e. Tafel intersection and linear polarization resistance. As a novelty, we propose a procedure to improve
the reliability of the PSV-determined Tafel lines, which is based on three protocols (P1, P2 and P3). P1 consists of a specific
pulse sequence to accurately characterize the morphology of the polarization curve without disturbing the system. P2 consists
of two short pulses for determining the ohmic drop compensation factor. Finally, P3 consists of a simple calculation procedure
to accurately adjust the PSV pulse amplitudes (V) to the steel¿concrete system assessed, thus obviating the need for preset
values and, therefore, ensuring accurate corrosion rate results. The procedure proposed is intended to improve PSV with a
view to its consolidation as a reliable tool for the unsupervised monitoring of real structures., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work was supported by the pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Jose Enrique Ramon Zamora by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Grant Number FPU13/00911). We would also like to acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the national programs of oriented research, development and innovation to societal challenges (Project Numbers BIA2016-78460-C33-R, PID2020-119744RB-C21 and PID2020-119744RB-C22). To the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the financial support in the project "Ayudas a Primeros Proyectos de Investigacion (PAID-0618)"-SP20180245.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2024
Corrosion Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Structures by Means of Embedded Sensors and Multivariate Analysis Part 2: Implementation
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Ramón Zamora, José Enrique
[EN] The economic cost of repairing corrosion-affected reinforced concrete structures (RCSs) means that reliable and accurate assessment and early detection methods must be sought after. Conventional techniques, such as visual inspections, or measuring either cover layer resistivity or the corrosion potential, are methods that require accessibility and involve personnel having to travel to take in situ measurements. Monitoring by embedded sensors is a much more efficient approach that allows early detection by remote sensing. This work presents the implementation of a new measurement protocol regarding the existing monitoring system called INESSCOM (Integrated Sensor Network for Smart Corrosion Monitoring). Along with the corrosion intensity measurement in embedded sensors, it also proposes monitoring the double layer capacity of the sensors¿ responses. It aims to determine, along with the rebars¿ corrosion rate, the triggering agent of the corrosion process. This study was carried out using three reinforced concrete scaled columns that were exposed to different environments. The results demonstrate with this new protocol that the remote INESSCOM monitoring system can establish the corrosion rate and identify the precursor agent of corrosion (carbonation or chlorides), even when the recorded corrosion rates are similar., The authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the support of the Universitat Politècnica de València. They are also grateful for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando as part of the Formación de Personal Investigador programme from the Universitat Politècnica de València (FPI-UPV-2018). They are also grateful for the postdoctoral mobility scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando from Generalitat Valenciana (CIBEST/2023/83).
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2024
New use of an Ag electrode and a potentiodynamic method to control the presence of chlorides in porous media like concrete
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Soto Camino, Juan
[EN]
Chloride detection in porous materials is important for the soil characterisation and the durability control of reinforced concrete structures. Chloride content in soil can affect soil fertility, and the presence of chlorides in reinforced concrete structures can trigger the corrosion of reinforcement, which leads to structure failure. In both cases, the material in which chlorides are detected is a porous medium. Traditionally in this type of materials, chlorides have been controlled by means of tedious laboratory tests, in which specimens of the material are used, as are passive sensor systems like potentiometric sensors. In the former, tests are usually costly and do not allow effective control in real time. In the latter, as the sensor is not excited, overlapping reactions occur on its surface that can lead to errors when estimating chloride content. In aqueous media, chloride detection is efficiently carried out by electrochemical sensors using potentiodynamic techniques. However, they have hardly been employed in porous media, in which the porous network contains the so-called "pore solution". The present work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using an Ag electrode together with a triangular sweep potentiodynamic signal using concretes of different porosities as a porous medium. This opens up a new study field in electrochemical sensor technology., The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723) . Te authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Chloride detection in porous materials is important for the soil characterisation and the durability control of reinforced concrete structures. Chloride content in soil can affect soil fertility, and the presence of chlorides in reinforced concrete structures can trigger the corrosion of reinforcement, which leads to structure failure. In both cases, the material in which chlorides are detected is a porous medium. Traditionally in this type of materials, chlorides have been controlled by means of tedious laboratory tests, in which specimens of the material are used, as are passive sensor systems like potentiometric sensors. In the former, tests are usually costly and do not allow effective control in real time. In the latter, as the sensor is not excited, overlapping reactions occur on its surface that can lead to errors when estimating chloride content. In aqueous media, chloride detection is efficiently carried out by electrochemical sensors using potentiodynamic techniques. However, they have hardly been employed in porous media, in which the porous network contains the so-called "pore solution". The present work aims to evaluate the feasibility of using an Ag electrode together with a triangular sweep potentiodynamic signal using concretes of different porosities as a porous medium. This opens up a new study field in electrochemical sensor technology., The authors are grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN) for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723) . Te authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2023
Significance of macrocell currents in reinforced concrete columns partially immersed in seawater
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
- Soto Camino, Juan
[EN] Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures located in marine environments is probably the main cause of damage, especially in elements that are partially immersed in seawater. The moisture gradient and different chloride concentrations occur in pieces under such conditions, which give way to the formation of macrocell currents between different rebar regions. Despite being studied by several authors who have run experiments in solution or with small test specimens, the significance of macrocell currents in structures has not yet been accurately quantified. The present work studied four columns that were partially immersed in seawater for more than 1 year, when the electrical resistance of concrete and the corrosion rate were monitored. After exposure, moisture and chloride content analyses were performed, and a rebar inspection was carried out. The obtained results show that macrocell currents can increase mass loss by rebar corrosion between 3- and 8-fold. They also reveal that macrocell currents can mitigate corrosion damage in areas showing cathodic performance., The authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the support of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. They are also grateful for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando as part of the "Formacion de Personal Investigador" programme of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (FPI-UPV-2018).
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2025
A Concrete Resistivity Method Based on a Simple Measuring Cell for Onsite Corrosion Monitoring: Study on Concrete Under Varying Conditions
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Ramón, J. E.
- Martínez, I.
- Castillo, A.
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Concrete resistivity (rho) is commonly monitored in situ using sensors based on the rebar-disc (RDM) or four-electrode (FEM) methods. This study validates, for the first time in reinforced concrete, an innovative corrosion sensor approach (CSA) previously tested only in simulated pore solutions. The CSA uses a single embedded two-electrode sensor that also allows the corrosion rate, offering a significant advantage for structural health monitoring. CSA resistivity values were broadly consistent with those from established reference methods: 2.9% higher than the RDM and 20% lower than the two-electrode method. Larger differences were observed with the FEM, decreasing when a finite-element cell factor (103%) was applied instead of one for semi-infinite elements (208%). This trend aligns with expected differences between FEM surface resistivity and bulk values. Additionally, a simple correction factor is proposed to normalise rho to the reference temperature (T) of 20 degrees C, expressed as 1/(aexp((b)T)), with a and b equal to 1.7251 and 0.027 for low-resistivity concretes and 2.4851 and 0.046 for medium- to high-resistivity concretes. A general model for the full resistivity range yielded a = 2.0687 and b = 0.036. While further research is needed to explore wider corrosion scenarios, the results highlight the potential of the CSA as a practical tool for both laboratory and in situ corrosion assessment., This research was supported by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ministerio de Econom & imath;a y Competitividad) of Spain [PID2020-119744RB-C21 and PID2020-119744RB-C22] and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [SP20180245].
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2022
Effect of macrocell currents on rebar corrosion in reinforced concrete structures exposed to a marine environment
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Autonomous corrosion monitoring systems in reinforced concrete structures tend to use sensors that are electrically isolated from rebars. This monitoring strategy ignores the macrocell currents that take place between
active and passive areas of reinforcement. The effect of these currents has been studied on rebar corrosion in
structures exposed to a marine environment. The results showed the existence of macrocell currents generates
greater anodic polarisation in rebars¿ active areas, which favours chloride migration towards steel surface. As a
result, corrosion onset takes place sooner, the concentration of the chlorides is higher, and the corrosion rate
increases. When a rebar is in passive state, steel mass loss is negligible due to macrocell currents. However, after
corrosion onset, the influence of these currents is greater the worse concrete quality is, and the smaller cover is.
The corrosion rate showed differences of almost two orders of magnitude in concrete C30 and of one order of
magnitude in concrete C50. When the total corrosion rate is determined only by measuring microcell currents,
the obtained values tend to underestimate the mass loss due to corrosion by 90%. Conversely, when the analysis
includes macrocell currents, a good fit between the theoretical and real values is obtained., The authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the support of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. They are also grateful for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando as part of the "Formacion de Personal Investigador" programme from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (FPI-UPV-2018) , and Grant FPU 16/00723 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ESF Investing in your future".
active and passive areas of reinforcement. The effect of these currents has been studied on rebar corrosion in
structures exposed to a marine environment. The results showed the existence of macrocell currents generates
greater anodic polarisation in rebars¿ active areas, which favours chloride migration towards steel surface. As a
result, corrosion onset takes place sooner, the concentration of the chlorides is higher, and the corrosion rate
increases. When a rebar is in passive state, steel mass loss is negligible due to macrocell currents. However, after
corrosion onset, the influence of these currents is greater the worse concrete quality is, and the smaller cover is.
The corrosion rate showed differences of almost two orders of magnitude in concrete C30 and of one order of
magnitude in concrete C50. When the total corrosion rate is determined only by measuring microcell currents,
the obtained values tend to underestimate the mass loss due to corrosion by 90%. Conversely, when the analysis
includes macrocell currents, a good fit between the theoretical and real values is obtained., The authors thank the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the support of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia. They are also grateful for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando as part of the "Formacion de Personal Investigador" programme from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (FPI-UPV-2018) , and Grant FPU 16/00723 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "ESF Investing in your future".
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2023
Corrosion Assessment in Reinforced Concrete Structures by Means of Embedded Sensors and Multivariate Analysis-Part 1: Laboratory Validation
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Ramón Zamora, José Enrique
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
[EN] Reinforced Concrete Structures (RCS) are a fundamental part of a country's civil infrastructure. However, RCSs are often affected by rebar corrosion, which poses a major problem because it reduces their service life. The traditionally used inspection and management methods applied to RCSs are poorly operative. Structural Health Monitoring and Management (SHMM) by means of embedded sensors to analyse corrosion in RCSs is an emerging alternative, but one that still involves different challenges. Examples of SHMM include INESSCOM (Integrated Sensor Network for Smart Corrosion Monitoring), a tool that has already been implemented in different real-life cases. Nevertheless, work continues to upgrade it. To do so, the authors of this work consider implementing a new measurement procedure to identify the triggering agent of the corrosion process by analysing the double-layer capacitance of the sensors' responses. This study was carried out on reinforced concrete specimens exposed for 18 months to different atmospheres. The results demonstrate the proposed measurement protocol and the multivariate analysis can differentiate the factor that triggers corrosion (chlorides or carbonation), even when the corrosion kinetics are similar. Data were validated by principal component analysis (PCA) and by the visual inspection of samples and rebars at the end of the study., This research was funded by the Spanish Government, grant number PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Set de datos (Dataset). 2028
SMART project repository: macrocell, electronic tongue and structural monitoring data [Dataset], SMART - “Monitorización inteligente para reducir la incertidumbre en la vida útil: sensores de corrosión potenciostáticos”.
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Soto Camino, Juan
- Capilla Lladró, Roberto
- Roig Flores, Marta
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
- Serna Ros, Pedro|||0000-0001-8754-1165
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Vengut-Tro, Roberto|||0009-0001-8125-2570
El trabajo realizado ha generado una serie de nuevos sistemas diseñados para monitorizar la evolución de las estructuras de hormigón armado y presentar los valores medidos de la velocidad de corrosión y otros parámetros de interés técnico.
Se ha fabricado una Lengua Electrónica voltamétrica de escalones de potencial capaz de detectar el oxígeno disponible presente en la disolución de poro del hormigón y el avance del frente de cloruros y del frente de carbonatación, que pueden considerarse las especies determinantes de los procesos de despasivación de las armaduras, que determinan el momento de la propagación de la corrosión en las estructuras de hormigón armado tal y como se define en el diagrama de Tuutti.
Se ha creado un nuevo protocolo para la medida de la velocidad de corrosión neta del acero corrugado empleado como armadura de refuerzo en las estructuras de hormigón armado, para el sistema de monitorización INESSCOM, basado en el balance de cargas entre la medida de la velocidad de corrosión local realizada utilizando un equipo y protocolo previamente patentado con el valor de la medida de las corrientes de macropar registrada entre el sensor de corrosión y la estructura de refuerzo. Por otro lado, se ha adaptado el sistema para poder realizar medidas en estructuras existentes.
Se ha fabricado una Lengua Electrónica voltamétrica de escalones de potencial capaz de detectar el oxígeno disponible presente en la disolución de poro del hormigón y el avance del frente de cloruros y del frente de carbonatación, que pueden considerarse las especies determinantes de los procesos de despasivación de las armaduras, que determinan el momento de la propagación de la corrosión en las estructuras de hormigón armado tal y como se define en el diagrama de Tuutti.
Se ha creado un nuevo protocolo para la medida de la velocidad de corrosión neta del acero corrugado empleado como armadura de refuerzo en las estructuras de hormigón armado, para el sistema de monitorización INESSCOM, basado en el balance de cargas entre la medida de la velocidad de corrosión local realizada utilizando un equipo y protocolo previamente patentado con el valor de la medida de las corrientes de macropar registrada entre el sensor de corrosión y la estructura de refuerzo. Por otro lado, se ha adaptado el sistema para poder realizar medidas en estructuras existentes.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2023
Development of a new Ni voltammetric sensor for hardened concrete conditions estimate
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Developing efficient monitoring systems to control reinforced concrete structures (RCS) is still an open research line in the building sector. Thus, in this work was proposed the novelty use of Ni voltammetric sensor to control the concrete conditions by means of PCA model. The efficiency of voltammetric sensors are verified in other sectors like food or wastewater treatment, where the sensors are used in liquid media, in the study was intended verify the high potential use of this sensors in porous materials such as concrete. With this purpouse the sensor response was characterized in three different concretes (w/c = 0.6, w/c = 0.5 and w/c = 0.4) and three different concrete conditions (water satured conditions, presence of chlorides and concrete carbonation). Then, was developed a PCA model, where was verified the capability of the sensor to classify the concrete state. The validation of the model pointed an acceptance range between 78.3% and 95.4% (with a 95% confidence index)., The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the pre-doctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723). To the authors thank the Spanish Government for the Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2022
Estimation of Humidity Variation and Electric Resistivity in Hardened Concrete by Means of a Stainless Steel Voltammetric Sensor
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Reinforced concrete structures' (RCSs) ageing and early deterioration are some of the main challenges faced by the building sector today, and steel bar corrosion is one of the main problems. In this phenomenon, water and concrete¿s electric resistivity play a fundamental role. Therefore, developing sensor systems capable of estimating any variations in these parameters in real time and remotely would represent considerable progress in sustainably maintaining RCSs. Many types of sensors capable of estimating humidity variation and electrical resistivity in concrete currently exist, but the variability of these sensors¿ sensitivity can be extreme depending on several factors; for example, temperature or presence of ions and their incorporation into smart monitoring systems, which is difficult. As an alternative to today¿s sensors, this study centered on developing two estimation models by means of the response of a novel voltammetric stainless steel (SS) sensor. The estimation models were one of humidity variation and another of concrete¿s electric resistivity. These models were calibrated, fitted and validated. In the validation, both these models explained a percentage of variance over 80%., The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the predoctoral scholarship granted to Ana Martinez Ibernon (FPU 16/00723), and the Spanish Government for Grant PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2026
Localised corrosion on reinforced concrete structures: Pitting factor analysis
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Pitting corrosion has become one of the main causes of premature deterioration in reinforced concrete structures exposed to marine environments. This phenomenon is particularly critical for structural reliability, as it leads to a more severe reduction in the cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars compared with uniform corrosion. Over the past four decades, numerous studies have focused on evaluating the pitting factor (Rpit), a parameter that relates the uniform corrosion depth (Px) to the maximum pit depth (Ppit). However, the values reported in the literature exhibit considerable variability. In this experimental study, pitting-induced damage was investigated in reinforced concrete specimens immersed in seawater for 320 days. Detailed pit characterisation was conducted on 72 reinforcing bars using three-dimensional (3D) scanning. The results, complemented by the analysis of an additional dataset of 368 values compiled from the literature, show that Rpit cannot be regarded as a constant parameter, as it mainly depends on the extent of corrosion, exhibiting lower values at more advanced stages of degradation. The method used to induce corrosion also influenced Rpit, although this effect became negligible at higher degradation levels. For chloride-induced corrosion, where chlorides were not incorporated during concrete mixing, the experimental results revealed a robust power-law relationship between
and Rpit. Based on these findings, an empirical equation describing this relationship is proposed, represented by the 95th percentile curve of the experimental data., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government through grants PID2020-119744RB-C21 and CPP2023-010657, both funded by MCIN/AEI. The authors also wish to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the predoctoral scholarship awarded to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando under the Formacion de Personal Investigador programme (FPI-UPV-2018) , as well as for the additional funding provided through grant PAID-06-24. Moreover, the authors acknowledge the Generalitat Valenciana for its financial support through grant CIGE/2024/4.
and Rpit. Based on these findings, an empirical equation describing this relationship is proposed, represented by the 95th percentile curve of the experimental data., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Government through grants PID2020-119744RB-C21 and CPP2023-010657, both funded by MCIN/AEI. The authors also wish to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the predoctoral scholarship awarded to Josep Ramon Lliso Ferrando under the Formacion de Personal Investigador programme (FPI-UPV-2018) , as well as for the additional funding provided through grant PAID-06-24. Moreover, the authors acknowledge the Generalitat Valenciana for its financial support through grant CIGE/2024/4.
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2023
OC, HPC, UHPC and UHPFRC Corrosion Performance in the Marine Environment
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
- Soto Camino, Juan
[EN] This work aims to study the corrosion performance of six concretes in the marine environment: three ordinary concretes (C30, C40 and C50); one high-performance concrete (C90); two ultra high-performance concretes, one without fibres (C150-NF) and another one with steel fibres (C150-F). To this end, porosity and chloride ingress resistance were analysed at different ages. Resistivity was also evaluated and the corrosion rate in the embedded rebars was monitored. The results showed that C30, C40 and C50 had porosity accessible to water percentages and capillary absorption values between six- and eight-fold higher than C90 and C150-NF and C150-F, respectively. Similar differences were obtained when oxygen permeability was analysed. Chloride ingress resistance in the ordinary concretes was estimated to be one-fold lower than in C90 and two-fold lower than in C150-NF and C150-F. Presence of fibres in C150-F increased the diffusion coefficient between 5% and 50% compared to C150-NF. Fibres also affected resistivity: C150-NF had values above 5500 ohm m, but the C150-F and C90 values were between 700 and 1000 ohm m and were one-fold higher than the ordinary concretes. After 3 years, the corrosion damage in the embedded rebars exposed to a marine environment was negligible in C90, C150-NF and C150-F (9.5, 6.2 and 3.5 mg mass loss), but with higher values (between 170.4 and 328.9 mg) for C3, C40 and C50. The results allow a framework to be established to make comparisons in future studies., This research was funded by the Spanish Government, grant number PID2020-119744RB-C21 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2023
Macrocell Corrosion Currents in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution and Reinforced Concrete
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Lliso-Ferrando, Josep Ramon|||0000-0002-2457-9024
- Gasch, Isabel|||0000-0001-7036-4481
- Martínez-Ibernón, Ana|||0000-0003-2136-5650
- Valcuende Payá, Manuel Octavio|||0000-0002-9967-1554
[EN] Chloride-induced rebar corrosion is one of the main causes of damage in reinforced concrete structures (RCS). Chloride attacks lead to depassivation creating pits, which can imply major losses of sections. The current generated at these spots (microcell) is contributed by the current produced between corroded and uncorroded areas (macrocell). The infuence of both currents has been deeply investigated based on solution studies, which do not actually represent the behaviour of concrete-embedded elements. The studies about macrocell currents in solution are interesting to analyse this phenomenon quickly and simply. However, they must not be interpreted as the reality of RCS because this requires studies using rebars embedded in concrete. The performed experimental plan verifed this fact. In addition, another objective of this study was to analyse the infuence of concrete¿s electrical resistance and the limiting efect of the cathode/anode surface (Cs/As) ratio on macrocell currents in solution and in concrete. For this study, specimens manufactured using concretes with diferent properties were used: standard concrete (SC), highperformance concrete (HPC), very high-performance concrete (VHPC) and ultra-high performance-fbre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC). The conclusions show how the Cs/As ratio plays a key role in regulating macrocell current intensity, but what really governs this phenomenon is concrete resistivity because it regulates the participation of a bigger or smaller cathode surface. The infuence of this parameter as a limiting factor of macrocell currents is fundamental, especially in high resistivity concretes like VHPC and UHPFRC., This research has received funding from the Spanish Government with Grant Agreement No: PID2020-119744RB-C21 (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033).
Artículo científico (JournalArticle). 2024
Distributed Embedded System for Multiparametric Assessment of Infrastructure Durability Using Electrochemical Techniques
RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
- Monreal-Trigo, Javier|||0000-0002-4067-1867
- Alcañiz Fillol, Miguel|||0000-0002-4579-9210
- Gandía-Romero, Jose M.|||0000-0003-0257-3286
- Ramón, José Enrique
- Bataller, Román
- Soto Camino, Juan
[ES] Presentamos un sistema autónomo que monitoriza de forma remota el estado de las estructuras de hormigón armado. Este sistema realiza un seguimiento en tiempo real de la tasa de corrosión de las barras de refuerzo (iCORR), junto con otros parámetros relevantes como la temperatura, el potencial de corrosión (ECORR) y la resistencia eléctrica del hormigón (RE), en varios puntos de control de la estructura utilizando sensores incrustados. El valor de iCORR se obtiene aplicando una nueva técnica de polarización electroquímica de bajo estrés a los sensores de corrosión. El sistema electrónico personalizado gestiona la red de sensores, que consiste en una placa de medición por cada punto de control conectada a un ordenador de placa única central encargado de procesar los datos de medición y subir los resultados a un servidor mediante una conexión 4G. En este trabajo, reportamos los resultados obtenidos tras la implementación del sistema de sensores en un muro de hormigón armado, donde se monitorearon dos áreas representativas bien diferenciadas. Los parámetros de corrosión obtenidos mostraron valores consistentes. Se obtuvieron conclusiones similares con los valores de ECORR registrados en las barras de refuerzo. Con el seguimiento de iCORR, se construyó un diagrama de penetración del daño por corrosión. Este diagrama es particularmente útil para identificar eventos críticos durante el periodo de propagación de la corrosión y para estimar la vida útil de las estructuras. Por lo tanto, el sistema se presenta como una herramienta útil para el mantenimiento estructural y las predicciones de vida útil de nuevas estructuras., [EN] We present an autonomous system that remotely monitors the state of reinforced concrete structures. This system performs real-time follow-up of the corrosion rate of rebars (iCORR), along with other relevant parameters such as temperature, corrosion potential (ECORR), and electrical resistance of concrete (RE), at many of a structure¿s control points by using embedded sensors. iCORR is obtained by applying a novel low-stress electrochemical polarization technique to corrosion sensors. The custom electronic system manages the sensor network, consisting of a measurement board per control point connected to a central single-board computer in charge of processing measurement data and uploading results to a server via 4G connection. In this work, we report the results obtained after implementing the sensor system into a reinforced concrete wall, where two well-differentiated representative areas were monitored. The obtained corrosion parameters showed consistent values. Similar conclusions are obtained with ECORR recorded in rebars. With the iCORR follow-up, the corrosion penetration damage diagram is built. This diagram is particularly useful for identifying critical events during the corrosion propagation period and to be able to estimate structures¿ service life. Hence, the system is presented as a useful tool for the structural maintenance and service life predictions of new structures., This research was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities via a doctoral grant to Jose Enrique Ramon Zamora (FPU13/00911) and to Javier Monreal Trigo (FPU17/03239). Funding was also provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under project numbers PID2021-126304OB-C44, PID2020-119744RB-C21 and PID2020-119744RB-C22, and by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia under project number SP20180245 'Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for Durability Control in Concrete'.