BUSCADOR RECOLECTA

Considering the persisting force of state-sponsored campaigns of hate speech and disinformation around the world, this chapter offers an initial theoretical model of six interrelated statements based on available literature to facilitate the study of such operations. Additionally, a case study is built by applying this framework to the campaign carried out by the Islamic Republic of Iran against the Bahá'ís, the largest non-Muslim religious minority in that country. Apart from illustrating the key precepts of the model and testing their analytical value, the case study generates some insights for further reflection and research., Andrés Shoai's participation in this research was supported by a Juan de la Cierva
Formación grant (FJC2021-0471157-I) funded by the Ministry for Science and
Innovation of Spain (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and the European
Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR. The work also received support from the "Media Repertoires and Practices in Adolescence and Youth: Uses, Cyber Well-being, and Digital Vulnerabilities on Social Networks" project (PID2022-138281NB-C21), Knowledge Generation Plan, State Research Agency of Spain. Sergio García-Magariño's participation in this research is part of a Spanish
National Project funded by the Ministry for Science and Innovation, "Smart War.
Old wars and new technologies: a critical test for the regulation of political violence"
(PDC2021-121472-I00), and the European Union Next Generation funds.

Las redes sociales no solo han modificado las relaciones interpersonales, sino que también están impactando en el ecosistema informativo. Los más jóvenes se decantan por informarse a través de las redes sociales, en las que periodistas y medios de comunicación tradicionales pugnan por mantener su papel como fuentes de información. Para observar esta evolución en el consumo informativo, se estudia la guerra entre Ucrania y Rusia. Se investigan los perfiles-autores que publican más acerca de este conflicto bélico y los contenidos más viralizados en TikTok, la red social más descargada actualmente. Mediante un análisis de contenido, se examinan 420 vídeos sobre la guerra ruso-ucraniana creados y compartidos por 107 autores durante los primeros 42 días del conflicto (22/02/2022 - 05/04/2022). Se estudian los perfiles de medios de comunicación, influencers, usuarios anónimos, autoridades, profesionales, entidades gubernamentales e internacionales y ONG como fuentes informativas del conflicto. Los resultados confirman que los autores anónimos y los influencers son los que más contenidos comparten sobre la guerra, y que los influencers son los perfiles más seguidos, con más de 113 millones de audiencia, cifra altamente superior a la alcanzada por los medios de comunicación verificados (más de 49 millones)., Les xarxes socials no sols han modificat les relacions interpersonals, sinó que també estan impactant en l'ecosistema informatiu. Els més joves es decanten per informar-se a través de les xarxes socials, en les quals periodistes i mitjans de comunicació tradicionals pugnen per mantenir el seu paper com a fonts d'informació. Per observar aquesta evolució en el consum informatiu, s'estudia la guerra entre Ucraïna i Rússia. S'investiguen els perfils-autors que publiquen més sobre aquest conflicte bèl·lic i els continguts més viralitzats a TikTok, la xarxa social més descarregada actualment. Mitjançant una anàlisi de contingut, s'examinen 420 vídeos sobre la guerra russoucraïnesa creats i compartits per 107 autors durant els primers 42 dies del conflicte (22/02/2022 - 05/04/2022). S'estudien els perfils de mitjans de comunicació, influencers, usuaris anònims, autoritats, professionals, entitats governamentals i internacionals i ONG com a fonts informatives del conflicte. Els resultats confirmen que els autors anònims i els influencers són els que comparteixen més continguts sobre la guerra, i que els influencers són els perfils més seguits, amb més de 113 milions d'audiència, xifra altament superior a l'aconseguida pels mitjans de comunicació verificats (més de 49 milions)., As well as transforming interpersonal relationships between citizens, social network platforms are also impacting the information ecosystem. Increasingly, young people are obtaining information through social networks, while journalists and traditional media strive to maintain their roles as sources of information. In order to observe this evolution in information consumption, the war between Ukraine and Russia is examined. The author-profiles of contributors who publish the most about this war are analysed, as is the most viral content on TikTok, currently the most frequently downloaded social network platform. A content analysis was conducted on 420 videos relating to the Russia-Ukraine war created and shared by 107 authors during the first 42 days of the conflict (22 February to 05 April 2022). The profiles of media outlets, influencers, anonymous users, the authorities, professionals, governmental and international entities and NGOs are examined as sources of information on the conflict. The results confirm that anonymous authors and influencers are the ones who share the most content about the war, while influencers are the most followed profiles, with more than 113 million followers. This number is significantly higher than the number of followers (49 million) reached by verified media outlets.

While the study of offline prosocial behavior has a long tradition, much less information is available about how these behaviors manifest and change in the digital environment, and little is known about their background. This paper evaluates differences by age and gender in a variety of attitudes and beliefs during adolescence and studies their influence on the online prosocial behavior emitted and received. A cross-sectional study was performed with 1299 participants aged between 14 and 20 from the Region of Madrid (Spain). The Spanish adaptation of the Online Prosocial Behavior Scale and a selection of items from various studies on attitudes and beliefs regarding altruism, direct and indirect reciprocity, social responsibility, and the perception of the subjective norm were administered. The results suggest that female adolescents maintain higher altruism, social responsibility, and indirect reciprocity than males, and that the older age group (18–20 years old) has higher scores in altruism, social responsibility, and direct reciprocity. Together with altruism, the subjective norm, social responsibility, and indirect reciprocity positively influence the online prosocial behavior emitted by adolescents. Indirect reciprocity, the subjective norm and altruism also influence the feeling of receiving online prosocial behaviors from others. Knowing the extent to which adolescents hold prosocial beliefs and which of these beliefs may favor prosocial online behaviors can be beneficial when promoting such beliefs and fostering more positive online conduct, as well as lessening cyberbullying, online hate and any other manifestation of aggressive behavior online.

Introduction:The scientific evidence regarding the effects of online social media use on the well-being of adolescents is mixed. In general, passive uses (receiving, viewing content without interacting) and more screen time are related to lower well-being when compared with active uses (direct interactions and interpersonal exchanges). Objectives:This study ex-amines the types and motives for social media usage amongst adolescents, differentiating them by gender identity and sexual orientation, as well as its effects on eudaimonic well-being and minority stress. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1259 adolescents, aged 14 to 19 (M= 16.19; SD= 1.08), analysing the Scale of Motives for Using Social Net-working Sites, eudaimonic well-being, the Sexual Minority Adolescent Stress Inventory, screen time and profile type. Results:The results found that longer use time is related to finding partners, social connection and friendships; that gay and bisexual (GB) adolescents perceive more distal stressors online;and that females have higher levels of well-being. Discus-sion: The public profiles of GB males increase self-expression, although minority stress can be related to discrimination, rejection or exclusion. Dif-ferentiated socialization may contribute to a higher level of well-being in females, with both active and passive uses positively effecting eudaimonic well-being in adolescents.

TikTok se ha convertido en un canal en el que la guerra de Rusia y Ucrania se retransmite casi en directo. La dinámica de las redes sociales se combina con la de los medios para ofrecer a los usuarios contenidos informativos que traspasan los límites de los medios tradicionales. Se estudia la evolución de la construcción y consumo de los vídeos sobre hechos de actualidad en TikTok. Se investigan los géneros periodísticos, los elementos audiovisuales y su finalidad en los vídeos publicados por perfiles de usuarios no reconocidos, influencers, medios de comunicación y periodistas verificados en TikTok. Mediante análisis de contenido se decodifican 415 vídeos sobre la guerra entre ambos países durante 40 días (24/2/2022 – 5/04/2022). Se confirma que los perfiles no reconocidos e influencers se están apropiando de los géneros de los medios de comunicación tradicionales, y que los periodistas se están adaptando a los formatos propios de las redes sociales. El interés de la audiencia se centra en vídeos que no combinan elementos audiovisuales, sino que se decantan por vídeos con música solo o solo voz. En la finalidad no se detecta la hibridación de lógica de los medios de comunicación, por la falta de pluralidad y por el elevado uso de la emotividad, empleada principalmente por los influencers, y que es la que despierta más interés en la audiencia., TikTok has become a channel through which the Russia-Ukraine war is broadcast almost live. The dynamics of both social media and mass media combine in order to provide users with informative content that goes beyond the limits of traditional media. The evolution of the development and consumption of current affairs videos on TikTok was analysed. We studied journalistic genres, audio-visual features, and their objective in the videos published by unrecognised user-profiles, influencers, news media and verified journalists on TikTok. By way of content analysis, 415 videos on the war between the two countries within a forty-day time-frame (24/2/2022 – 5/4/2022) were coded. This confirmed that anonymous profiles and influencers are appropriating the genres of legacy media, and that journalists are adapting their work to the formats of social media. Videos solely containing music or voice attract the audience’s attention more than those that combine audio-visual elements. The hybridisation of media logic was not detected in their purpose, due to a lack of plurality and the extensive use of emotion, mainly employed by influencers, this being the aspect that arouses the greatest interest in the audience., La investigación fue financiada por el proyecto Repertorios y prácticas mediáticas en la adolescencia y la juventud: usos, ciberbienestar y vulnerabilidades digitales en redes sociales” (PID2022-138281NB-C21), perteneciente al Plan de Generación del Conocimiento.